2. The process of changing the material that
make up the rocks. It has two different types:
Contact metamorphism – happens due to heat
and reactive fluids
Regional metamorphism – happens due to
extreme pressure
3. 1. Compressional – rock pressed together into
itself, crust movements cause two rocks to
squeeze
2. Tension – involves forces pulling in opposite
directions, which results in strain that
stretches and thins rocks.
4. 3. Shear – force tending to cause deformation
of material by slippage along a planes parallel
to imposed stress
- it is also known as rock deformation
4. Confining – deeply buried rock is pushed
down by the weight of all material above it.
Since the rock cannot move, it cannot deform.
This is called cofining stress
5.
6.
7. Is the theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided
into several plates that glide over the mantle,
the molten rocky layer above the core.
Tectonic plates interact at location called
plate boundaries.
8.
9. Are the edges where two plates meet. Most
geologic activities including volcanoes,
earthquakes, and mountain building, take
place at plate boundaries.
Plate boundaries is important because along
these boundaries deformation of the
lithosphere is happening.
10. 1. Divergent plate boundaries – two plates
move away from each other. Places where
plates are coming apart are called divergent
boundaries.
2. Covergent plate boundaries – two plates
move towards each other. Mountains,
earthquake, and volcanoes form where
plates collide.
11. 3. Transform plate boundaries – two plates slip
past each other. Places where plates slide past
each other called transform boundaries. The
sliding motion causes earthquakes.
12.
13. One of the most common geological
structures found in rocks
The bend notice in rocks are called folds.
Folds may occur as single local bends or may
occur repeatedly and intricately folded into
tectonic history of the region
Fold are result are result of ductile
deformation of rocks in response to external
forces
14. 1. Anticline – Layered rocks folded into arches,
when the beds are bent upwards the resulting
fold is called anticline. This fold is convex
upward.
2. Syncline – opposite to anticline in its nature,
when the beds are bent downwards the
resulting fold is called syncline. This fold is
convex downwards.
3. Monocline – is simple bend in the rock layers
so they are no longer horizontal.
15.
16. 1. Symmetrical folds – axial plane is vertical
and bed lips at approximately the same
angle but opposite in directions, either side
on the plane
2. Asymmetrical folds – axial planes are
inclined and one limb of the opposite limb
of the fold dips more steeply than the
opposite limb
17. 3. Overturned folds – axial plane is inclined
and both limbs of the folds dip in the same
direction
4. Recumbent folds – it is sideways – closing
neutral structure that is neither a synformal
nor an antiformal fold
18. Rocks that undergo brittle deformation tend
to fracture into joints and faults
JOINTS - a joint is a crack in a rock along
which no appreciate movement has occurred.
- can form as a result of expansion and
contraction of rocks.
- aid in weathering by providing channels
where water and air can reach deep into the
formation
19. FAULT – is a plane dislocation where rocks on
one side of the fault have moved relative to
rocks on the other side.
- can form in response to any one of the
three types of forces: compression, tension
and shear
- divides rock unit into two blocks :
hanging wall and footwall
20. Hanging wall – block of rock above an inclined
fault plane
Footwall – the block of rock below an inclined
fault plane
21.
22. 1. Normal fault – if the hanging wall slips
downward relative to the footwall
2. Strike slip fault – produced by shear forces,
where one block slips horizontally past yhe
other
3. Reverse fault – Compressional forces
typically push the hanging wall upward
relative to the footwall
4. Oblique fault – compressional forces
typically push the hanging wall upward the
relative to the footwall
23.
24.
25. This activity shows how folded and faulted
rocks can provide evidence of the size and
direction of the forces which produces
deformation.
Materials : illustration board, ¼ illustration
board, different colors of clay and plastic cover
Procedure:
- Create your own folds and deformation by
using clay and place it in ¼ illustration board.
- Name each fold and faults.
