The systems that will control future electricity networks (also referred to as Smart Grids) will be based on heterogeneous data models. Expressing transformation rules between different Smart Grid data models in well-known rule languages – such as Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) and Jena Rule Language (JRL) – will improve interoperability in this domain. Rules expressed in these languages can be easily reused in different applications, since they can be processed by freely available Semantic Web reasoners. In this way, it is possible to integrate heterogeneous Smart Grid systems without using costly ad-hoc converters. This paper presents a solution that leverages SWRL and JRL transformation rules to resolve existing mismatches between two of the most widely accepted standard data models in the Smart Grids.

1. Rule-based data transformations
in Electricity Smart Grids
The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)
August 2-5, 2015
Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Rafael Santodomingo, Mathias Uslar – OFFIS Institute of Oldenburg, Germany
J.A. Rodríguez-Mondéjar, M.A. Sanz-Bobi – Comillas Pontifical University of Madrid, Spain
santodomingo@offis.de

2. • Business Case
• Technological Challenges
• Rule-based Solution
• Results
• Importance and Impact
Page 2
Contents
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)

3. • Smart Grids
Page 3
Business Case
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)
V
Energy Management
System
Substation Automation
System
Meter Data Management
System
Increasing amount
of information exchanges in
the electricity sector
V
Bay
Controller
Transformer
Controller Bay
Controller
Smart
Meter
Energy
Box
Aggregator Meter
Concentrator
A

4. • Standards to the rescue…
Page 4
Business Case
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)
V
Energy Management
System
Substation Automation
System
Meter Data Management
System
We still need cost-effective
solutions performing
data transformations
V
Bay
Controller
Transformer
Controller Bay
Controller
Smart
Meter
Energy
Box
Aggregator Meter
Concentrator
A
CIM
SCL
DLMS/
COSEM
Open
ADR

5. • Focusing on CIM and SCL
Page 5
Technological Challenges
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)
scl:tConnectivityNode
scl:tTerminal
scl:tConductingEquipment
scl:type = “DIS”
scl:tConductingEquipment
scl:type = “CBR”
scl:tBay
cim:Terminal
cim:ConnectivityNode
cim:Disconnector
cim:Breaker
cim:Bay
cim:BusbarSection
Mismatches hinder the
transformations between
the data models

6. • Solving mismatches with SWRL & JRL rules (I)
Page 6
Rule-based Solution
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)
scl:tBay cim:Bay
scl:tBay(?x) → cim:Bay(?x)
cim:Bay(?x) → scl:tBay(?x)
scl:tConductingEquipment
scl:type = “CBR”
cim:Breaker
scl:tConductingEquipment(?x) ∧ scl:type(?x, “CBR”)
→ cim:Breaker(?x)
cim:Breaker(?x) →
scl:tConductingEquipment(?x) ∧ scl:type(?x, “CBR”)
Naming mismatches
Multilateral correspondences

7. • Solving mismatches with SWRL & JRL rules (II)
Page 7
Rule-based Solution
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)
Covering mismatches
[(?x rdf:type scl:tBay)(?x scl:ConnectivityNode ?z)
noValue(?x scl:ConductingEquipment)->
[(?y cim:Equipment.EquipmentContainer ?x)
<- makeInstance(?x p cim:BusbarSection ?y)
(?x rdf:type scl:tBay)]]
scl:ConnectivityNode
cim:Equipment.
EquipmentContainer
scl:tConnectivityNode
scl:tBay
cim:Bay
cim:BusbarSection
cim:ConnectivityNode

8. • SWRL & JRL can be processed by freely available reasoners
Page 8
Rule-based Solution
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)
Pellet
Jena Generic
Rule Reasoner
A rdf:type scl:tBay
scl:tBay(?x) → cim:Bay(?x)
A rdf:type cim:Bay
C rdf:type cim:BusbarSection
C cim:Equipment.EquipmentContainer A
[(?x rdf:type scl:tBay)(?x scl:ConnectivityNode ?z)
noValue(?x scl:ConductingEquipment)->
[(?y cim:Equipment.EquipmentContainer ?x)
<- makeInstance(?x p cim:BusbarSection?y)
(?x rdf:type scl:tBay)]]
SWRL rules JRL rules
SCL instances
CIM instances

9. • Case studies (I)
Page 9
Results
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)
Energy Management
System
Substation Automation
System
Rule-based
converter
SWRL & JRL rules
CIM
SCL
power system
model
power system
model
Power system model - 1

10. • Case studies (II)
Page 10
Results
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)
Energy Management
System
Substation Automation
System
Rule-based
converter
SWRL & JRL rules
CIM
SCL
power system
model
power system
model
Power system model - 2

11. • Case studies (III)
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)Page 11
Results
Energy Management
System
Substation Automation
System
Rule-based
converter
SWRL & JRL rules
CIM
SCL
power system
model
power system
model
Power system model - 3

12. • Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)Page 12
Results
Energy Management
System
Substation Automation
System
Rule-based
converter
SWRL & JRL rules
CIM
SCL
power system
model
power system
model
Accuracy = 1
Runtime = 1.472s
Cost = freely available reasoners

13. • Interoperability is a key enabler of future electricity Smart Grids
– Need for solutions that facilitate interactions among systems based on heterogeneous
data models
• Traditional integration technologies in the electricity sector are costly and
inefficient
– Manual processes and ad-hoc converters
• Leveraging rule languages (SWRL & JRL) to express correspondences between two
data models –> benefits for electric companies:
– Bi-directional translations between smart grid systems performed by freely available
reasoners
– Improves accuracy, performance, and cost indicators compared with traditional
technologies
– Transformation rules and converters can be reused in different applications
Page 13
Importance and Impact
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)

14. • Future challenges
– Case studies with other standard data models
– Adopting rule-based data transformations for run-time communications based on OPC
UA & Semantic Web Services
– Enhancing ontology matching techniques to find transformation rules automatically
Page 14
Importance and Impact
5 August 2015 The 9th International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML)