4. Skeletal System
5 Types of bones categorized by
shape:
1. Long bones
Longer than wide
Bear weight
Ex. femur
5. Skeletal System
5 Types of bones categorized by shape:
2. Short bones
About same length
as width
Bear weight
Ex. Carpels of wrist
and tarsals of ankle
6. Skeletal System
5 Types of bones categorized by
shape:
3. Flat bones
Thin and usually curved
Protect brain and thoracic
organs
Provide wide area muscle
attachment
Ex. Ribs, skull, shoulder
7. Skeletal System
5 Types of bones categorized by shape:
4. Sesamoid
Small and round
Ex. Patella of knee
8. Skeletal System
5 Types of bones categorized by shape:
5. Irregular
Odd shaped and doesn’t fit
other categories
Ex. vertebra
9. Skeletal System
Parts of the long bone:
Two main parts:
1. Epiphysis
*Found on the ends
*Spongy/Cancellous
bone
10. Skeletal System
Parts of the long bone:
Two main parts:
2. Diaphysis
• Shaft or long part
• Is compact bone
11. Skeletal System
Types of bone tissue:
1. Spongy bone/Cancellous bone
contains networks of bony plates
with spaces - trabeculae
not as dense a compact bone
13. Skeletal System
Other parts of long bone:
Epiphyseal plate or growth plate:
Is hyaline tissue where growth
originates in those under 25 yrs
Epiphyseal line – in adults the
epiphyseal plate ossifies or
hardens to bone tissue
14.
15. Skeletal System
Other parts of long bone:
Sheaths – cover the bone
a. endosteum – inner most; lines
the medullary cavity
b. periosteum – outer most; which
contains blood vessels and nerves
16.
17. Skeletal System
Medullary cavity – central cavity of
long bone where you find yellow
or red bone marrow.
Types of Marrow:
1. Yellow bone marrow – stores fat
2. Red bone marrow – produces
red and white blood cells
18.
19. Skeletal system is divided into
two major sections:
1. Axial skeleton –
• bones of central axis
• Includes 80 bones
• Includes: the skull, vertebral
column, and thoracic cage
21. Skeletal system divided into two major sections:
2. Appendicular skeleton –
bones of upper and lower
appendages and bones that
attach them to the axial
skeleton
29. Appendicular skeleton includes:
Lower appendages include:
1. Femur
Connects to pelvic girdle
Strongest bone in body
2. Tibia – larger inner bone of lower
leg
3. Fibula – smaller outer bone of
lower leg
32. Appendicular skeleton includes:
5. Bones of ankle and foot:
•7 tarsus (ankle)
•5 metatarsus (foot)
•5 digits (foot) each with 3 phalanges
– proximal, middle and distal
phalanges except the big toe that
has only 2 phalanges only proximal
and distal
34. Appendicular skeleton includes:
Upper appendage includes:
1. Humerus – upper bone that
attaches limb to pectoral girdle
2. Radius – small bone of lower arm
that attaches to the thumbs
3. Ulna – small bone that attaches
to the little finger and the
humerus
36. Appendicular skeleton includes:
:
Upper appendage includes
4. Bones of wrist and hand
• 8 carpals
• 4 distal carpals
• 4 proximal carpals
• Articulation of carpals allows
you to move the wrist
38. Appendicular skeleton includes:
Upper appendage includes :
4. Bones of wrist and hand
• 8 carpals
• Metacarpals – 5 long bones of
the hand numbered I-V from the
medial to lateral
(thumb to little finger)
• Digits – made of phalanges
• Three phalanges/finger
except thumb has only 2
• Proximal, middle, distal
43. The Skeletal System
Differences between skeleton of
child and adult:
More bones in youth and fuse
together as adult
Epiphyseal plate becomes line
Red bone marrow to yellow
Articular cartilage thickens
44. The Skull or Cranium
The skull protects the brain
and entrances to respiratory
and digestive systems.
The skull has 28 bones.
45. The Skull
Terminology:
Posterior – back
Frontal – front
Lateral - side
Inferior – below
Superior - above
85. Vertebral Column
It is marvelously designed to
provide strength yet flexibility.
The way the vertebrae fit
together the column
is strong yet one
can bend and rotate
the back.
86. Vertebral Column
It is marvelously designed to
provide strength yet flexibility.
The way the vertebrae fit together
or interlock gives it strength
flexibility so can bend
and rotate.
90. Vertebral Column
Disorders:
At birth vertebral column in concave, and
s shape develops.
Scoliosis – abnormal sideways curve of
vertebral column.
91. Vertebral Column
Disorders:
At birth v. column in concave, and s shape developes-
Scoliosis – abnormal sideways curve of v. column
Lordosis – exaggerated curve of
lumbar – swayback
92. Vertebral Column
Disorders:
At birth v. column in concave, and s shape developes-
Scoliosis – abnormal sideways curve of v. column
Lordosis – exaggerated curve of lumbar – swayback
Kyphosis – exaggerated curve of
thoracic vertebrae = hunchback
93. Vertebral Column
Shape of the Vertebrae
Body – bears weight, bodies rest on each
other.
94. Vertebral Column
Shape of the Vertebrae
Vertebral Foramen – opening through
which the spinal cord travels.
95. Vertebral Column
Shape of the Vertebrae
Vertebral Arch – surrounds the foramen.
96. Vertebral Column
Shape of the Vertebrae
Processes – bone extensions of the
vertebrae for muscle attachment and
interlock to give mobility.
Transverse process – extends to the
sides of each vertebrae,
place for muscle/
ligament attachment.
97.
98. Vertebral Column
Shape of the Vertebrae
Transverse process – extends to the sides of each vertebrae, place for muscle/ligament
attachment.
Spinous process – extends backward
and downward, place for muscle
attachment.
99. Vertebral Column
Shape of the Vertebrae
Transverse process – extends to the sides of each vertebrae, place for muscle/ligament
attachment.
Superior and inferior articular
processes – interlock the vertebrae
100. Intervertebral Disc - fibrous cartilage
found between the vertebrae
distributing pressure evenly across the
disc.
101. Herniated Disc - when a disc pushes
outside its normal area. Often
pinching the nerves causing pain and
numbness.
102. Thoracic Cage
Commonly called the rib cage
Protects the heart, lungs, and
other organs of the thoracic
cavity
Encloses the thoracic cavity
103. Thoracic Cage
Commonly called the rib cage
Protects the heart, lungs, and other organs of the thoracic cavity
Encloses the thoracic cavity
Composed of twelve pairs of
ribs and the sternum (breast
plate or bone)
104. Thoracic Cage
Types of Ribs
The classification of ribs:
1. True ribs – 1st 7 pairs
that attach directly to the
sternum by the coastal
cartilage
105. Thoracic Cage
Types of Ribs
The classification of ribs:
1. True ribs – 1st 7 pairs that attach directly to the sternum
by the coastal cartilage
106. Thoracic Cage
Types of Ribs
The classification of ribs:
1. True ribs – 1st 7 pairs that attach directly to the sternum by the
coastal cartilage
2. False ribs – inferior 5
pairs that connect indirectly
(first 3 pairs) to the sternum
or do not attach at all to the
sternum (last two pairs)
107. Thoracic Cage
Types of Ribs
The classification of ribs:
1. True ribs – 1st 7 pairs that attach directly to the sternum by the
coastal cartilage
2. False ribs – inferior 5 pairs that connect indirectly (first 3 pairs)
to the sternum or do not attach at all to the sternum (last two pairs)
108. Thoracic Cage
Types of Ribs
The classification of ribs:
1. True ribs – 1st 7 pairs that attach directly to the sternum by the
coastal cartilage
2. False ribs – inferior 5 pairs that connect indirectly (first 3 pairs)
to the sternum or do not attach at all to the sternum (last two pairs)
3. Floating ribs – the last
two pairs of false ribs that are
not attached at all
109. Thoracic Cage
Types of Ribs
The classification of ribs:
1. True ribs – 1st 7 pairs that attach directly to the sternum by the
coastal cartilage
2. False ribs – inferior 5 pairs that connect indirectly (first 3 pairs)
to the sternum or do not attach at all to the sternum (last two pairs)
3. Floating ribs – the last two pairs of false ribs that are not
attached at all
110. Thoracic Cage
Sternum
Connects to the ribs via
coastal cartilage
Shaped like a capital T
Found on the ventral/front
surface
111. Thoracic Cage
Sternum
Connects to the ribs via coastal cartilage
Shaped like a capital T
Found on the ventral/front surface
It consists of three parts, from above
downward:
Manubrum
Body
Xiphoid process
