05 a - fibre optics-theory

1Copyright © Antigone Consulting 20162 April 2016
AANNTTIIGGOONNEECCOONNSSUULLTTIINNGG
MOBILE PHONES OFF
PLEASE

FIBRE OPTICS
Optical Fibre Theory
  Why Fibre Optics
  Actual and Future Business Development
  What is Fibre Optics
  Construction of Optical Fibre
  Fibre Transmission Factors
  Types of Optical Fibre
  Standards

Who am I?
Roberto Fornasiero
Academic education
1998 : Italian Certified Electrical Engineer
2007 : Executive MBA – SDA Bocconi School of Management
Work Experience
1990 – 2007 : experience in data communication business as sales
manager for PANDUIT, ANIXTER and ADC KRONE
2008 – today
  Independent business consultant
  ETK KABLO sales manager for Italy,
Spain and Algeria

What happens in an Internet Minute?

Long Ago, People Danced@Concert
Now They Video/Click/Share/Tweet
1990s 2010s

Media + Data Uploading + Sharing from Mobiles =
Ramping Fast & Still Early Stage

Top 5 Bandwidth-Hungry Apps
High-Definition Telepresence
24 Mbps and about a 50 millisecond latency to
recreate the feeling of sitting in a room speaking with
people.
Telemedicine and Remote Surgery
10 Mbps and about a 1 millisecond latency to connect
doctors with remote physician and, next step,
surgery done by robot
Video Instant Messaging and Video Presence
10 Mbps on mobile network, needs of LTE (4G) and
fibre backhaul
High-Definition Television
5-8 Mbps to deliver crisp video
Real-Time Data Backup
2 Mbps and 10 millisecond latency to allow
enterprises storing and keeping data secure and
without interruptions

Dal 1° Luglio 2015
  tutti gli edifici di nuova costruzione
  tutti gli edifici da ristrutturare con permesso a costruire
DEVONO ESSERE EQUIPAGGIATI con
1.  un’infrastruttura fisica multiservizio passiva interna
all’edificio, costituita da adeguati spazi installativi e da
impianti di comunicazione ad alta velocità in fibra ottica fino
ai punti terminali di rete.
2.  un punto di accesso
Gli edifici conformi al presente articolo possono beneficiare, ai fini
della cessione, dell’affitto o della vendita dell’immobile, dell’etichetta
volontaria e non vincolante di
“EDIFICIO PREDISPOSTO ALLA BANDA LARGA”
G.U 11 Novembre 2014 – Art. 135-bis
Norme per l’infrastrutturazione digitale
degli edifici

1. Infrastruttura fisica multiservizio
  grande innovazione impiantistica: cambia il modo di pensare,
progettare e realizzare impianti di telecomunicazioni digitali e
domotici
  Impiantistica attuale = infrastruttura per ciascun impianto.
Videocitofono + TV + Allarme + Domotica + LAN
  Impiantistica futura = un cablaggio unico per tutti gli impianti
Indipendenza dal portante fisico (cavo)
  L’unicità della infrastruttura consentirà di rendere “interoperabili” i
vari sistemi in modo che la somma delle funzionalità possibili sia
molto più ampia e potente delle funzionalità di tutti gli impianti
presi singolarmente.
2. Passiva
  i componenti (cavi, derivazioni, derivatori, prese) si limitano a
realizzare una “rete” intermodale di trasporto ad elevato livello
qualitativo e trasparente alle vari tipologie di applicazione
Significato

Multiservizio
  i vari servizi devono utilizzare questo unico portante
  2 categorie di servizi
Servizi esterni all’edificio:
Providers fissi (Telecom, Fastweb, Netflix, Google…)
Providers wireless (Tim, Vodafone, Linkem, Tooway…)
Broadcasting (Rai, Mediaset, Sky, La7, TVSat…)
Servizi interni all’edificio:
Sorveglianza e sicurezza
Domotica di edificio e appartamento
Videocitofonia
Reti LAN e WI-FI
Punto di accesso
  Punto fisico interno o esterno all’edificio, accessibile alle imprese
autorizzate a fornire reti pubbliche di comunicazione
Il legislatore dice che tutto ciò deve essere predisposto per
servizi di accesso in fibra ottica a banda larga.
Infrastruttura fisica multiservizio
passiva. Cosa significa?

3. Multiservizio
  tutti i servizi devono utilizzare un unico portante: la FIBRA OTTICA
  2 categorie di servizi
Servizi esterni all’edificio
Providers fissi (Telecom, Fastweb, Netflix, Google…)
Providers wireless (Tim, Vodafone, Linkem, Tooway…)
Broadcasting (Rai, Mediaset, Sky, La7, TVSat…)
Servizi interni all’edificio
Sorveglianza e sicurezza
Domotica di edificio e appartamento
Videocitofonia
Reti LAN e WI-FI
4. Punto di accesso
  punto fisico interno o esterno all’edificio, accessibile alle imprese
autorizzate a fornire reti pubbliche di comunicazione
Il legislatore dice che tutto ciò deve essere predisposto per
servizi di accesso in FIBRA OTTICA a banda larga
Significato

What is "Fibre Optics"?
  A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibres) to
transmit data
  A fibre optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of
which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light
waves
  Not a "new" technology
  Concept over a century old
  Used commercially for 35 years

Fibre Advantages
  Less susceptible than metal cables to interference
  Immunity to static interferences
  Lightenings
  Electric motors
  Fluorescent light
  Higher environment immunity: weather, temperature, etc.
  Thinner and lighter than metal wires
  Longer Lasting
  Security: tapping is difficult
Remember:
Fibre is non-conductive
Hence, change of magnetic field
has NO IMPACT!

Fibre Advantages
  Greater bandwidth than metal cables (10GHz vs. 16kHz)
  Data can be transmitted digitally rather than analogically
  Ex. copper cable of about 1000 pairs vs. 2 cores fibre cable
  each pair can only carry about 24 telephone conversations a
distance of less than 4 kilometres
  fibre cable carries more than 32.000 conversations hundreds
or even thousands of kilometres without regeneration
à  each fibre can simultaneously carry over 150 times more
à  cost of transmitting a single phone conversation over fibre
optics is only about 1% the cost of transmitting it over
copper wire! That’s why fibre is the exclusive medium for long
distance communications.
  Economics:
  Low transmission loss (dB/km)
  Fewer repeaters
  Less cable

  Myth #1: Fibre is too expensive
Today, fibre is cheaper than kite string or fishing line
  Myth #2: Fibre is extremely hard to work with
Grind-and-polish connectors era is finished!
  Myth #3: Fibre needs expensive and complicated installation and
test equipment
  Myth #4: Fibre is fragile
Fibre optic cable can withstand a higher pulling tension
than copper, is rated for larger temperature ranges, and
is immune to EMI/RFI Military prefers fibre for its
ruggedness and survivability!
Myths of Fiber Optics

Ø  Optical fibre ends are extremely sharp, don’t let them penetrate
the skin.
Ø  Dispose of any fibre off-cuts in a suitable container. Don’t leave
them sticking in the carpet!
Ø  Don’t look into the end of a fibre if it is connected (or even if you
suspect it may possibly be connected) to a transmitting system.
Not all lights from fibre harm eyes.
LEDs used with multimode fibre are generally too low in power.
Some lasers can cause issues.
BUT NEVER LOOK INTO THE END OF THE FIBER ANYWAY
BETTER BE SAFE THAN SORRY
Safety First

Fibre Optic Construction
Core
Glass with a higher index of refraction than cladding
It carries signal
Cladding
Glass with a lower index of refraction than the core
Buffer
Protects the fiber from damage and moisture

Fibre Construction
There are 3 main components:
COATING
CLADDING
CORE

Fibre Optic Types
  Light is "guided" down the centre of the fiber called the "core”
  The core is surrounded by a optical material called the "cladding"
  The fiber is coated with a protective plastic covering called the
"primary buffer coating"

In 1870 John Tyndall demonstrated
how to guide a light beam through
a falling stream of water.
“Total Internal Reflection”: a
special optical condition in which
optical rays cannot escape the
material in which they are traveling
Fibre Optics
Total Internal
Reflection

Total Internal Reflection

Total Internal Reflection
  Optical fibers work on the principle of total internal reflection
  With light, the refractive index is listed
  The angle of refraction at the interface between two media is
governed by Snell’s law:
n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2

AANNTTIIGGOONNEECCOONNSSUULLTTIINNGGNumerical Aperture
  The numerical aperture of the fiber is closely related to the
critical angle and is often used in the specification for optical fiber
and the components that work with it
  The numerical aperture is given by the formula:
  The angle of acceptance is twice that given by the numerical
aperture
2
2
2
1.. nnAN −=

Fibre Optics
  Total Internal Reflection
  Rays of light referred to as modes
Transmitter Receiver

Fiber Optic Data Links
  Fiber optic transmission consists of a transmitter on one end of a
fiber and a receiver on the other end
  The transmitter takes an electrical input and converts it to an
optical output from a laser diode or LED
  The receiver converts the light back into an electrical signal at the
other end

Fiber Optic Data Links

Fibre GBIC Modules
Switch and module slots
combinations
GBIC Modules
Typically LC (small form factor)

Fiber Wavelength
  Wavelength is colour of light
  The range of light is called the spectrum
  Humans see from 400-770nm : Visible Light
  Fibre optics utilize 850-1675 nm: Infrared Light
  Frequency (cycles per second) is mesured in Hertz (Hz) while
light in fibre optics is more commonly measured in billionths
of a meter (nm)

Light propagation is a function of Attenuation, Dispersion and
non-linearities.
Attenuation Dispersion
0
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
==++
∂∂
--++
∂∂
∂∂
AA
dT
A
A
i
z
A
i γγββαα

Pure Glass=Si O2
Si
Si
O O O
Si
Si
O
Si
Cu
O
Imperfections
Losses in optic fibres
Absorption: light is
absorbed due to chemical
properties or natural
impurities in the glass. The
worst culprits are hydroxyl
ions and traces of metals.
Accounts for about 5% of
total loss.
scattering
Scattering is the loss of light
due to small localized changes
in the refractive index or by
impurities. Accounts for about
95% of total less and depends
on the size of the discontinuity
compared with the wavelength
of the light so the shortest
wavelength, or highest
frequency, suffers most
scattering.
Light scattered
Impurities

Fiber Attenuation
Attenuation is total loss of light signal
=
Absorption + Scattering

Bending Losses
Microbending
Microbending losses are due to microscopic
fiber deformations in the core-cladding
interface caused by induced pressure on
the glass. These are generally a
manufacturing problem.
Attenuation due to macrobending increases with wavelength
(e.g. greater at 1550nm than at 1310nm)
Macrobending
Macrobending losses are due to physical
bends in the fiber that are large in relation
to fiber diameter. The problem of macrobend
loss is largely in the hands of installers

Bending Losses for SM fibre

Bending Losses for MM fibre

Elements of Loss
Pout
(Received
Power)
Power variation
Fiber Attenuation
  Caused by scattering & absorption of light as it travels through the
fiber
  Measured as function of wavelength (dB/km)
OTDR Trace of a fiber link
Pin
(Emitted
Power)

AANNTTIIGGOONNEECCOONNSSUULLTTIINNGGTypical Attenuation Values
  0.22 dB/km for singlemode fiber at 1550 nm
  0.35 dB/km for singlemode fiber at 1310 nm
  1 dB/km for multimode fiber at 1300 nm
  3 dB/km for multimode fiber at 850 nm
  0.05 dB for a fusion splice
  0.3 dB for a mechanical splice
  0.5 dB for a connector pair

Signal Distortion in fibres
Optical signal weakens from attenuation mechanisms and broadens
due to distortion effects.
Eventually these two factors will cause neighboring pulses to
overlap.
After a certain amount of overlap occurs, the receiver can no longer
distinguish the individual adjacent pulses and error arise when
interpreting the received signal.
Pulse broadening
and attenuation

Step Index Multi-mode
Graded Index Multi-mode
Intermodal Dispersion
Solution to problem is to change the refractive index progressively
from the centre of the core to the outside. If the core centre has the
highest refractive index and the outer edge has the least, the ray will
increase in speed as it moves away from the centre.

Pulse
Spreading
Chromatic Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion is the effect that different wavelengths
(colours or spectral components of light) travel at different
speed in a media. The more variation in the velocity, the
more the individual pulses spread which leads to
overlapping: longer wavelengths travel faster
Pulse stream
without chromatic dispersion
Pulse stream
with chromatic dispersion

Fibre Optic Types
Multi Mode
Single Mode

OPTICAL FIBRE THEORY
Fibre Optic Types
OM1
OM2
OM3
OM4
OS1
OS2

  Multi mode has light travelling in many rays... called modes
  Three main categories
62.5/125-µm à OM1
50/125-µm à OM2
Laser-Optimized 50/125-µm à OM3 and OM4
  Low cost sources
LED (Light Emitting Diode) and VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface
Emitting Laser) @ 850 nm
Laser @ 1300nm
  Low cost connectors + lower installation costs = lower system
cost
  Higher fibre cost
  Higher loss, lower bandwidth
  Distance up to 2000 m
  Best for LAN, SAN, Data Centre
Multimode fibres

Standardized
Multimode Fibre
Specifications
Multimode fibres

  Light travels in only one ray or better in only one mode
  High cost sources
1310+ nm lasers 1 ÷ 10 Gb/s
1 ÷ 25 Gb/s with DWDM
High precision packaging
  Higher cost connectors + Higher installation costs = Higher
system cost
  Lower fiber cost
  Lower loss, higher bandwith
  Distance to 60km +
  Best for WAN, MAN, Access, Campus
Singlemode fibres

Standards
Singlemode fibres
  Two primary sources of specification of singlemode optical fibre:
ITU-T G.65x series
IEC 60793-2-50 (and the equivalent to EN 60793-2-50)
  19 different singlemode optical fibre defined by the ITU-T:
ITU-T G.652a, b, c and d (low water peak)
ITU-T G.653a and b;
ITU-T G.654a, b and c;
ITU-T G.655a, b, c, d and e; (nonzero dispersion-shifted)
ITU-T G.656;
ITU-T G.657 Categories A1, A2, B1 and B2.
  IEC 60793-2-50:2008 (EN 60793-2-50) specifies 7 different single
mode optical fibres (equivalent to 16 of the ITU-T specifications)
Type B1.1: equivalent to ITU-T G.652a and b;
Type B1.2: equivalent to ITU-T 654 b and c
Type B1.3: equivalent to ITU-T G.652c and d;
Type B2: equivalent to ITU-T G.653a and b;
Type B4: equivalent to ITU-T G.655c, d and e
Type B5: equivalent to ITU-T G.656;
Type B6: equivalent to ITU-T G.657.

ITUT-T G692/694 Transmisssion Bands
Singlemode fibres
“Band” terminology used in FTTx/PON: ITU-T G983/984
Basic band (1480 to 1500 nm)
Enhancement band (1550 to 1560 nm)
Wavelength Band Purpose Fibre Type
1260 to 1360 nm O-band Standard single mode operation G.652 SM
1360 to 1460 nm E-band For future use including CWDM G.652.D SM
1460 to 1530 nm S-band Downstream FTTx operation G.652, G.655 SM
1530 to 1565 nm C-band Long haul, DWDM, CATV G.655 SM
1565 to 1625 nm L-band Future testing and maintenance monitoring G.655 SM
1625 to 1675 nm U-band Future testing and maintenance monitoring G.655 SM

Standards
Singlemode fibres
Mode Field Diameter (MFD) specifications of singlemode optical fibre

OPTICAL FIBER THEORY
Fibre Optic Categories

Fibre Optic Categories
SM
(OS1)
MM
(OM4)
MM
(OM3)
MM
(OM2)
MM
(OM1)
Core Diameter (µm) 8,3 / 9 50 50 50 62,5
Mode field diameter 9,3 ±0,5 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Cladding diameter (µm) 125 125 125 125 125
Numerical Aperture 0,13 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,275
Attenuation
(dB/km)
850 nm
1300 nm
1550 nm
N/A
0,4
0,3
2,3
0,6
N/A
2,3
0,6
N/A
2,5
0,8
0,6
3,5
1,5
0,3
Bandwidth
(MHz x km)
850 nm
1300 nm
N/A
N/A
4.700
500
2.000
500
600
1.000
160
500
Dispersion
(ps/nm x km)
1310 nm
1550 nm
3,2
1,7
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
SM
MM
SM

Size Does Matter !
CAUTION: You cannot mix and
match fibers!

Categories OS1 and OS2
GUIDANCE
  OS1 and OS2 are cabled Single Mode optical fibre specifications
  Category OS1 is appropriate to Indoor and Universal tight buffered
cable constructions
  Category OS2 is appropriate to Outdoor and Universal loose tube
cables (where the cabling process applies no stress to the optical fibres)
  Cables with either OS1 or OS2 performance are constructed from B1.3
optical fibres (also known as ITU specification G.652D) or B6_a fibres (a
less bend sensitive singlemode optical fibre which is similar to, and
compatible with, B1.3. Also known as ITU specification G.657)
  OS1 or OS2 performance is not related to Single Mode optical fibres
according to ITU specification G.655 (Non Zero Dispersion Shifted fibre)

Categories OS1 and OS2
EUROPEAN STANDARDS and ISO/IEC
  The European Standard EN 50173-1:2007 states that both OS1 and OS2
cabled optical fibres can only be constructed from B1.3 (or ITU G.652D)
and B6.a (or ITU G.657) optical fibre according to EN 60793-2-50
  Unfortunately, ISO/IEC have not made this logical leap - even in the latest
proposed amendment of ISO/IEC 11801 (which now features both OS1
and OS2).

Fiber Optic Link Power Budget
Cable plant Loss Calculation
Total Loss = (0.5 dB X # connectors) + (0.05 dB x # splices) + loss length of cable (dB/Km)

Loss Formula
Fibre Attenuation x km
+ Splice Attenuation x #
+ Connectors Attenuation x #
+ Safety margin
= Total Loss
Wavelength/Mode Core diam. Att./km Splice Connector
850 nm Multimode 50 µm 3 dB 0.2 dB 0.5 dB
850 nm Multimode 62.5 µm 3 dB 0.2 dB 0.5 dB
1300 nm Multimode 50 µm 0.75 dB 0.2 dB 0.5 dB
1300 nm Multimode 62.5 µm 0.75 dB 0.2 dB 0.5 dB
1310 nm Singlemode 9 µm 0.35 dB 0.05 dB 0.5 dB
1550 nm Singlemode 9 µm 0.22 dB 0.05 dB 0.5 dB
Fiber Optic Link Power Budget
Ex: 10 km of 1310 SM fibre
0.35 dB x 10 = 3.50 dB
+ 0.05 dB x 1 = 0.05 dB
+ 0.50 dB x 5 = 2.50 dB
+ 3 dB Safety = 3.00 dB
Total Loss = 9.05 dB

Applicable Standards and
Loss Budgets
Year Application Data Rate Standard Loss Budget
(dB)
1982 Ethernet 10 Mbps IEEE 802.3 12,5
1991 Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps IEEE 802.3 11
1998 Short Wavelength
Fast Ethernet
10/100 Mbps TIA/EIA-7885 4
2000 1G Ethernet 1.000 Mbps IEEE 802.3z 3,56
2004 10G Ethernet 10.000 Mbps IEEE 802.3ae 2,6
2010 40G Ethernet 40.000 Mbps IEEE 802.3ba 1,9
2010 100G Ethernet 100.000 Mbps IEEE 803.3ba 1,9

Indicative Link Lengths
Multimode Fiber Type
62.5/125 µm 50/125 µm
850 nm laser-optimized
50/125 µm
850 nm laser-optimized
50/125 µm
TIA 492AAAA
(OM1)
TIA 492AAAB
(OM2)
TIA 492AAAC
(OM3)
TIA 492AAAD
(OM4)
Application Distance
850
nm
1300
nm
850
nm
1300
nm
850
nm
1300
nm
850
nm
1300
nm
10Base-FL m 2000 - 2000 - 2000 - 2000 -
100Base-FX m - 2000 - 2000 - 2000 - 2000
100Base-SX* m 300 - 300 - 300 - 300 -
1000Base-SX m 220 - 550 - 800 - 880 -
10GBASE-S m 33 - 82 - 300 - 550 -
(*)100Base-SX (short wavelength multi-mode) is not formally adopted standards, but are commonly understood and used in fiber
optic networking

8.45 – Ricevimento / Apertura Lavori
9.00 – Basi teoriche
  Perché la fibra ottica
  Mezzo trasmissivo e principi di funzionamento
  Fattori di trasmissione
  Metodi di trasmissione
  Normative: IEC 11801 2°ED, ANSI/TIA 568
10.15 – Cavi in fibra ottica
  Tipi di cavo
  Installazioni interne ed esterne
  Come scegliere un cavo
11.15 – Coffee Break
11.30 – Installazione di cavi in fibra ottica
  Procedure e linee guida generali
  Raggi di curvatura e trazioni
  Metodi di posa
  Preparazione di un cavo
13.00 – Pranzo
Programma Corso

14.00 – Terminazione della fibra ottica
  Connessione e giunzione
  Caratteristiche e tipologie di connettori e giunzioni
  Procedure operative per la giunzione
  Preparazione di un cassetto ottico
  Preparazione di una muffola
15.00 – Test e collaudo
  Normative
  Strumentazione
  Certificazione di Base
  Test con Sorgente/Power Meter
  Certificazione Estesa
  Test con OTDR
  Risoluzione dei problemi
16.00 – Coffee Break
Programma Corso

16.15 - Dimostrazioni pratiche
  Giunzione con giuntatrice a fusione
  Giunzioni con connettori pre-lappati
  Cavi pre-terminati
  Collaudo con Power Meter
  Analisi di un OTDR
17.45 – Chiusura lavori
  Tavola rotonda
Programma Corso
Gruppi – non meno di 10 e non più di 15 persone
Costo – 275 Euro + IVA per partecipante
sconti per più partecipanti di medesima azienda
A tutti i partecipanti verrà fornito
  attestato di partecipazione
  dispensa del docente sugli argomenti trattati

AANNTTIIGGOONNEE
CCOONNSSUULLTTIINNGG
Roberto Fornasiero
sales@antigoneconsulting.com

05 a - fibre optics-theory

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