SHS Earth and Life Quarter 1 Module 5.pdf

Earth and Life
Science
Quarter 1 – Module 5
Rock Deformation
and Stratified Rocks
Senior High School

2
Earth and Life Science – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Rock Deformation and Stratified Rocks
Second Edition, 2021
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Printed in the Philippines by
Department of Education – Division of Cebu City
Office Address: New Imus Road, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City
Telephone No.: (032) 253 2559
E-mail Address: cebu.city@deped.gov.ph
Development Team of the Module
Compiler/Writer: Maria Rosandee F. Tabada
Content Editors/Reviewers:
Ms. Celia C. Gepitulan, Principal I, Regino Mercado Night High School
Mrs. Jocelyn C. Butanas, Master Teacher I, Talamban National High School
Mr. Bonnie James A. Saclolo, Teacher III, Cebu City National Science High School
Dr. Rey A. Kimilat, Head Teacher V, Abellana National School
Language Editor:
Mrs. Roquesa B. Sabejon, PSDS-ND7
Management Team:
Chairperson: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent
Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Mrs. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief
Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS-LRMS
Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS-Science

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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the formation of folds and faults and the methods used to determine the age
of stratified rocks. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1 – FOLDING AND FAULTING
• Lesson 2 – STRATIFIED ROCKS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the folding and faulting of
rocks.
Performance Standard:
You shall be able to conduct a survey to assess the possible geologic/
hydrometeorological hazards that your community may experience.
After completing this module, you are expected to:
1. explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults
(S11/12ES-Id-22);
2. describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed (S11/12ES-Id-25);
and
3. describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the
age of stratified rocks (S11/12ES-Id-26).
What I Know
DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the correct answer to
complete the sentence.
1. The type of stress found at a transform fault is ________________.
A. compressional B. confining C. shear D. tensional
2. _______________ stress is present at a convergent boundary.
A. Compressional B. Shear C. Tensional D. Translational
3. A divergent boundary experiences __________________ stress.
4. Stress on rocks caused by parallel forces that move past each other in opposite
directions is called ______________ stress.
5. ______________ stress pull rocks in opposite directions.
A. Compressional B. Confining C. Shear D. Tensional
6. The ______ age of a rock is its age in comparison with the ages of other rocks.
A. absolute B. biological C. relative D. social

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7. Stress is defined as the ____________ per unit area in a rock and __________ is
the resulting rock deformation because of it.
A. force; strain B. break; fracture C. weight; faulting D. pressure; folding
8. Uranium-238 and Uranium-235 are used to date materials between __________
years old.
A. 100 and 50,000 C. 100,000 and over 1 billion
B. 50,000 and 100, 000 D. 1 million and 4.6 billion
9. According to the principle of superposition, the oldest rock layer in horizontal
sedimentary rock layers _____________________.
A. is at the top C. never contains fossils
B. is at the bottom D. contains the most amount of fossils
10. A good index fossil is_______________.
A. distinctive C. found in a local area
B. recently extinct D. existed for a long period of time
11. The principle of original continuity states that in a section of rock layers, _____.
A. sediments are always deposited in flat, horizontal layers
B. younger layers of sedimentary rock are deposited on top of older layers
C. rock cutting across horizontal layers must be younger than all the layers
D. sediments are deposited in continuous sheets that span the body of water
where they are deposited
12. Based on the principle of cross-cutting relations, a rock
that cuts across other rocks must be __________________.
A. older than the rock it cuts across
B. igneous rocks that cut horizontally
C. younger than the rock it cuts across
D. metamorphic rocks that cut vertically
13. Based on the rock layers in Figure 1, the relative ages of
the layers from oldest to youngest are __________.
A. 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 C. 3 – 4 – 1 – 2
B. 1 – 2 – 4 – 3 D. 4 – 3 – 2 – 1
For numbers 14 and 15 refer to Figure 2.
Figure 2 shows the exposed part of a rock after
a landslide. 9 is a body of
magma, 10 represents erosion,
and the rest are layers of
sedimentary rocks.
14. The youngest feature among
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 is ______.
A. 1 B. 4
C. 5 D. intrusion
9
15.The correct order of events
among features 5, 6, 7, 8, intrusion 9,
and erosion 10 from oldest to youngest
is ____.
A. 8, 7, 6, erosion 10, 5, intrusion 9 C. intrusion 9, 6, 7, 8, 5, erosion 10
B. 5, intrusion 9, erosion 10, 6, 7, 8 D. intrusion 9, 5, erosion 10, 6, 7, 8
Figure 1. Cross section of rocks
Image Credit: Kane Koller via
BetterLesson
<https://tinyurl.com/3ccyt4rr>
Figure 2. Exposed rock layers after a landslide
Image Credit: CIMSS University of Wisconsin-Madison
<https://tinyurl.com/3jaxv8h9>





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Lesson
1
FOLDING AND FAULTING
In the 1960’s, geologists concluded that the Earth's rigid outer layer was not
a single piece but was broken up into large pieces called plates.
When the plates move, they collide, spread apart, or slide past each other.
These movements form different geologic features such as volcanoes, trenches, and
mid-ocean ridges.
Do you still remember the geologic features formed by each tectonic plate
boundary? The next activity will help you recall features associated with specific
plate interactions.
What’s In
DIRECTIONS: Encircle the hidden names of geologic features formed by different
plate boundaries in the Word Search box. The words may be encircled horizontally,
vertically, diagonally, and backwardly. Descriptions for the features are given under
Hints.
Hints:
1. It is a deep underwater valley formed when an
oceanic plate subducts under another tectonic
plate.
2. These are created where two or more
continental plates are pushed together.
3. This is formed when new crust is created under
the ocean where two plates are diverging.
4. It is like a tear in the crust formed by two plates
sliding past each other.
5. These are formed from the rising magma
generated as an oceanic plate descends into the
mantle.
What’s New
Potentially Active Faults
According to PHIVOLCS-DOST, a potentially active fault shows insufficient
evidence that the fault moved in the last 10,000 years. However, the possibility of
movement along these types of faults may not be discounted.
V E A C H S S T U M
B O L I N N G B L O
C K L I S I N O E T
A R O C C A K H G B
U T J U A T C S D T
F A U L T N A S I T
E P P I E U O N R G
S T O R N O E E P D
B C T D M M C S S E
Word Search
Generated through Discovery
Education Puzzle Maker via
https://tinyurl.com/89pndccc

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The following images are part of the Active Faults Map of Cebu City generated
by PHIVOLCS-DOST. The broken lines represent the approximate trace of
potentially active faults in Cebu City. This map may be revised as new information
become available.
What Is It
STRESS
Stress on rocks is the force applied per unit area. The force is mostly related
to the movement of tectonic plates and to the weight of overlying rocks.
STRAIN
Strain is the resulting deformation because of stress. A strain is a change in
size, shape, or volume of a material or any kind of movement of the rocks.
Rocks under low confining pressures near the earth’s surface generally
deform through fracturing and faulting. Rocks deep within the crust under high
confining pressures deform by folding.
Figure 3.1. Central Cebu Fault
Image Credit: PHIVOLCS via HazardHunterPH
<https://tinyurl.com/neatnbet>
What information is
shown on these images?
What are faults?
How are they formed?
Figure 3.2. Central Cebu Fault
Image Credit: Users Insights, CC BY 3.0, via Iconfinder
<https://tinyurl.com/9kf3dfpz>
Image Credit: Users Insights,
CC BY 3.0, via Iconfinder
<https://tinyurl.com/9kf3dfpz>

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Table 1. Tectonic plate boundaries and associated rock stress and strain
Plate Boundary
Plate
Movement
Stress on rocks Strain
Convergent
Boundary
plates collide
compressive/compressional
➢ forces squeeze
• folding
• faulting
Divergent
Boundary
plates move in
opposite
directions
extensive/tensional
➢ forces pull apart
• stretching
and
thinning
• faulting
Transform
Boundary
plates slide
past each
other
shear
➢ forces move past each
other
• shearing
• faulting
Figure 4. Rock stress and strain
Image Credit: University of Hawai‘i at Manoa via SOEST Department of Earth Science
<https://tinyurl.com/5xwdhs78>
FOLDS
Deep within the crust, as plates collide, rocks sbend or crumple into folds.
Once they are folded, they do not return to their original shape.
Compressive forces are common along convergent plate boundaries resulting
in mountain ranges.
Figure 5. Fold mountains Figure 6. Rock folds
Image Credit: coolgeography.co.uk Image Credit: Pearson Scott Foresman,
<https://tinyurl.com/3u4265f7> Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons
<https://tinyurl.com/u9259pb3>

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FAULTS
A fracture is a simple break that
does not involve significant movement of
the rocks on either side.
If the rocks on one or both sides of
a fracture move, the fracture is called a
fault. A fault is a boundary between two
bodies of rock along which there has been
relative motion.
The San Andres fault in California
corresponds to the transform boundary
between two continental plates.
What’s More
DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet of paper, copy and fill in the table below with
information about folds and faults.
Type of strain Caused by (type of stress)
Present in (type of plate
boundary/ies)
folding
faulting
Lesson
2
STRATIFIED ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks and pieces of once-
living organisms. They form from deposits that accumulate on the Earth's surface.
Sedimentary rocks often have distinctive layering or bedding. The layered rocks are
referred to as stratified rocks.
Before you learn more about stratified rocks, recall the different types of
sedimentary rocks. The composition of these rocks helps us understand the Earth’s
history.
What’s In
DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet, briefly describe each main type of sedimentary
rock.
Figure 7. San Andreas fault
Image Credit: U.S. Geological Survey
<https://tinyurl.com/9t5kwzxr >

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What Is It
2.1 STRATIFIED ROCKS
Rocks at the surface undergo
weathering that break rock into
smaller pieces called sediments.
Sediments are deposited on beaches
and deserts, at the bottom of oceans,
and in lakes, ponds, rivers, marshes,
and swamps through erosion. These
particles may bury dead animals and
plants. Accumulated sediments
harden into rock.
When sediments settle out of
calmer water, they form horizontal
layers. One layer is deposited first, and another layer is deposited on top of it. When
the sediments harden, the layers are preserved. These rock layers are called rock
beds or strata.
If conditions on the surface do not change, only thick, homogenous, and
undifferentiated sedimentary rocks will form. Bedding or layering in sedimentary
rocks reflects the changing conditions during deposition. Each layer represents an
interval of time where conditions have remained uniform.
2.2 PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY
Stratigraphy is the study of strata in the Earth's crust.
The principles of stratigraphy help distinguish younger and older
sedimentary layers. The works of Nicholas Steno, William Smith, and James Hutton
contributed to the principles of stratigraphy used by geologists today.
In 1666, a young doctor named Nicholas Steno (1638-1686) concluded that
fossils were once parts of living creatures and sought to explain how fossil seashells
could be found in rocks and mountains far from any ocean. He studied layers of
sedimentary rocks and proposed a series of conjectures that are now known as
Steno’s Laws. These laws or principles are illustrated in Figures 9 to 11.
1. Principle of Superposition
In a sequence of layers that have
not been overturned, the oldest layer
will be on the bottom and the youngest
layer on top.
Figure 9. Principle of Superposition
Image Credit: Mavis Cobb via SlidePlayer
<https://tinyurl.com/vancf9pc>
Figure 8. Stratified and folded rocks
Image Credit: James St. John, CC BY 2.0, via
Wikimedia Commons
<https://tinyurl.com/5krs9abu>

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2. Principle of Original Horizontality
Sedimentary strata are deposited
in layers that are horizontal or nearly
horizontal, parallel to or nearly parallel
to the Earth's surface. Rocks that we
now see inclined or folded have been
disturbed. Figure 10. Principle of Original Horizontality
3. Principle of Original Continuity
If layers are deposited
horizontally over the sea floor, then they
would be expected to extend out to the
sides over some distance. If some parts
of the rocks are later uplifted or cut
through, the same layers would be
expected to occur on both sides of the
disturbed section.
Figure 11. Principle of Original Continuity
Scottish geologist, James Hutton (1726-1797) recognized the principle
of cross-cutting relationships. This helps geologists to determine the older and
younger of two rock units in Figure 12.
Principle of Cross-cutting Relations
Younger features cut across older
features. Faults, dikes, erosion, etc.,
must be younger than the material that
is faulted, intruded, or eroded.
In Figure 12, 4 is younger than 1, 2,
and 3 because it cuts through all the
three layers. The layers from oldest to
youngest would be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Figure 12. Principle of Cross-cutting Relations
2.3 RELATIVE DATING OF STRATIFIED ROCKS
The relative age of a rock is its age in comparison with other rocks. For
example, a volcano is younger than the rocks beneath it.
Relative dating tells whether one layer of rock is older than another. It does
not tell how old something is. All we know is the sequence of events.
The principles of stratigraphy are essential for determining the relative ages of
rocks and rock layers. In the process of relative dating, scientists do not determine
the exact age of a fossil or rock but look at a sequence of rocks to try to decipher the
times that an event occurred relative to the other events represented in that
sequence.

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Example: Figure 13 is a geologic cross section that shows three (3) layers of
sedimentary rocks (A – C), intrusion made of igneous rocks (D), and a fault (E).
Figure 13. A geologic cross section
• By the principle of cross-cutting relationships, fault (E) must be the youngest
feature because it cuts through A, B, C, and D. When fault (E) formed, the
three sedimentary layers and the intrusion were already present.
• Using the principle of cross-cutting relationships, the igneous intrusion (D) is
younger than layers A, B, and C because it cuts through these three sedimentary
rock layers.
• By the principle of superposition, C is the oldest sedimentary rock, B is younger,
and A is still younger.
The full sequence of events is:
1. Layer C is formed first.
2. It is followed by the formation of Layer B.
3. Layer A forms after the formation of Layer B.
4. After layers A, B, and C were formed, intrusion D cut across all three layers.
5. Then fault E formed, shifting rocks A through C and intrusion D.
6. Finally, weathering and erosion created a layer of soil on top of layer A.
2.4 RELATIVE DATING USING INDEX FOSSILS
Once geologists had worked to determine the relative ages of rocks throughout
the world, it became clear that fossils that were contained in the rock could also be
used to determine relative age.
This realization led geologist William Smith (1769-1839) to formulate the
principle of faunal succession, which recognizes that:
• Some fossil types are never found with certain other fossil types (e.g. human
ancestors are never found with dinosaurs) meaning that fossils in a rock layer
represent what lived during the period the rock was deposited.
• Older features are replaced by more modern features in fossil organisms as
species change through time, e.g. feathered dinosaurs precede birds in the fossil
record.
• Fossil species with features that change distinctly and quickly can be used to
determine the age of rock layers quite precisely. They were so characteristic of
relative age that they were termed index fossils.
Image Credit: Kurt Rosenkrantz, CC
BY-NC 3.0, via CK-12 Earth Science
For High School
<https://tinyurl.com/3ycc4tdk>

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To become an index fossil (also known as marker fossil) the organism must
have been widespread so that it is useful for identifying rock layers over large areas
and existed for a relatively brief period so that the approximate age of the rock layer
is immediately known.
If two separated rock units contain the same index fossil, then the rocks are
of very similar age.
Example:
Figure 14. Three rock outcrops that are very far apart
Image Credit: Kurt Rosenkrantz, CC BY-NC 3.0, via CK-12 Earth Science For High School
Figure 14 shows the three outcrops that are separated by great distances. Out
of the six (6) fossils, the best index fossil is ammonite. It is widespread because it is
present in the three locations. Since it is found in one layer only, it existed for a
relatively brief period. The rock layers containing ammonite must be very similar in
age.
2.5 ABSOLUTE DATING OF STRATIFIED ROCKS
Detailed studies of rocks throughout the world using the principles of
stratigraphy allowed geologists to break geologic time into units of known relative
age. The breaks in relative geologic time were established and well known even before
geologists had the means of determining absolute ages.
Absolute age or numeric age means that we can assign a number (in years,
minutes, seconds, or some other units of time) to the amount of time that has passed.
Thus, we can say how old something is. For example, a piece of metamorphic rock is
3.96 billion years old.
With the discovery of radioactivity in the late 1800s, scientists were able to
use absolute dating to measure the exact age of some rocks in years.
It was found out that some elements have unstable forms that change or
decay. These are referred to as radioactive isotopes. For example, uranium-235 is

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a radioactive isotope of uranium that ends up as lead-207 through a series of
changes within the nucleus.
Radiometric dating is an absolute dating technique that relies on the decay
rate or half-life of radioactive isotopes to estimate the ages of materials.
Using more than one radioactive isotope helps scientists to check the accuracy
of the ages that they calculate. Table 2 below shows several methods used in
radiometric dating.
Table 2. Methods used in the radiometric dating of rock layers
Method Isotopes and Half-life Dating Range
radiocarbon
dating
carbon-14 decays to nitrogen-14 with a
half-life of 5,730 years
once living materials
between 100 and
50,000 years old
potassium-argon
dating
potassium-40 decays to argon-40 with
a half-life of 1.26 billion years
rocks from 100,000
years to 4.6 billion
years old
uranium-lead
dating
• uranium-238 decays to lead-206
with a half-life of 4.47 billion years
• uranium-235 decays to form lead-
207 with a half-life of 704 million
years
materials between 1
million and 4.6
billion years old
What’s More
A. DIRECTIONS: Number the following events from 1 to 4 according to how it
happens. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
a) Accumulated sediments harden into rock and the layers are preserved.
b) Rocks at the surface undergo weathering.
c) Sediments form layers.
d) Sediments settle on calmer bodies of water.
B. DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions.
1. On the figure on the right,
intrusion D is made of igneous rock
and the other layers are
sedimentary rocks. What is the
correct sequence of the formation of
the rock units, from oldest to
youngest?
Image Credit: Kurt Rosenkrantz, CC BY-NC 3.0, via CK-12 Earth Science For High School <https://tinyurl.com/3ycc4tdk>
2. What radioactive isotopes would you use to date a 3-billion-year-old piece of
granite?
3. Which radiometric dating method is used to date a 700-thousand-year-old bed
of volcanic ash?
4. Based on the four rock outcrops in the figure below, which fossil is an index
fossil?

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LEGEND:
Image Credit: Kevin Turner <https://tinyurl.com/3fa2mthh>
What I Have Learned
I. Folding and Faulting
Table 3. Tectonic plate boundaries and associated rock stress and strain
Plate
Boundary
Plate
Movement
Stress on rocks Strain
Convergent
Boundary
plates collide
compressive/compressional
➢ forces squeeze
• folding
• faulting
Divergent
Boundary
plates move in
opposite
directions
extensive/tensional
➢ forces pull apart
• stretching
and thinning
• faulting
Transform
Boundary
plates slide past
each other
shear
➢ forces move past each
other
• shearing
• faulting
• Rocks near the earth’s surface generally deform through fracturing and faulting.
Rocks deep within the crust deform by folding.
• A fold is the bending of rocks because of compression.
• A fracture is a simple break that does not involve significant movement of the
rock on either side.
• If the rocks on one or both sides of a fracture move, the fracture is called a fault.
II. Stratified Rocks
Stratified rocks start as layers of accumulated sediments that settle on calm
bodies of water. Accumulated sediments harden into rock and the layers are
preserved.
Principles of Stratigraphy
• The principle of superposition states that the oldest layer will be at the bottom
and the youngest layer on top if the layers have not been overturned.

15
• According to the principle of original horizontality, rocks that we now see
inclined or folded have been disturbed.
• The principle of original continuity tells us that the same layers would be
expected to occur on both sides of the disturbed section.
• The principle of cross-cutting relations states that younger features cut across
older features.
III. Dating of stratified rocks
Relative dating is the use of principles of stratigraphy and the principle of
faunal succession to arrange geological events based on the rock sequence.
If two separated rock units contain the same index/marker fossil, then the
rocks are very similar in age. To become an index fossil, the organism must have
been widespread and has existed for a relatively brief period.
Radiometric dating uses the decay rates of certain radioactive isotopes to
give the absolute age or numeric age of the rock. Carbon-14, Potassium-40,
Uranium-238, and Uranium-235 are some of the isotopes used in radiometric dating.
What I Can Do
DIRECTIONS: Read the following situations and do what is asked. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
ROCK CORRELATION
(Adapted from Index Fossils and Correlation Lab Procedures A and B by Kane Koller at BetterLesson.com)
Geologists can determine the relative ages of the rock layers in a rock
formation. They can also determine whether the rocks or geologic events occurring
at one location are of the same age as those at another location. This process is
called correlation.
I. The following diagrams show four columns of fossil bearing rock strata. These
fossils are index or marker fossils. The rock layers have not been overturned.
In the illustration below, layer 1 of rock outcrop A is similar in age with layer 3 of
outcrop B. Identify other pairs of rock layers that are also very similar in age.
Explain why you chose these pairs. (5 points will be given for the correct
explanation.)
Image Credit: S. Susinno via Carrie Palmer Weber Middle School <https://tinyurl.com/2edwyess>
II. Observe the following images of four rock formations that are visible on the
surface from four different areas A, B, C, and D. The four rock outcrops show






A B C D







16
eight (8) different types of rocks. Apply the Principle of Superposition where the
oldest rocks are on the bottom and the youngest are on top.
On a separate sheet, arrange and draw the eight (8) different types of rock layers
from oldest to youngest in one column. The oldest layer is done for you.
Sample format
for answer:
Legend:
Image Credit: Kane Koller via BetterLesson <https://tinyurl.com/3ccyt4rr>
Assessment
DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet, write the letter of the correct answer to complete
the sentence.
1. Absolute dating uses the decay rates of ___________ isotopes.
A. abundant B. expensive C. radioactive D. rare
2. Relative dating uses principles of ________________ and index fossils to arrange
geological events, and the rocks they leave behind, in a sequence.
A. radioactivity B. stratigraphy C. UV rays D. x-rays
3. A ________ is a bend in rocks and a _________ is a break in rocks along which one
side has moved relative to the other.
A. fault; fold B. fold; fault C. erosion; hole D. fracture; fold
4. Stratified rocks come from ___________________.
A. lava that solidified on the Earth’s surface
Schist Gneiss Granite Conglomerate
Basalt Sandstone Limestone Shale

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B. magma that solidified under the Earth’s surface
C. layers of accumulated sediments in bodies of water that harden into rock
D. rocks that were subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich
fluids, or a combination of these factors
5. Rocks found deeper in the Earth’s crust deform by folding when subjected to
compressional and tensional stresses because the ________________________.
A. rocks deep in the Earth’s crust are brittle
B. rocks deep in the Earth’s crust are metallic
C. temperature and pressure deep in the Earth’s crust are lower
D. temperature and pressure deep in the Earth’s crust are higher
Refer to Figure 15 to answer number 6 and 7.
Image Credit: Kurt Rosenkrantz, CC BY-NC 3.0, via CK-12 Earth Science For High School
6. The Principle of Original Horizontality is used to explain the change in position
in rock sample _________.
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
7. Rock sample _________ illustrates the Principle of Original Continuity.
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
8. The principle of faunal succession recognizes that _________________________.
A. humans and dinosaurs lived at the same time
B. fossil organisms become more modern over time
C. any type of fossil can be found with any other type of fossils
D. the fossils formed within the rocks are a result of mysterious forces
9. When tectonic plates move away from each other, rocks are _________ leading to
___________ in rocks.
A. compressed; folding C. burdened by weight; folding and faulting
B. pulled apart; faulting D. slide past each other; folding and faulting
Figure 15. Rock samples
 
 

18
10. A convergent boundary generates _____________ stress on rocks that cause the
formation of ____________________ in rocks.
A. confining; folds C. tensional; folds and faults
B. confining; faults D. compressional; folds and faults
11. ___________ in rocks at a transform boundary is caused by __________ stress.
A. Faulting; shear C. Folding; confining
B. Folding; tensional D. Faulting; compressional
12. The Bojo River in Aloguinsan, Cebu must be a feature younger than all the rock
layers through which it has eroded, according to the principle of ______.
A. superposition C. original horizontality
B. original continuity D. cross-cutting relationships
13. If the relative ages of two rocks are known, it shows _____________ but if you
know the absolute ages of the rocks, it tells you ______________.
A. how old the rocks are in years; which rock is older
B. which rock is older; how old the rocks are in years
C. the proportion of nonradioactive isotopes; which rock is brittle
D. which rock is brittle; the proportion of nonradioactive isotopes
14. For the four rock outcrops in the figure below,
____________________ are good marker fossils.
A. ammonites and trilobites
B. gastropods and trilobites
C. ammonites and brachiopods
D. brachiopods and gastropods
Image Credit: SNOQUALMIE VALLEY SCHOOL DISTRICT <https://tinyurl.com/2kcwwtpw>
Legend:
Fossil Name
ammonite
brachiopod
gastropod
trilobite

19
15. Examine the cross
section in Figure 16. 7 is
an intrusion made of
igneous rock, 1 is a fault,
and all the other layers
are sedimentary.
Determine the sequence
of formation of the rock
bodies and fault from the
oldest to youngest.
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
B. 1, 7, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
C. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1
D. 2, 3, 4, 7, 5, 6, 1
References
Baya-ang, Roly B., Maria Lourdes G. Coronacion, Annamae T. Jorda, and Anna Jamille Restubog.
2016. Earth and Life Science. Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation.
Brainard, Jean. 2020. “11.3 Absolute Ages of Rocks.” Edited by Dana Desonie. Www.Ck12.Org. CK-
12 Foundation. August 2, 2020. https://www.ck12.org/workbook/ck-12-earth-science-for-
high-school-workbook/section/11.3/.
Dana, Desonie. 2020a. CK-12 Earth Science For High School. Edited by Julie
Sandeen. Www.Ck12.Org. CK-12 Foundation. https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-earth-
science-for-high-school/section/11.2/.
Dana, Desonie. 2020b. CK-12 Earth Science For High School. Edited by Julie
Sandeen. Www.Ck12.Org. CK-12 Foundation. https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-earth-
science-for-high-school/section/11.3/.
“Deformation of Rocks Rock Deformation Rock Deformation.” 2010.
http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/FACULTY/POPP/Sept30_Ch_10.pdf.
Dieter, Mueller. 2004. Folding of Alternate Layers of Limestone Layers with Chert Layers. Wikimedia
Commons.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(geology)#/media/File:Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_li
mestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg.
Earle, Steven. 2019a. Physical Geology. Opentextbc.Ca. 2nd ed. BCcampus.
https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/chapter/12-1-stress-and-strain/.
Earle, Steven. 2019b. Physical Geology. Opentextbc.Ca. 2nd ed. BCcampus.
https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/chapter/12-2-folding/.
Earle, Steven. 2019c. Physical Geology. Opentextbc.Ca. 2nd ed. BCcampus.
https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/chapter/12-3-fracturing-and-faulting/.
Foresman, Pearson Scott. n.d. Line Art Drawing of an Anticline.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antecline_(PSF).png.
Furrows in Rock. n.d. Northern Velebit National Park. http://www.np-sjeverni-
velebit.hr/park/nezivapriroda/geologija/?lang=en.
“Geologic History Practice Test.” n.d.
https://www.portnet.org/cms/lib6/NY01001023/Centricity/Domain/406/geo%20hist%2
0practice%20test%20KEY.pdf.
“Geologic Time MMSA Earth-Space Science. -Time Scale Based upon the Fossil Record -The Fossil
Record Indicates a Wide Variety of Life Has Existed on Earth. - Ppt Download.” n.d.
Slideplayer.Com. Mavis Cobb. Accessed September 30, 2020.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/9806598/.
Guzman II, Alfonso Vincent A., Ernesto Ancheta Dizon Jr., Zoraida S. Dizon, Eddie L. Listanco, and
Catherine C. Abon. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School EARTH SCIENCE CORE
SUBJECT. The Commission on Higher Education in collaboration with the Philippine
Normal University.
“How Earth’s Plates Move Lesson #3 | Volcano World | Oregon State University.” 2019.
Oregonstate.Edu. 2019. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/how-earths-plates-move-lesson-3.
James St. John. 2017. Folded Gyprock (Castile Formation). Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Folded_gyprock.jpg.
Koller, Kane. n.d. “INDEX FOSSILS & CORRELATION LAB Procedure A.” BetterLesson. Accessed
September 30, 2020. https://betterlesson.com/lesson/resource/3174933/procedure-a-
discussion.
Figure 16. Rock cross section
Image Credit: CIMSS University of Wisconsin-Madison
<https://tinyurl.com/6y7hjukd>



 



20
“Landforms at Plate Boundaries.” 2020. Coolgeography.Co.Uk. 2020.
http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/AQA/Restless%20Earth/Tectonics/Landforms_at
_%20plate_%20boundaries.htm.
McKinney, Frank K. n.d. “DETERMINING AGE OF ROCKS AND FOSSILS.” Ucmp.Berkeley.Edu.
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/McKinney.html#:~:text=Therefore%2C%20the%20slate
%20that%20contains.
Nelson, Stephen. n.d. “Geologic Time.” Tulane University.
https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/geotime.htm.
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. 2017. Active Faults Map of Cebu City, Cebu
Province. HazardHunterPH. https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/gisweb/storage/hazard-
maps/region-vii-(central-visayas)/cebu/cebu-city-(capital)/earthquake/ground-rupture-
(active-fault)/aft_2017_072217000_02.png. “Radiometric Dating.” n.d. Sci.Waikato.Ac.Nz.
https://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/RadiometricDating.shtml.
Rock Correlation. n.d. Accessed October 26, 2020.
http://turnerscience8.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/6/9/22693718/earth_activity_12.pdf.
Rock Correlation and Index Fossils. n.d. Accessed October 26, 2020.
https://www.svsd410.org/cms/lib/WA01919490/Centricity/Domain/1355/Week%207-
%20Index%20Fossils.pdf.
“Satellite Applications for Geoscience Education.” n.d. Cimss.Ssec.Wisc.Edu. Accessed September
30, 2020. https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/sage/geology/lesson1/activity4.html.
“Satellite Applications for Geoscience Education.” n.d. Cimss.Ssec.Wisc.Edu. Accessed September
30, 2020. https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/sage/geology/lesson1/assessment3.html.
“Tectonics and Volcanoes of the Philippines.” 2019. Oregonstate.Edu. 2019.
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/philippines/tectonics
.html.
U.S. Geological Survey. 2016. The San Andreas Fault. USGS Science for a Changing World.
https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq3/move.html.
“Welcome to Discovery Education’s Puzzlemaker--Create Your Free Word Search Hidden Message
Puzzle.” n.d. Puzzlemaker.Discoveryeducation.Com.
http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/WordSearchWithMessageSetupForm.asp.
Answer Key
What’s
In
(Lesson
1)
What’s
In
(Lesson
2)
Hints:
1.
trench
2.
mountains
3.
ridge
4.
fault
5.
volcanoes
1.Clastic
sedimentary
rocks
are
derived
from
the
mechanical
weathering
of
rocks.
2.
Chemical
sedimentary
rocks
form
when
dissolved
materials
precipitate.
3.
Organic
sedimentary
rocks
are
formed
by
the
accumulated
sedimentary
debris
caused
by
organic
processes
and
may
contain
fossils
of
plants
and
animals.
What’s
More
(Lesson
1)
Type
of
strain
Caused
by
(type
of
stress)
Present
in
(plate
boundary/ies)
folding
compressive
stress
convergent
boundary
faulting
compressive,
tensional,
and
shear
stresses
convergent,
divergent,
and
transform
boundaries
What’s
More
(Lesson
2)
A.
a)
4
b)
1
c)
3
d)
2
B.
1.
E,
C,
B,
D,
A
2.
potassium-40,
uranium-238,
and
uranium-235
3.
potassium-
argon
dating
4.
ammonite
What
I
Can
Do
I.
The
pairs
of
rock
layers
that
are
very
similar
in
age
are
layer
2
of
outcrop
A
and
layer
1
of
outcrop
C;
layer
3
of
outcrop
A
and
layer
2
of
outcrop
C;
and
layer
1
of
outcrop
B
and
layer
2
of
outcrop
D.
These
pairs
are
very
similar
in
age
because
they
contain
the
same
index
fossil.
Index
fossils
serve
as
an
indicator
for
a
particular
period
in
geologic
history
since
they
were
widespread
and
have
lived
during
a
relatively
short
time
II.
bottom
to
top
(oldest
to
youngest):
granite,
gneiss,
schist,
conglomerate,
sandstone,
basalt,
limestone,
shale

21
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph

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