Salivary glands are a group of organs secreting a watery substance that is of utmost importance for several physiological functions ranging from the protection of teeth and surrounding soft tissues to the lubrication of the oral cavity.

1. SALIVARY
GLANDS
BY - D R . S A K S H I S H U K L A
1DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Definition
• Classification
• Development
• Structure
• Histology
• Saliva
• Clinical considerations
• conclusion
2DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

3. INTRODUCTION
• Salivary glands are a group of organs secreting a watery substance that
is of utmost importance for several physiological functions ranging from
the protection of teeth and surrounding soft tissues to the lubrication of
the oral cavity, which is crucial for speech and perception of food taste.
• Salivary glands are complex networks of hollow tubes and secretory
units that are found in specific locations of the mouth and which,
although architecturally similar, exhibit individual specificities according
to their location.
3DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

4. DEFINITIONS
• These are compound tubule acinar exocrine glands found in oral cavity
that secrete complex fluid known as saliva.
Or
• any of various glands that discharge a fluid secretion and especially
saliva into the mouth cavity and that in humans comprise large
compound racemose glands including the parotid glands, the sublingual
glands, and the submandibular gland
4DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

5. CLASSIFICATION
OF SALIVARY
GLANDS
B A S E D O N S I Z E
B A S E D O N T Y P E O F S E C R E TO R Y C E L L S
5DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

6. BASED ON
SIZE
 Major salivary glands
 Minor salivary glands
Major salivary glands -
Collection of secretory cells
aggregated into large
bilaterally paired extra oral
glands with extended duct
system through which the
gland secretions reach the
mouth.
• - Parotid
• -Submandibular
• - Sublingual
6DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

7. M I N O R S A L I VA R Y
G L A N D S
2. Collection of secretory cells
scattered throughout the mucosa
& submucosa of the oral cavity
with short ducts opening directly
onto mucosal surface.
-Serous glands of Von Ebner.
-Anterior lingual glands.
- - Lingual, buccal, labial, palatal
glands, glossopalatine and
retromolar glands
7DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

8. 8DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

9. BASED ON
TYPE OF
SECRETORY
CELLS
1. Serous : Parotid
2. Mixed
(seromucous):
Submandibular
3. Mucous: Minor
salivary glands
9DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

10. PAROTID GLAND
10DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

11. PAROTID
GL AND
Largest
Average Wt - 15gm
Irregular lobulated
mass lying mainly below
the external acoustic
meatus between
mandible and
sternomastoid.
On the surface of the
masseter, small detached
part lies b/w zygomatic
arch and parotid duct
accessory parotid gland
or ‘socia parotidis’
11DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

12. PAROTID
CAPSULE
Derived from investing
layer of deep cervical
fascia.
Superficial lamina-thick,
closely adherent
Deep lamina-thin-
attached to styloid
process, mandible and
tympanic plate.
Stylomandibular
ligament
12DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

13. REL ATIONS
Superficial
Temporal vessels.
Auriculotemporal
n.
Cartilaginous part
of External
Auditory Meatus.
Temporal branch of
Facial n
13DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

14. 14DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

15. 15DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

16. P O S T E R O - M E D I A L
S U R FAC E
.Mastoid process
2.Sternocleidomastoid
3.Posterior belly of
Digastric
4.Styloid process and the
muscle & ligaments
attached to it.
5.Internal carotid artery
& Internal jugular vein.
16DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

17. APEX
Cervical branch of Facial
n.
2.Retromandibular vein.
3.Posterior belly of
digastric.
4.External Carotid artery
SUPERFICIALLY
Skin and superficial
fascia.
2. Great Auricular nerve.
3. Parotid lymph nodes17DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

18. A N T E R O M E D I A L
S U R FAC E
Zygomatic branch of Facial n.
• Transverse Facial artery.
• Buccal branch of Facial n.
• Accessory Parotid gland.
• Parotid duct.
• Mandibular branch of Facial n.
18DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

19. PA R OT I D D U C T:
Stensons duct
Thick walled
5 cm long
Emerges from middle
of anterior border
It opens into the
vestibule of mouth
opposite to the 2nd
upper Molar.
19DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

20. SURFACE
ANATOMY OF
PAROTID DUCT
Corresponds to middle
third of a line drawn from
lower border of tragus to
a point midway b/w
nasal ala and upperlabial
margin
20DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

21. • BLOOD
SUPPLY
Arterial
Branches of Ext .
Carotid A
Venous
Into Ext. Jugular
Vein
• LYMPHATIC
DRAINAGE
Upper Deep
cervical nodes via
Parotid nodes
NERVE SUPPLY
Sensory: auriculotemporal n for
gland, great auricular nerve for the
capsule.
Sympathetic: plexus around the
middle meningeal artery.
Parasympathetic: reach the gland
through auriculotemporal nerve.
21DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

22. SUBMANDIBULAR
GLANDS
22DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

23. - Anterior part of digastric
triangle - J-shaped
- - Walnut size
- - 3- surfaces
- – lateral, medial, inferior
- - Covered by 2 layers of
deep cervical fascia.
23DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

24. PA R T S
1.Superficial part
2.Deep part
3.Submandibular duct
24DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

25. C A P S U L E
Derived from deep
cervical fascia
Superficial Layer is
attached to base of
mandible
Deep layer attached
to mylohyoid line of
mandible
25DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

26. REL ATIONS
Inferior- covered by
• Skin
• Superficial fascia containing
platysma and cervical branches of
facial N
• Deep Fascia
• Facial Vein
• Submandibular Nodes
Lateral surface – Related to
submandibluar fossa on the mandible
• Madibular attachment of Medial
pterygoid
• Facial Artery
26DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

27. Medial surface
Anterior part is related to
myelohyoid muscle,nerve
and vessles
Middle part
Hyoglossus,,lingual nerve,
submandibular
ganglion,hypoglossal nerve
and deep lingual vein.
Posterior Part-
Styloglossus,stylohyoid
ligament,9th nerve and wall
of pharynx
27DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

28. Deep part
Small in size
Lies deep to mylohyoid
and superficial to
hyoglossus and
styloglossus
Posteriorly continuous
with superficial part
around the posterior
border of mylohyoid
28DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

29. SUBMANDIBUL AR
DUCT
Whartons duct
5 cm long
Emerges at the anterior
end of deep part of the
gland
Runs forwards on
hyoglossus b/w lingual and
hypoglossal N
At the ant. Border of
hyoglossus it is crossed by
lingual nerve
Opens in the floor of
29DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

30. BLOOD SUPPLY
Facial artery
VENOUS DRAINAGE
Common facial & lingual vein
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:
Submandibular lymph nodes
30DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

31. N E R V E S U P P LY
Supplied by branches
of submandibular
ganglion
• sensory fibres from
lingual nerve.
secretomotor fibers.
vasomotor
sympathetic fibres
from the plexus on
the facial a
31DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

32. SUBLINGUAL
GLAND
32DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

33. SUBLINGUAL GL AND
smallest of the three glands
weighs nearly 3-4 gm
Lies beneath the oral
mucosa in contact with the
sublingual fossa on lingual
aspect of mandible
33DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

34. REL ATIONS
Superiorly- Mucosa of oral
floor, raised as sublingual
fold
Inferiorly-Myelohyoid
Behind-Deep part of
Submandibular gland
Lateral -Mandible above
the anterior part of
mylohyoid line
Medial -Genioglossus and
separated from it by
lingual nerve and
34DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

35. SUBLINGUAL
DUCT
Ducts of Rivinus
8-20 ducts
Open into oral cavity through
series of small ducts (duct of
Rivinus) opening along
sublingual fold and
open through large duct-
Bartholin’s duct, that opens with
submandibular duct at
sublingual caruncle
Few of them join the
submandibular duct
35DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

36. Blood supply
Arterial from
sublingual and
submental arteries
Venous drainage
corresponds to the
arteries
Nerve Supply
Similar to that of
submandibular glands(
via lingual nerve ,
chorda tympani and
sympathetic fibers36DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

37. MINOR
SALIVARY
GLANDS
37DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

38. MINOR SALIVARY GLAND:
No. between 600 and 1000.
Exist as aggregates of secretory tissue present in submucosa throughout
most of the oral cavity.
Not seen in gingiva & anterior part of hard plate
38DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

39. V O N E B N E R S ’ S
L I N G UA L S E R O U S
G L A N D
Located in tongue and open
into the troughs surrounding
circumvallate papillae on the
dorsum of tongue and at the
foliate papillae on the side of
tongue.
Secrete digestive enzymes &
proteins that are thought to
play role in taste process
Fluid of their secretion
cleanse the trough & prepare
the taste receptors for a new
stimulus.
39DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

40. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS:
• Produce serous & mucous secretions.
• Secretory activity appears to be continuous rather than in response to
specific stimuli.
• 10% of total salivary secretion.
• But approx 70% of mucous secretion.
• Empty the secretory products into oral cavity through numerous small
ducts. • Are polystomatic (multiple main excretory ducts). • Ducts of minor
salivary gland (lips), tend to form cysts(mucocele)
40DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

41. DEVELOPMENT
41DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

42. DEVELOPMENT OF SALIVARY GLANDS
Bud formation
Formation and growth of epithelial chord.
Initiation of branching in terminal parts of epithelial chord.
Branching of epithelial chord and lobule formation
Canalization Cytodifferentiation
42DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

43. 43DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

44. STRUCTURES
44DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

45. S T R U C T U R E S O F
S A L I VA R Y G L A N D S
Comprises of
-a series of secretory end piece
or acini.
-connected to the oral cavity
by a system of ducts.
45DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

46. Secretory end piece or accini:
• Consists of secretory cells,
which are arranged in a roughly
spherical configuration around a
central lumen or cavity.
• Show a great diversity in size,
shape, and cell number.
46DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

47. S E R O U S C E L L S
Secretory end piece
consisting of serous cells
are typically spherical
and consist of 8 to 12
cells surrounding a
central lumen.
The lumen of serous end
piece has small
extensions in the form of
intercellular canaliculi
(found between adjacent
serous cells).
47DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

48. Serous Cells:
Parotid & submandibular
gland.
Serous cells are also
present in demilune
formations at the blind ends
of mucous secretory tubules
(submandibular and
sublingual glands).
Secretions of serous cells
are proteinaceous-usually
enzymatic, antimicrobial,
calcium-binding.
48DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

49. 49DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

50. Plasma membrane exhibits several specializations:
The surface of the seromucous cell lining both the central lumen & canaliculi possess a
delicate microvilli that extend into luminar and canalicular spaces.
Space between basement membrane and basal plasma membrane may be increased
by complex foldings (0.5 microns) of the basal plasma membrane.
Canaliculus terminates in the form of a classic junctional complex consisting of a tight
junction (zona occludens), an adherent junction & a desmosome.
50DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

51. M U CO U S C E L L S
Predominant secretory cell type of
the sublingual gland & most of
minor salivary glands.
Also occur in submandibular
gland.
Secretion consists of large
amount of mucins -lubrication,
effective barrier, aggregation of
microorganisms.
Secretory component of
mucous cell accini consists of
round or tubular configuration.
Larger lumen. Larger than
serous cells. Pyramidal in shape.
Broader luminal surface
51DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

52. 52DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

53. Serous
Stain darkly (zymogen
granules)
Wedge shaped with
round nucleus, lying towards
the base
Mucous
Lightly stained
Appears empty
Polyhedral
Contain mucinogen
granules
Nucleus flattened ,close to53DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

54. M YO E P I T H E L I A L
C E L L S ( B A S K E T
C E L L S ) :
Contractile cells located
around the terminal secretory
units and the first portion of
the duct system, intercalated
duct.
Located between basal
lamina and secretory or duct
cells and are joined by
desmosomes.
54DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

55. DUCTS
Terminal secretory units opens
into a small duct called the
intercalated duct.
Secretions pass through a
system of ducts
Smallest – intercalated ducts
lined by flattened cells
Intercalated ducts open into
striated ducts lined by cuboidal
cells
Striated ducts open into
excretory ducts lined by simple
columnar epithelium
55DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

56. CO N N E C T I V E
T I S S U E :
Capsule –demarcate gland
from adjacent structures.
Septa –divide gland into
lobes and lobules -Carry the
nerves and blood vessels and
excretory ducts. Fibroblast,
Macrophages, Dendritic cells,
Mast cells, Plasma Cells,
Adipose tissue
56DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

57. EMBYOLOGY
Salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium
• Parotid – ectodermal in origin
• Submandibular & Sublingual – endodermal in origin
Parotid – 4th Wk of gestation
Submandibular – 6th Wk of gestation
Sublingual – 9th Wk of gestation
57DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

58. HISTOLOGY
58DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

59. Parotid - Serous type
Sublingual –mixed
typr but Mucous cells
predominate
Submandibular -
Mixed type –some
mucous alveoli capped
by serous cresents –
Demilunes
59DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

60. SALIVA
60DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

61. SALIVA
• Main function of Salivary Gland-secretion of saliva
• Daily secretion -800 to 1500 ml
• pH : 6-7
61DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

62. 62DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

63. Saliva Compositon
Water (99.5%) Solid (0.5%)
Organic Inorganic
Na+ K+ Ca+
Mucin
ptyalin
Lysozyme
IgA
Lactoferrin
63DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

64. IONIC
COMPOSITION
Saliva in the acini-isotonic with plasma
Under resting condition ionic composition of
saliva reaching the mouth
Na+ and Cl- 15 mEq/l (1/7 to 1/10 conc of
Plasma)
K+ 30 mEq/l (7 times that of Plasma)
HCO3- 50-70 mEq/l (2-3 times that of
plasma)
During maximal salivation
Na+ and Cl- (1/2 to 2/3 conc of Plasma)
K+ (4 times that of Plasma)
HCO3- 50-70 mEq/l (2-3 times that of
plasma)
64DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

65. F U N C T I O N S O F S A L I VA
Keep the mouth moist
Aids in swallowing
Aids in speech
Keeps the mouth and teeth
clean
Antimicrobial action
Digestive function
Bicarbonate acts as buffer
65DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

66. 66DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

67. SALIVA AS A DIAGNOSTIC AID
Oral diseases
High risk caries patient, Patient susceptible to candidiasis
Diagnostic aid for clinical problems
Psychological problems, smoking, poisoning
Systemic diseases affecting saliva
Sjogren’s syndrome, Cystic fibrosis
Steroid hormone determination: Functional efficiency of corpus luteum in case of defect in
hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, Pregnant status, Ovulation time
Monitoring of certain drugs that exhibit consistent saliva : plasma ratio. e.g., phenytoin,
carbamazine, theophylin
67DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

68. SALIVARY GLAND IMAGING
• Plain film radiography
• Sialography
• Computed tomography
• Radionuclide imaging
• Ultrasonography
• Magnetic resonance imaging
68DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

69. SIALOGRAPHY
evaluate of the
functional integrity of the
salivary glands
• case of obstructions
• evaluate the ductal
pattern
• facial swellings, to rule
out salivary gland
pathology
• intraglandular
neoplasms
69DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

70. CT SCAN
Inflammatory diseases,
calculi, neoplastic disease
70DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

71. MRI
Superior contrast
resolution
Better mass
characterisation
Enhanced MRI:
perineural disease if
abscess is suspected
determine the exact
location and extent
of a tumor
71DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

72. CLINICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
72DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

73. DISORDERS OF SALIVARY GLAND
• Functional disorders
- increased secretion.
- decreased secretion.
• Developmental disorders
• Obstructive disorders
• Inflammatory and infectious disorders
• Immunological disorders
• Neoplastic diseases
73DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

74. XEROSTOMIA:
• Drugs- central or peripheral inhibition of salivary secretion.
• Destruction of salivary gland:
-Radiotherapy to H & N region
-Chemotherapy
-Bone marrow transplant
-Autoimmune diseases (sjogren’s syndrome)invasion of lymphocytes & destruction
of epithelial cells.
• Psychological factors
74DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

75. • Loss of protective effect of salivary buffers, proteins, and mucins
increased susceptibility to infections.
• Difficulty & pain on eating, speech and swallowing.
• treatment- Temporary saliva
• Oral pharmacosympathomimmetic drugs like Pilocarpine.
75DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

76. S I A LO R R H E A :
Refers to excess saliva
production.
Causes:
-Gastrointestinal irritants
-Drugs (Pilocarpine)
-Cerebro vascular
accident -Pt.
with a severe neurologic
deficit
-Pt. who have
undergone extensive oral
surgical procedures.76DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

77. DEVELOPMENTAL
DISORDERS
• Aplasia (agenesis)
• Atresia
• Aberrant salivary gland.
(stafne’s cyst)
• Diverticuli
• Darier’s disease (duct dilation
with periodic stricture)
77DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

78. S I A LOT H I A S I S
• Common in
submandibular salivary
duct
• Calcium phosphate in
the form of
hydroxyapatite is the
main mineral
component.
78DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

79. MUCOCELE
(1) Extravasation
mucocele
(2) Retention
mucocele
79DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

80. RANULA
80DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

81. SYNDROMES
ASSOCIATED
WITH
SALIVARY
GL AND
DISEASES:
• Hemifacial microsomia
• LADD snydrome
• Treacher collins syndrome
• Sjogren’s syndrome
• Felty’s syndrome
• Aglossia- adactylia
syndrome
• Heerfordt’s syndrom
81DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

82. SYSTEMIC
CONDITIONS
WITH SALIVARY
GL AND
INVOLVEMENT
Infectious disorders:
• Actinomycosis
• Granulomatous disease
• Cmv infections
• Hepatits
• HIV
82DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

83. METABOLIC
DISORDERS
• Sjogren’ syndrome
• Thyroid disease
• Granulomatous disease
• Alcoholism
• Malnutrition
• Eating disorders
• Diabetes (uncontrolled)
83DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

84. 84DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

85. FAC I A L N E R V E
PA R A LYS I S :
◦Transient FNP
caused by local
anaesthesia into
capsule of the
parotid gland, which
is located at
posterior border of
the mandibular
ramus.
85DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

86. HISTOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
SALIVARY GLAND TUMOURS WHO (1991
• Pleomorphic adenoma
• Myoepithelioma
•Basal cell adenoma
• Warthins tumour
• Oncocytoma
•Canalicular adenoma
•Sebaceous adenoma
• Monomorphic
adenoma
• Ductal papilloma
- inverted ductal papilloma
- intraductal papilloma
- sialadenoma papilliferum
• Cystadenoma
- papillary cystadenoma
- mucinous cystadenoma
86DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

87. CARCINOMA
• Acinic cell carcinoma
• Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
• Adenoid cystic carcinoma
• Polymorphous low grade
adenosarcoma
• Epithelial-myoepithelial
carcinoma
• Basal cell adenocarcinoma
• Sebaceous carcinoma
• Papillary cystadenocarcinoma
• Mucinous adenocarcinoma
• Oncocytic carcinoma
• Salivary cell carcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma
• Malignant myoepithelioma
Salivary cell carcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma
• Malignant myoepithelioma
87DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

88. NONEPITHELIAL TUMOURS
4. MALIGNANT LYMPHOMAS
5. SECONDARY TUMOURS
6. UNCLASSIFIED TUMOURS
7. TUMOR LIKE LESIONS
- sialadenosis
- oncocytosis
88DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

89. PLEOMORPHIC
ADENOMA
Mixed tumour,(Pleos – many
: morphus – form)
Commonest benign salivary
tumour inadult
Common in parotid (80%)
Common in females
Abundant matrix
mucoid,myxoid or chondroid
supporting tissue
Dumb bell tumor –if deep
lobe isinvolved
89DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

90. Lobulated , painless
swelling, Long duration
Neither adherent to
skin/ masseter muscle
Generally firm / variable
consistency
Raised ear lobule
Curtain sign – swelling
cannot be moved above
zygomatic bone
90DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

91. WARTHINS
TUMOR
Second most common tumor in
the salivary glands.
Slow growing , painless cystic
neoplasm –
exclusively in the parotid gland.
Proliferation of lymphoid tissues
of intra/peri parotid LN
Predisposing factor – smoking,
radiation exp and EBV
Round to oval Swelling , well
circumscribed encapsulated
masses
91DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

92. Multicentric or
multifocal disease
Soft ,fluctuant
Fifth to seventh
decades of life
Male : female :: 10:1
Elderly males , smokers
Bilateral 10%
No Malignant potential
92DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

93. E FFECTS O F AG I N G :
• decrease in salivary flow
• acinar atrophy
accompanied by fibrosis
• replacement of the
secretory tissue with adipose
tissue.
• structural alterations in the
ducts including intraductal
deposits.
• appearance of oncocytes,
enlarged, inactive secretory
cells with pycnotic nuclei93DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

94. CONCLUSION
• Dentists are involved with aspects of salivary gland function in several ways, such as
diagnosing problems involving the major and minor salivary glands, in the
management of oral dryness associated with salivary problems, in the treatment of
caries and periodontal disease resulting from decreased salivary flow, and in
controlling salivation during restorative procedures. Significant abnormality or disease
of the salivary glands, such as that associated with Sjögren syndrome or neoplasm,
necessitates.However, a general dentist may be called upon to provide follow up in
terms of management of the patient’s subsequent oral health.
94DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

95. REFERENCES
• Nanci A. Salivary glands, Ten Cate’s Oral histology, Development, Structure, and
function. 8th Ed.Elsevier publications:2012:253-277.
• Kumar GS. Salivary glands,Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology. Elsevier heath
sciences.10th Ed;2012.
• Malik N. A. Textbook Of Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery,Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers Ltd ;( 4th Edition)2015
• Chaurasia B. D. Human Anatomy, CBS publishers and distributers(7th edition)
vol.3,2015
95DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA

96. THANK YOU
96DR. SAKSHI SHUKLA