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7. f2014 Everyday life in early Tudor England Housing
- 1. Every Day Life Homes Before the ‘Great Rebuilding’ Solar Chamber Hall Kitchen
- 2. Some Aims in Home Design Medieval • Suitability to status • Shelter • Protection • Accommodate occupations – Farming – Crafts • Freedom from discomfort Early Modern • Privacy • Cleanliness • Warmth • Light • Comfort
- 3. Additions of the ‘Great Rebuilding’ • Floor over hall • Stairs • Smoke bay or hood – Fireplace and chimney – More fireplaces • Glazing
- 4. Rebuilding Over Time • Original postulate (Hoskins) 1570-1640 • Kent; Sussex Weald; Halifax, Yorkshire 15th C. • Devon Late 16th C • Oxfordshire 1600-1640 • Gloucestershire 1630-1690 • Wales Mid 17th C.
- 5. Peasant houses - Yorkshire 31 houses • 14 do not mention rooms • 15 had halls – cooking, sitting, eating • 17 had chambers - sleeping • 12 use the word kitchen. (also service space)
- 6. Furnishings • Rushes as floor covering • Almary or aumbry (armoire) in six houses • Trestle table; chairs; benches; stools – Window seats built in
- 7. Hearth • Smoke holes with shutters in roof or eaves • Intake through windows • Dangers?
- 8. Framing
- 9. Two bay longhouse, Dartmoor
- 10. Three bay yeoman’s longhouse, Buckinghamshire
- 11. Three Bay Cruck House
- 12. Reconstruction of house (before 1552) Solar Chamber Hall Kitchen
- 13. Housing in Wales • Gentry house: A permanent, multi-bayed timber house of distinctive cruck-framed (wood counterpart of the stone arch) type. Two bayed hall • Peasant House: Single bayed hall; less ornate truss
- 14. Great House, Newchurch, Radnorshire (Gentry house)
- 15. Bishop Bonner’s Cottage (Museum), Dereham, Norfolk
- 16. Cob House, Devon 1539
- 17. Tyddyn Llwydion, Pennant Melangell, Montgomeryshire. 1554 Reconstruction of a peasant hall house (single-bayed hall)
- 18. Wealdon House • Jettied (overhanging) ends, • Linked at eaves level by a continuous plate • Single hipped roof.
- 21. Fron-Goch, Nantmel, Wales recorded 1875
- 22. Hampshire – New buildings and remodeled ones Roberts, Edward. "WG Hoskins's' Great Rebuilding’ and Dendrochronology in Hampshire." Vernacular architecture 38.1 (2007): 15-18.
- 23. Owner recognition in a Welsh peasant house
- 24. Base and full crucks
- 25. A Consequence of the Dissolution of the Monasteries • Decline of domestic glass industry (loss of market) • Availability of salvaged glass • New glass imported Panel of leaded glass fitted to diamond mullions at Meadlands Cottage, Needham Market, Suffolk
- 26. Windows • No covering except shutter • Cloth • Glass after 13th century in high status dwellings: Windows often considered movables
- 27. Domestic furnishings • Fabrics – Bedding – Pillows – Sheets – Coverlets
- 28. Bed 1480
- 29. Seating • Chairs • Stools • Forms (backless benches)
Editor's Notes
- Built in seats and cupboards not included in inventories The end of the 14th century saw an increase in the importance of other smaller rooms such as the solar, which was used exclusively as a parlor and dinning room for the noble family, and separate bed rooms which were often used to receive guests in.
- base-cruck truss in which the cruck blades rise to a tie beam and does not form part of the roof.
- This reconstruction drawing by Pat Hughes shows the house of Robert Dene (who died in 1552) at 2 Church Lane, Stoneleigh, Warwicks, based on the inventory of his possessions attached to his will. This names four rooms: the hall, chamber, solar (upper room) and kitchen, and the contents of each, including trestle table, benches, chairs, cupboards, painted clothes, cushions, tablecloth, wooden chests, beds, bedding, basins, candlesticks, pots, pans, hooks, chains, gridiron, spit, pewter and earthenware dishes, wooden trenchers, mortar, lead weights, and sides of bacon. Further insights into life in a peasant house come from 13th- and 14th-century coroner’s inquests, which tell of children scalded by pots falling over on the open heath, chickens setting fire to the straw on the hall floor, a candle falling over and setting fire to bedding and a thief falling from a ladder while trying to steal a ham hanging from a beam.
- Early houses were described as very temporary. More permanet one started to become coommon in the 15th century
- 1502, flint, brick, timber framed and thatched. Partly plastered and with overhang. Pargetted ornament on front 2 storey. Casements. Probably a guildhall
- Cob houses are made out of clay, sand, straw and water.
- House before domolition
- Professional construction is assumed. First the sloping site was levelled; secondly, the platform was constructed with a build up of material at the lower end. With the platform prepared, the house was reared from upper to lower ends, as the prop sockets on the downslope side of the trusses showed. The trusses were held in place by the purlins and, remarkably, several temporary ‘sway braces’ designed to stop the structure racking were still in place. Finally, the side walls were framed and infilled and the roof thatched. It has to be emphasised that this was not a home-made house but a profession- ally built house, deliberately sited on a platform high above the valley floor. t was hierarchically arranged with an upper end that was physically as well as socially higher than the lower end. Archaeology clarified the use of the bays. The lower end bay was conclusively shown to have been a cowhouse. The cattle were separated by stalls secured by stakes and, remarkably, the tips of numerous stakes driven into the sub-soil had survived. Those cattle stalled facing the passage were fed through open panels in the passage truss. The wide passage bay, which is such a characteristic feature of the peasant hall house, was more than a kind of thoroughfare. From the passage hay was thrown up into the loft over the cowhouse through the upper doorway. The passage was certainly a feeding walk and probably also a work room. The archaeology suggested that the passage had at some point been partly partitioned and that a fire had been needed in the passage. The large passage bay was an aspect of planning that distinguished the peasant hall from the gentry hall (which generally had the passage within the hall), but also the upland Welsh peasant hall from the peasant house of the English midlands where the three-bay dwelling was the predominant house type
- Houses that survived were often converted to farm buildings. Others altered by enlargement or repalcement of wood walss with stone with the coming fo fireplaces.
- The peasant hall was a scaled- down version of a great hall. In the single-bayed hall the peasant was master of his own domain even though he might have a lowly position in his lord’s hall. The peasant sat on his bench at the high end of his hall. The bench and table was the focus of the hall, as it was in his lord’s hall. Some peasant halls had canopies of honor over the bench. The dignifying of peasant halls with canopies shows the importance of the seat within the hall and the significance of the hall as an expression of the status of the owner of the hall within it. One peasant dwelling in Radnorshire was described as the ‘sitting place’ (eisteddle) of the owner.
- Crucks True cruck or full cruck: The blades, straight or curved, extend from a foundation near the ground to the ridge. A full cruck does not need a tie beam and may be called a "full cruck -open" or with a tie beam a "full cruck - closed".[5] Base cruck: The tops of the blades are truncated by the first transverse member such as by a tie beam.
- The four poster bed, with the posts supporting the canopy was known in the 14th century but was not the main form of beds until about 1500.