B.tech project on Solid Waste management. This is a team work, for which i was team leader.

1. SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
SYED SAJID SOHAIL

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• WASTE GENERATION
• COMPOSTING
• VERMICOMPOSTING
• ANEAROBIC DIGESTER
• MECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
• WASTE TO ENERGY
• LAND FILL METHOD OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSE
• RECOMMENDATIONS
• REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION

4. Waste handling and separation
Collection
Transfer and transport
Separation
Processing
Disposal
Ten factors to be considered in solid waste management :
1. Geological hydrologic, and climatic circumstances, and the protection of ground
and surfacewaters
2. Collection, storage, processing, and disposal methods
3. Methods for closing dumps
4. Transportation
5. Profile of industries
6. Waste composition and quantity
7. Political, economic, organizational, financial, and management issues
8. Regulatory powers
9. Types of waste management systems
10.Markets for recovered materials and energy

5. Materials present in municipal solid waste:
1. Paper and paperboard
2. Glass
3. Ferrous materials
4. Aluminium
5. Plastics
6. Food wastes
7. Rubber and leather

6. Waste sorting or Waste segregation:
Separating the different elements found in waste streams is essential for enabling the recovery of useful
materials, minimizing the amount of material sent to landfill and allowing recyclable materials to find a new
incarnation. Companies sort and recycle materials in order to extract value.
1. Trommel separators/ drum screens
2. Eddy current separator
3. Induction sorting
4. Near infrared sensors
5. X-ray technology

7. COMPOSTING
SYED SAJID SOHAIL

8. “Composting is the biological decomposition of the biodegradable organic fraction of MSW under
controlled conditions to a state sufficiently stable for nuisance-free storage and handling and
for safe use in land applications.”
The organisms that are actively involved in composting can be classified into six broad groups.
Named in order of decreasing abundance, the groups are:
(1) Bacteria,
(2) actinomycetes,(type of bacteria which resembles Fungi)
(3) Fungi,
(4) Protozoa,
(5) Worms, and
(6) Some larvae

9. Composting is carried out in two ways:
• Aerobically (in presence of oxygen)
• Anaerobically (in absence of oxygen).
Advantages of composting:
1. By proper decomposition, biodegradable waste gets converted into good quality organic
manure whereby waste is turned into wealth.
2. Prevents vector breeding and breeding of rodents
3. In aerobic composting process considerable heat is generated, resulting in destruction of
pathogens and weed seeds.
4. Insanitary conditions arising out of solid waste are removed and aesthetically,
environment looks neat and clean.

10. The factors affecting the composting process are:
(a) Micro-organisms
(b) Moisture
(c) Temperature
(d) Carbon/ Nitrogen (C/N) ratio.
Types of composting:
Backyard or Onsite Composting
Aerated (Turned) Windrow Composting
Turned Windrow Aeration
In-Vessel Composting
Composting by organic waste converter machine:
WINDROW COMPOSTING

11. EXAMPLE: CALCULATION OF LAND REQUIRED FOR PRESENT CONDITION(KAKINADA
TOWN):
1. Volume of material to be composted = 7m3/day
2. Composting period (detention time) = 45days
3. Total volume of material on pad = 45 days × 7 m3/day = 315m3
4. Dimensions of windrow(ASSUMING)
Length= 15 m
Height= 1.8m
Width= 2.5m
5. Volume of windrow: V = 2⁄3 × (1.8*2.5) × 15m3= 45m3
6. Number of windrows = total volume of material/volume of windrow
= 315/ 45 = 7
7. Distance between windrows = 3m
8. Space around perimeter of composting area = 3 m
9. Length of composting area = windrow length and perimeter space = 15 m + 2(3) = 21m
10. Width of composting area: width of windrows + distances between windrows +
perimeter space = (7*2.4) + (6× 3) + (2 × 3) = 16.8 + 18 + 6 = 40.8m
11. Area required = length × width = 40.8*21 = 856.6m2
FOR KAKINADA : 857 m2 i.e. 0.212acres or 21.2( APROX 21.5) cents of land is needed

12. CALCULATION OF LAND REQUIRED IF PROPERLY SEGREGATED (ROUGH):
1. Volume of material to be composted = 70 m3/day
2. Composting period (detention time) = 45 days
3. Total volume of material on pad = 45 days × 70m3/day = 3150m3
4. Dimensions of windrow (ASSUMING)
20
Length = 20 m
Height = 1.8 m
Width = 2.5 m
5. Volume of windrow: V = 2⁄3 × (1.8*2.5) × 20 m3= 60 m3
6. Number of windrows = total volume of material/volume of windrow
= 3150/ 60 = 52.5=53
7. Distance between windrows = 3 m
8. Space around perimeter of composting area = 3 m
9. Length of composting area = windrow length and perimeter space =20m + 2(3) = 26
m
10. Width of composting area: width of windrows + distances between windrows + perimeter
space = (53*2.4) + (6× 3) + (2 × 3) = 127.2 + 18 + 6 = 151.2 m
11. Area required = length × width = 151.2*26 = 3931.2m2
FOR KAKINADA: 3931.2 m2 i.e. 0.9714acres or 97.14( APROX 97.5) cents of land is needed.

13. Composting by organic waste converter machine:
Organic waste converter is an odorless, cost-effective and environmental friendly method to
treat organic garbage. To convert the organic waste, other ingredients are spoonful’s of culture
to convert the organic matter into manure, herbal pesticides to neutralize the odor and small
proportions of dry materials such as sawdust, husk or wood peelings to absorb the moisture in
the organic matter.
Potential User Groups of decentralize disposal options:
Community Cluster of minimum 1000 families in 200 meter radius with availability of open
public area for curing of treated material.
1) Large Housing Complex
2) Building Cluster in lane
3) Institutional Campus
4) Markets

14. bulkwaste generators generating minimum 500kg of Segregated Organic Waste per day with
availability of open Public area for curing of treated material.
1) Temples
2) Industrial
3) Canteen Clubs
4) Resorts
5) Hospitals
6) Hotels

15. Infrastructure Resources required:
Organic Waste Converter: OWC60 OWC130 OWC300
Cabin Space for OWC: 3M x 4M 3M x 4M 3M x 4M
Open Space for Curing: 40 sq.mt 60 sq.mt 150 sq.mt.
Operating Quantity: In India excel l.m.t is leading supplier of the owc and following are its
models, Kakinada is presently using owc130.
Model: OWC 60 OWC130 OWC300
Maximum Organic Waste load kg per day 500kg 1000kg 3000kg
Estimate of Coverage (no.of families) 1000 2000 6000
Waste treatment per month 15000kg 30000kg 90000kg

16. Procedure:
The organic waste is first shredded in to small pieces either in the shredding machine or
any other proper shredder. In Kakinada OWC plant we have two types of shredders
After shredding the waste is taken in the organic waste converter for five minute.
Add dry waste like sawdust to absorb moisture. For 35kg wet waste we add 15 kg dry
waste.
Add bioculumof 50 grams per 50 kg organic waste and switch on the OWC for 5 more
minutes.
The compost is collected in the tray provided at bottom and is sent to curing for 10
days.

17. Vermicomposting
SAJID SOHAIL. SYED
Look deep into nature, and then you will
understand everything better.
Albert Einstein

18. Vermicomposting is the process by which worms are used to convert organic materials
(usually wastes) into a humus-like material known as vermicompost.
Difference between vermi culture and vermicomposting:
Vermiculture is the culture of earthworms. The goal is to continually
increase the number of worms in order to obtain a sustainable harvest.
Vermicomposting is the process by which worms are used to convert
organic materials (usually wastes) into a humus-like material known as
vermicompost.
ANECIC
ENDOGEIC
EPIGEIC

19. Enemies of Worms:
Rat/moles, Frog, Birds, Flatworms, Red ant, Ferficula, Centipedes,
Protection from Rat --Use of Trap, Net, Cat and Rodenticides
Protection from Frog/Toad -- Pick up manually
Protection from Birds --Cover by Jute bags at vermi tank/container
Protection from Flatworms -- Pick up manually, and kill
Protection from Red ant/Ferficula/Centipedes -- Use of Neem and Bakaino
Protection from Fly larvae -- Cover with soaked newspaper and jute bags in
container.
The earthworm can be used as:
a) Fish food
b) Aquarium
c) Poultry
d) Piggery
e) Human food and
f) Medicine

20. Some biological information about earthworm:
1. Earthworm has one brain and fivehearts.
2. They have neither eyes nor ears.
3. They breathe through its moist skin.
4. They have no teeth but it has gizzard for grinding its food.
5. Worms are hermophrodic animals i.e each worm has both male and female reproductive
organ and each produce cocoon. Reproductive rate is very fast.
6. Cocoon or egg case of redworm is round or oval shaped and small. Theychange color
during their development, first white, becoming yellow, later brown. When new worms are
ready to emerge, the cocoons are turning red.
7. Redworms reproduce very rapidly. A healthy, adult redworm can produce an egg capsule
every seven to ten days under optimum condition. In one year, a breeder (earthworm) can
produce 50 capsules.

21. 8 ENVIRONMENT FOR WORMS:
The Compost worms need five basic things:
1. An hospitable living environment, usually called “bedding”;
2. A food source;
3. Adequate moisture (greater than 50% water content by weight);
4. Adequate aeration;
5. Protection from temperature extremes.
6. pH

22. Types of vermicomposting:
There are three basic types of vermicomposting systems of interest to farmers:
1)windrows,
2)beds or bins,
3) flow-through reactor.
Steps inVermi Composting :
1. Preparation :Waste collection, Sorting, Size reduction, Mixing.
2. Aerobic Degradation: Box, bin, pile or chamber, Aeration, Addition of EM activator,
Moisture control
3. Vermi Composting: Introduction of worms ,Monitoring, Harvesting .
4. Maturation : Hatching of cocoons, Separation of vermin.
5. Screening: 8 mm & 4 mm screens.
7. Packaging:1kg, 5 kg, and 50 kg Bags.
8. Storage
9. Marketing: Nurseries, Farmers cooperatives, Fertilizer dealers, Department stores.
Vermic compost is very costlier than ordinary compost ( nearly 20 times )

23. 5. ANEAROBIC
DIGESTOR

24. FIG: FLOWCHART OF DEGRADATION

25. Fig: digestion process

26. a) Inlet tank for feedstock.
b) Digester tank.
c) Effluent tank.
d) Effluent storage tank.
e) Effluent pump.
f) Gasholder drum.

27. The anaerobic digestion of the organic waste matter occurs in three different stages:
• Hydrolysis
• Acidogenesis
• Methanogenesis
EXAMPLE: Design of Anaerobic digester with gas storage:
Per person contribution of organic waste is : 100 gram/day
: 0.1 kg/day
Organic waste in Kakinada per day : 3,00,000*0.1
: 30,000kg/day
Organic waste in Kakinada per month : 30*30,000 kg/month
Organic waste in Kakinada per month : 9,00,000 kg/ month

28. Organic waste in Kakinada per two month : 18,00,000kg/ 2 months
Specific gravity of organic waste : 1.377 to 1.530
(taking ‘G’ as 1.4)
Volume required for Kakinada : 18*105/ 1400
: 1285.71
Let the height be 6 meters for digester tank
Diameter for circular tank : 1285.71* 4/π* 1/6
: 16.5 meters.
Height of digester tank and dome : 6 + 2.5 meters
: 8.5 meters.
Area of the digester : πd2/4
: 214 sq. meters
There for the digester 5.28 cents of land is sufficient. Taking other structures
required for efficient working including gas scrubber, inverter and other supporting
structures the plant for Kakinada may need 30 to 50 cents of land( half acre).

29. Advantages:
Biogas plants produce good amount of clean fuel and environment friendly organic manure
Generation of biogas and fertiliser (almost complete retention of the fertiliser nutrients (N, P and K)
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through methane recovery
Combined treatment of different organic waste and wastewaters
Reduction ofsolids to be handled (e.g. less excess sludge)
Good pathogen removal depending on temperature
Disadvantages:
• Small-and middle-scale anaerobic technology for the treatment of solid waste in middle-and low-
income countries is still relatively new.
• Experts are required for the design and construction, depending on scale may also for operation
and maintenance.
• Reuse of produced energy (e.g. transformation into, fire/light, heat and power) needs to be
established.
• High sensitivity of methanogenic bacteria to a large number of chemical compounds.
• Sulphurous compounds can lead to odour.

30. Mechanical and
Biological Treatment
(MBT)

31. MBT is a term that covers a range of technologies to deal with residual municipal waste –i.e.
waste that has not been collected for recycling or composting and has been left in wheelie
bins or black bags.
If the biological stage occurs before the mechanical treatment, it may be known as biological
mechanical treatment (BMT).
The mechanical stage:
The mechanical stage often has two main roles:
in many (but not all) technologies, the waste is broken down into smaller parts,(e.g. by
shredding removal of some recyclable material) and separate recyclable material.
some approaches will use more energy than others, and some will separate recyclables more
effectively than others.

32. The biological stage:
In the biological stage the waste is either composted or digested, usually in an enclosed system.
If an anaerobic digestion system is used, it should produce methane which can provide energy
for the plant (and possible for export to the grid). Some systems take the composted waste
and then remove more recyclables.
What happens to the non-recycled MBT outputs?
MBT reduces the mass and volume of wastes, due to the removal of materials for recycling
and both carbon and moisture losses. The amount of reduction is very dependent on the
design and characteristics of each plant.

34. There are two main outputs for MBT residues, with the output type determining how the plant
is operated:
1) As a low quality soil, or to landfill, also known as ‘biostabilisation.’
2) )As a refuse derived fuel (RDF), for burning (sometimes called ‘bio drying’)
MBT can enable recovery of items that may not otherwise be collected in household systems (e.g.
steel coat hangers, etc.) Potential hazardous waste contaminants of the waste stream, such as
batteries, solvents, paints, fluorescent light bulbs etc, will not reach municipal landfill sites due to
the sorting of the waste prior to treatment.

35. Potential disadvantages of MBT :
Some local authorities see MBT as a means to meet recycling rates without the need for the
separate collection of recyclables. These contracts may demand a fixed tonnage of waste that
could undermine recycling and waste minimization efforts in the area. Some MBT plants are
proposing to make RDF. If landfilled, the residue is subject to the landfill tax as well as gate fees.
Landfilling and Disposal of biodegradable waste to landfill contributes to climate change through
the release of methane, a powerful climate change gas. It also makes no sense to dump recyclable
resources in the ground.

36. Waste to energy

37. MSW includes commercial and residential wastes generated in
municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form
excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-
medical wastes. It consists of household waste, wastes from hotels
and restaurants, construction and demolition debris, sanitation
residue, and waste from streets.
Incinerating municipal solid waste generates energy while reducing
waste volumes by as much as 90% with ash disposal and air
polluting emissions as the primary environmental impacts. Effective
environmental management is needed to remove toxins prior to
combustion to minimize pollutants.

38. MSW Generation in India
As per estimates more than 55 million tons of MSW is generated in India per
year; the yearly increase is estimated to be about 5%.
It is estimated that solid waste generated in small, medium and large cities and
towns in India is about 0.1 kg, 0.3 –0.4 kg and 0.5 kg per capita per day
respectively.
The estimated annual increase in per capita waste generation is about 1.33 % per
year.

39. Waste to energy path ways

40. Gasification and Pyrolysis (Partial or non-combustion)
Gasification and pyrolysis are thermal conversion technologies that happen
under different amount of air present in the system. Gasification occurs in
the presence of limited amounts of air (or oxygen) that allows partial
combustion of the material. Pyrolysis occurs in the complete absence of air
(or oxygen).
Gasification leads to combustible synthesis gas (syngas) as a final product.
Syngas is a valuable commercial product used as an intermediate to create
synthesis natural gas, methane, methanol, dimethyl ether and other
chemicals. It can also be used directly to produce energy as a surrogate for
natural gas.
Pyrolysis leads to synthetic liquid fuel similar to crude oil and combustible
synthetic gases.
Liquid product can be mixed with crude oil and further refined to gasoline
and other petroleum products.

41. The basic stages of the gasification
process are shown in Figure

42. Types of Gasification
Ability to
Operating
handle wide
Permissible MoistureGasifier Tar in Cold Gas variety of Dust
Design Syngas Efficiency
Energy
waste with
Particle Content
ContentRequirement Size (maximum)
varying
composition
Downdraft Low > 80% Low Moderate < 4 in ~ 40% Medium
Updraft
Very
> 80% Low Low < 2 in ~ 50% Low
High
Fluidized
High > 90% Moderate Very Low < 1/4 in ~ 10% High
Bed
Plasma
Very
> 90% High Very High NA > 50% Low
Low
Entrained Very
> 80% Low Low < 1/25 in ~ 10% High
Flow Low
Plasma
Very
Enhanced > 90% Moderate High < 4 in > 50% Low
Low
Downdraft

43. Typical heat values for Municipal waste
components
Component Moisture present
(Range)
Moisture present
(typical)
Food wastes 50-80 70
Paper 4-10 6
Plastics 1-4 2
Textiles 6-15 10
Rubber 1-4 2
Leather 8-12 10
Wood 15-40 20

44. Estimated Heat Value for Kakinada TOWN
Component Dry weight Heat Value(Kcal)
Food Waste 16.5 18407
Paper 5.64 22415
Plastics 7.35 57145
Rags/cloths/cotton 4.05 16870
Green waste ,
Coconuts 1 1555
Rubber & synthetics 1.37 5678.27
Leather 1.116 3725.38
TOTAL Heat Value 125799 Kcal

45. Design for kakinada
The heat value is, thus 1257 Kcal/Kg for the Kakinada waste and is
amenable for combustion on a sustained basis without requiring
supplementary fuel. The World Bank’s guide on ‘Incineration of Municipal
Waste’ recommends that a min. Heat value (LCV) of 6000 KJ/Kg (1435
Kcal/Kg) during all the seasons for sustained combustion for adopting the
Thermal treatment process
To design waste to energy plant the minimum amount of heat value must
1435 k cal/kg according to world bank guide on incineration of municipal
solid waste to adopt the thermal treatment process . In Kakinada the heat
value is1257 k cal/kg so the plant is not suitable in Kakinada

46. LANDFILL

47. LANDFILL
• A landfill site is a site for the
disposal of waste materials by
burial and is the oldest form
of waste treatment. Some
landfills are also used for waste
management purposes, such as
the temporary storage,
consolidation and transfer, or
processing of waste material
(sorting, treatment, or
recycling).

48. • SITE SELECTION
• The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years.
• The landfill site shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas, water bodies monuments, National
Parks, Wetlands and places of important cultural, historical or religious interest.
• A buffer zone of no-development shall be maintained around landfill site and shall be incorporated in the
Town Planning Departments land-use plans.
• Landfill site shall be away from airport including airbase. Necessary approval of airport or airbase
authorities prior to the setting up of the landfill site shall be obtained in cases where the site is to be
located within 20 km of an airport or airbase.

49. Operation:

50. Facilities at the Site
• Landfill site shall be fenced or hedged and provided with proper gate to monitor incoming vehicles or other
modes of transportation.
• The landfill site shall be well protected to prevent entry of unauthorised persons and stray animals.
• The landfill site shall have wastes inspection facility to monitor wastes brought in for landfill, office facility
for record keeping and shelter for keeping equipment and machinery including pollution monitoring
equipments.
• Provisions like weigh bridge to measure quantity of waste brought at landfill site, fire protection
equipments and other facilities as may be required shall be provided.
• Safety provisions including health inspections of workers at landfill site shall be periodically made.

51. Pollution prevention
In order to prevent pollution problems from landfill operations, the following
provisions shall be made, namely :-
• Diversion of storm water drains to minimize leachate generation and prevent
pollution of surface water and also for avoiding flooding and creation of marshy
conditions
• Construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base and walls of waste
disposal area. For landfill receiving residues of waste processing facilities or
mixed waste or waste having contamination of hazardous materials (such as
aerosols, bleaches, polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint products and pesticides)
minimum liner specifications shall be a composite barrier having 1.5 mm high
density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane, or equivalent, overlying 90 cm of
soil (clay or amended soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1 x
10-7 cm/sec. The highest level of water table shall be at least two meter below
the base of clay or amended soil barrier layer.
• Prevention of run-off from landfill area entering any stream, river, lake or
pond.

52. Plantation at Landfill Site
• A vegetative cover shall be provided over the completed site in
accordance with the and following specifications, namely :-
• (a) Selection of locally adopted non-edible perennial plants that
are resistant to drought and extreme temperatures shall be
allowed to grow;
• (b) The plants grown be such that their roots do not penetrate
more than 30 cms. This condition shall apply till the landfill is
stabilised;
• (c) Selected plants shall have ability to thrive on low-nutrient soil
with minimum nutrient addition;
• (d) Plantation to be made in sufficient density to minimize soil
erosion

53. Final Landfill Cover
The primary purposes of the final landfill cover are
(1)to minimize the infiltration of water from rainfall and snowfall
after the landfill has been completed
(2) to limit the uncontrolled release of landfill gases
(3) to suppress the proliferation of vectors
(4) to limit the potential for fires
(5) to provide a suitable surface for the revegetation of the site
(6) to serve as the central element in the reclamation of the site.

54. To meet these purposes the landfill cover
must do the following :
● Be able to withstand climatic extremes
● Be able to resist water and wind erosion..
● Resist the effects of differential landfill settlement caused by the release of landfill gas
and the compression of the waste and the foundation soil.
● Resist deformations caused by earthquakes.
● Withstand alterations to cover materials caused by constituents in the landfill gas.
● Resist the disruptions caused by plants, burrowing animals, worms, and insects.

55. • LANDFILL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Among the important topics that must be considered in the design of landfill (though not necessarily in the
order given) are the following:
• 1. Layout of landfill site
• 2. Types of wastes that must be handled
• 3. The need for a convenience transfer station
• 4. Estimation of landfill capacity
• 5. Evaluation of the local geology and hydrogeology of the site
• 6. Selection of leachate management facilities
• 7. Selection of landfill cover
• 8. Selection of landfill gas control facilities
• 9. Surface water management
• 10. Development of landfill operation plan
• 11. Environmental monitoring
• 12. Public participation

56. Recommendations for
Kakinada OR any other
town/city

57. 1) Two bin systems should be implemented in the town.
2) People should be charged based on weight or volume of waste they produce.
3) Vehicle used for domestic waste collection should be separated in to 2 components one for
organic and another for inorganic.
pic: Tiruchi corporation has 100 carts for collecting segregated waste

58. 4) Use vehicles to collect waste from shopping malls, general stores, and all small scale shops as
they have only plastic and paper which are difficult to degrade.
5) Collect organic waste from hotels, hospitals, juice shops, templesas it is completely organic
and can be used directly for composting purpose.
6) Food should be completely banned from landfill.no food in any case should be taken to
landfill. Only non degradable waste should be sent to landfill.
7) Decentralization system should be followed. Organic waste converter plant in Kakinada
should not be shifted to chendurti, as it reduces at least the transportation of organic waste.
8) Privatization: As solid waste management has become more complex, and expectations for
government services have changed, political leaders have searched for different ways to provide
public services without straining the capabilities of government.
Another organic waste compost plant at the site is not recommended keep using present
plant, this will reduce the lead charges and also the cost.

59. 10)Vemicompost has high retail value. Its value is even more than ten times of organic waste
compost plant. So vermicomposting plant should be started at present compost plant and land
fill site.
11)Segregation should use more than two technologies. If manual separation is done, it will also
provide employment.
12)disposal of tyres and other toxics: tyres are among the largest and most problematic sources
of waste.the recycling or tyre fires can occur easily burning for months creating substantial
pollution in the air and ground .
13)In the East Godavari district the lands are very costly, there is no sign of decreasing the land
costs.
The available 25 acre land must be used properly. Efficiency of land use must be more. Multi use
of land should be preferred.
14)land fill regulations should be followed thoroughly.it must be implemented to the extent
possible.i

60. 15)land fill solar energy covers are now starting to be taken more seriously.
16) Municipality workers must be given proper idea about segregation of waste and bring
awareness regarding their work small mistakes cannot be accepted as they can lead to risks.
17)Swatch bharat: prime minister Narenda Modi launched his nation wide cleanliness campaign
wide the swatch bharat mission or clean India campaign.
18)For effective management Anaerobicdigestorplant, vermicompostplant, organic machine
compost plant are suitable. Proportions of waste to sent for various plants should be based on
economics and ease in composting. Energy to waste plant is not suitable for Kakinada.

61. References:
1) Solid and LiquidWaste Management in Rural Areas by unicef.
2) HANDBOOK OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS, By Tyler G. Hicks.
3) HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS by
Joseph P. Reynolds, John S. Jeris, Louis Theodore.
4) www.fao.org
5) www.waste-2-energy.eu
6) www.generalcarbon.com
7) www.sciencedirect.com
8) www.environmentalet.hypermart.net
9) http://www.waste-management-world.com
10) http://www.agriclinics.net/vermicomposting
11) http://www.sswm.info
12) http://www.karmayog.com/cleanliness/organicwastedisposal
13) http://www.moef.nic.in
14) http://www.wastedfood.com
15)Manual of On-Farm Vermicomposting and Vermiculture By Glenn Munroe
16) Urban Composting in the Technology and Engineering Classroom BY JENNIFER K. BUELIN-
BIESECKER
17) www.natureherbs.com
18) HANDBOOK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT by George Tchobanoglous.
19) Journals of Indian Association Environmental Management, NEERI, Nagpur.
20) IS10193(part1)-1985, “limits of Air Quality”

63. THANK YOU