The main topics described in this power point presentation are INTRODUCTION OF MINERALS CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS USES OF MINERALS WHAT IS PETROLEUM? MAGIC OF PETROLEUM HOW IS PETROLEUM FORMED CONSTITUIENTS OF PETROLEUM COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM WHAT IS OIL WELL? REFINNING OF PETROLEUM LEADING PETROLEUM PRODUCERS Excess of USAGE LEADS TO…. HAZARDS OF PETROLEUM hope you like it

1. TIMPANY STEEL CITY
SCHOOL
SOCIAL SCIENCE
POWER POINT
PRESENTATION
TOPIC: PETROLEUM
NAME : K.SAI SNEHITA
CLASS: X ‘A’
ROLL.NO:12

2. PETROLEUM
- BLACK GOLD….

3. INDEX
INTRODUCTION OF MINERALS
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
 USES OF MINERALS
 WHAT IS PETROLEU?
MAGIC OF PETROLEUM
 HOW IS PETROLEUM FORMED
CONSTITUIENTS OF PETROLEUM
COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM
WHAT IS OIL WELL?
REFINNING OF PETROLEUM
LEADING PETROLEUM PRODUCERS
Excess of USAGE LEADS TO….
HAZARDS OF PETROLEUM
CONCLUSION

4. INTRODUCTION OF MINERALS
Minerals are one of the most important resources of a
country. Almost all the things we use in our daily life
are made up of some or the other mineral. They play
an important role in the economic and industrial
development of a country.
DEFINITION : A mineral is a homogenous, inorganic
solid substance having a definite chemical
composition and is a naturally occurring substance.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS

6. USES OF MINERALS
Agriculture : Phosphate rock, potash and lime are used in
agricultural fertilisers and other mineral products are
used to improve soil.
Packaging :Food and drink may be packaged in cans
made from aluminium or steel, or in glass made from
silica sand. Plastic packaging is made from chemicals
obtained from petroleum
Utensils : ceramic plates and made from clay, glasses are
made from silica sand, and cutlery from metals –
usually aluminium or steel.
Construction :Minerals are used in building houses,
schools, libraries, hospitals, offices and shops.
Buildings use a wide range of minerals

7. Energy : Energy minerals – coal, oil, gas, uranium – are
used to give heat and electricity. Cars, buses and trains
all use fuel which mainly comes from oil.
Transportation :Cars, trains, planes, boats and bicycles are
all made using metals such as steel and aluminium.
Aircraft engines depend on mixtures of metals called
alloys which are made from metals including nickel,
cobalt, chromium, aluminium and titanium.
Technology : Information technology is part of our daily
lives. Many of us have access to a computer and mobile
phone, and many services depend on computers and
other forms of telecommunication. These technologies
require a wide range of minerals and metals, including
copper, gold, platinum, tantalum, tin, zinc and nickel.

8. WHAT IS PETROLEUM?
DEFINITION : A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black
mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that
occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface, can be
separated into fractions by the process called fractional
distillation.
The word petroleum comes from the Latin petra, meaning
“rock,” andoleum, meaning “oil.”

9. 9
Petroleum has been used by humans for
millennia, originally for fires and warfare. In the
Middle East, oil fields were exploited for
naphtha, tar, and kerosene in the 8th to 12th
centuries.
These early users depended on seeps (like this
modern one), where petroleum rises naturally
because of subsurface pressure.
Beverly
Hillbillies
theme
MAGIC OF PETROLEUM

10. 10
The demand for petroleum on the
world market grew slowly, but
started to take off in the 1800s.
Whale oil was replaced by kerosene
lamps starting around 1860.
Coal was still the major fuel source in the
world until about 1940, when petroleum
passed it and became the most valuable
commodity in the global marketplace.

11. HOW IS PETROLEUMFORMED?
The worlds first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania USA, in 1859.
Petroleum was formed million of years ago from the dead organisms of
the sea. Sea organisms died and got accumulated at the bottom of the
sea . In course of time sand and clay got deposited over these deposits .
The movement of water lead to the deposition of more sand and clay
on these dead organisms. Over a period of millions of years a thick
layer was thus formed . This thick covering of sand and clay
compressed the organic material.
The three necessary conditions that help to convert dead organic
matter into petroleum are:
High pressure
High temperature
Decomposition of sea organisms in the absence of air
Petroleum deposits in the earth are dug up and deep digging drillers
are used to pump the petroleum out . It is then processed and refined
into petrol and diesel.

12. PETROLEUM TRANSPORTATION
TRAINS
EXTRACTION OF PETROLEUM

13. CONSTITUENTS OF PETROLEUM

14. Composition
Element Percent range
Carbon 83 to 87%
Hydrogen 10 to 14%
Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%
Oxygen 0.1 to 1.5%
Sulfur 0.5 to 6%
Metals < 0.1%
COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM

15. WHAT IS OIL WELL?
An oil well is a general term used for any boring
through earth’s surface that is designed to find and
acquire petroleum oil hydrocarbons . It is used to
pump out petroleum.

16. FRACTIONS OF PETROLEUM
Fraction Boiling/Range No. of carbons Uses
Petroleum gas Below 40 1-4 Fuel for cooking
petrol (gasoline) 40-75 5-10 fuel for car engines
Naphtha 75-150 7-14 Chemical feedstock
Kerosene 160-250 11-16 Fuel for jet engines
Diesel 250-300 16-20 Fuel for diesel
engines
Lubricants 300-350 20-35 Making of wax and
lubricant oils

17. PROCESS OF FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

18. Top World Oil Producers, 2005*
(OPEC members in underlined italics)
Rank Country
Total Oil
Production**
(million barrels/day)
1 Saudi Arabia 11.1
2 Russia 9.5
3 United States 8.2
4 Iran 4.2
5 Mexico 3.8
6 China 3.8
7 Canada 3.1
8 Norway 3.0
9
United Arab
Emirates 2.8
10 Venezuela 2.8
11 Kuwait 2.7
12 Nigeria 2.6
13 Algeria 2.1
14 Brazil 2.0
*Table includes all countries total oil production exceeding 2 million barrels
per day in 2005. **Total Oil Production includes crude oil, natural gas liquids,
condensate, refinery gain, and other liquids.

19. Excess of Petroleum products usage leads to...
 Generation of hundreds of millions of tons of waste products is pro
 Acid rain from high sulfur coal
 Interference with groundwater and water table levels
 Contamination of land and waterways and destruction of homes from
fly ash spills
 Impact of water use on flows of rivers and consequential impact on other
land-uses

20.  Dust nuisance
 Subsidence above tunnels, sometimes damaging infrastructure
 Coal-fired power plants shorten nearly 24,000 lives a year in
the US, including 2,800 from lung cancer
 Coal-fired power plants emit mercury, selenium, and arsenic
which are harmful to human health and the environment
 Release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, which
causes climate change and global warming according to
the IPCC. Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made
increase of CO2
in the air

21. Hazardinvolvedduringprocessingof
petroleumproducts
Extraction
• Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally damaging, although Dr. John
Hunt of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution pointed out in a 1981 paper
that over 70% of the reserves in the world are associated with visible macro seepages,
and many oil fields are found due to natural seeps. Offshore exploration and
extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding marine environment.
Oil spills
• Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have damaged
natural ecosystems in Alaska, the Galapagos Islands, France and many other places.
• The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to
several hundred thousand tons (e.g., Atlantic Empress, Amoco Cadiz). Smaller spills
have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the Exxon Valdez
oil spill.

22. • Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since
they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can
cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals,
shellfish and other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily
containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed around the
spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil
more easily.
• Control of oil spills is difficult, requires ad hoc methods, and often a large
amount of manpower. The dropping of bombs and incendiary devices from
aircraft on the Torrey Canyon wreck produced poor results; modern
techniques would include pumping the oil from the wreck, like in the Prestige
oil spill or the Erika oil spill.

23. CONCLUSION