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Aldehydes-1 (carbonyl compound)
- 1. ALDEHYDE Presented by: Saleha Dastgir Pharm-D (1st semester) Government College University Fsd
- 2. ALDEHYDE Definition: Aldehyde is a carbonyl containing organic compound in which the Carbonyl carbon atom has at least one hydrogen atom directly attached to it. GENERAL FORMULA:
- 3. NOMENCLATURE FOR ALDEHYDES Aldehydes take their name from their parent alkane chains. The -e is removed from the end and is replaced with -al. The aldehyde functional group is given the #1 numbering location and this number is not included in the name. When the -CHO functional group is attached to a ring the suffix - carbaldehyde is added, and the carbon attached to that group is C1. For the common name of aldehydes start with the common parent chain name and add the suffix -aldehyde. Substituent positions are shown with Greek letter.
- 4. ISOMERISM FOR ALDEHYDE Constitutional isomerism exists for aldehydes. For example: Skeletal isomers
- 7. PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES Oxidation of primary alcohol DEHYDROGENATION OF ALCOHOL
- 8. PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES FROM ACYL CHLORIDE The hydrogenation of acid chlorides by passing over a catalyst such as palladium aldehydes are obtained. This reaction is called Rosenmund reduction.
- 9. PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES FROM NITRILES We get aldehydes when nitriles are reduced to corresponding imine in the presence of stannous chloride and hydrochloric acid and the resulting mixture is hydrolyzed. This reaction is called Stephen reaction.
- 10. PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES BY GATTTERMAN-KOCH REACTION The treatment of carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride with benzene or its derivative in the presence of aluminum chloride gives benzaldehyde or substituted benzaldehyde. This is called Gatterman –Koch reaction.
- 11. PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES Side chain halogenation Preparation of aldehydes is possible by side chain halogenation, more specifically side chain chlorination, followed by hydrolysis.
- 12. REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDE Nucleophilic addition reaction 1. base catalyzed 2. acid catalyzed Reduction reaction 1. reduction with sodium borohydride 2. catalytic reduction Oxidation reaction
- 13. NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTION On the attack of the nucleophile, the hybridization of the carbon atom changes from sp2 hybridization of sp3 hybridization thereby forming tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate complex. This intermediate complex will take a proton from reaction medium to produce an electrically neutral compound. Hence, the reaction results in the addition of nucleophile and hydrogen in the carbon- oxygen double bond.
- 14. BASE CATALYZED REACTION Addition of Hydrogen cyanide ADDITION OF SODIUM HYDROGEN SULPHITE
- 15. BASE CATALYZED REACTION ADDITION OF GRINARD REAGENT If Grignard Reagent reacts with formaldehyde (HCHO), the reaction will form primary alcohol as the product. If the reagent reacts with aldehydes other than HCHO, the reaction will produce secondary alcohols.
- 16. BASE CATALYZED REACTION ALDOL CONDENSATION Aldehydes possessing alpha-hydrogen atom reacts with a cold dilute solution of an alkali to form addition products known as aldol.
- 18. ACID CATALYZED REACTION REACTION WITH HYDROXYLAMINE Aldehyde react with hydroxylamine to form oximes in the presence of an acid. REACTION WITH PHENYLHYDRAZINE Aldehydes react with phenylhydrazine to form phenylhydrazone in presence of an acid.
- 19. ACID CATALYZED REACTION REACTION WITH 2,4-DNPH
- 20. REDUCTION REACTIONS REDUCTION WITH SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE
- 21. REDUCTION REACTIONS CATALYTIC REDUCTION Aldehydes on reduction with hydrogen in presence of a metal catalyst like Pd, Pt etc. to form primary alcohols.