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Clothing & Fashion in Ancient Rome
- 1. 1 Ancient Rome 800 BC – 400 AD
- 2. 2 The Roman Empire The Empire included much of North Africa, large areas of the Middle East, Eastern Europe, most of Europe and Britain.
- 3. 3 Historical Background Following a civil war, Julius Caesar appointed himself dictator for life. He was assassinated in 44 BC by some of his senators.
- 4. 4 Historical Background The Empire was split into East and West with Constantinople (now Istanbul in Turkey) as the Eastern Capital.
- 5. 5 Historical Background The Ancient City of Rome had a population of one million people.
- 6. 6 Historical Background The society was very wealthy and complex.
- 7. 7 Historical Background People lived in townhouses or apartments of up to nine stories.
- 8. 8 Historical Background The oldest male in a family had ultimate power and owned all the property. He had the power to determine who the members of the family would marry.
- 9. 9 Historical Background The Romans had a system of writing and using numbers.
- 10. 10 Architecture in Ancient Rome The Romans were skilled architects and built structures which can still be seen in Rome today.
- 11. 11 Ancient Roman Architecture The Romans built aquaducts using arches to bring fresh water to the cities.
- 12. 12 Ancient Roman Architecture The famous Roman arches were also used in buildings and bridges.
- 13. 13 Ancient Roman Architecture The Romans were skilled at building baths and many still exist today such as this one in Bath, England.
- 14. 14 Video Links http://www.hulu.com/watch/23353/nova- secrets-of-lost-empires-ii-roman-bath A PBS film about the ancient Roman baths http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=anci ent+rome&emb=0&aq=f# The architecture of Ancient Rome
- 15. 15 Ancient Roman Architecture Beautiful mosaics decorated the walls and floors of Roman homes and baths.
- 16. Ancient Roman Architecture Close up view of a mosaic that is made from small colored pieces of ceramic tile. 16
- 17. 17 System of Government Rome had a conservative government with two consuls elected annually. Rome had a senate and a popular assembly.
- 18. 18 Ancient Roman Senate Issues of state were debated in the Senate and taken to a vote.
- 19. 19 System of Government The government officials were of high rank in Roman society and their clothing was distinct from the lower citizens and women, who were not allowed to govern.
- 20. 20 Textiles and Clothing Production Wool was the major fiber used for clothing with linen the second most important (the climate was cooler in northern Italy).
- 21. 21 Textiles and Clothing Production Cotton and small amounts of silk were imported.
- 22. 22 Textiles and Clothing Production Fabrics were bleached white and also were dyed in a wide range of colors. Purple and red were reserved for people of high rank.
- 23. 23 Textiles and Clothing Production The textile industry was not a home craft performed by the women as it was in Greece. Slaves on large estates produced the fabric and clothing for the household.
- 24. 24 Textiles and Clothing Production There was a thriving “ready-to-wear” industry. Different cities were famed for making certain types of cloth.
- 25. 25 Textiles and Clothing Production Women spun bats of wool fiber into yarns to be woven into cloth. The girl is wearing the tunic that includes red bands worn by children of noble birth.
- 26. 26 Sources of Evidence Information about clothing in Ancient Rome comes from artwork such as sculptures, frescoes, mosaics and pottery.
- 27. 27 Sources of Evidence Literature and actual artifacts also give us information. Fresco is entitled, “Girl Writing”.
- 28. 28 Men’s Clothing - Toga The toga is the classic garment associated with Ancient Rome.
- 29. 29 Men’s Clothing –Toga The toga had symbolic meaning and its use was restricted (see p. 83 text).
- 30. 30 Men’s Clothing - Toga The toga was worn by male citizens of the Roman Empire. If women wore the toga, they were either unfaithful spouses or prostitutes.
- 31. 31 Men’s Clothing - Toga The colors and borders of the toga had certain meanings. It was a formal garment worn outside the home.
- 32. 32 Men’s Clothing –Toga Roman citizens of lower rank and senators wore a plain white toga.
- 33. 33 Men’s Clothing - Toga Candidates for office wore a bright white toga (called the toga candida).
- 34. 34 Men’s Clothing - Toga Roman Senators wore togas with red bands called clavi.
- 35. 35 Men’s Clothing - Toga Sons and daughters of nobility, magistrates and priests wore a toga with a purple or red band and matching shoes.
- 36. 36 Men’s Clothing - Toga They also wore shoes that matched the stripes on their togas.
- 37. 37 Men’s Clothing –Toga Victorious generals wore a purple toga with gold embroidery. The Emperor wore a colored and decorated toga.
- 38. 38 Men’s Clothing - Toga Dark colored togas were worn for mourning.
- 39. 39 Men’s Clothing - Toga Augurs (religious prophets) wore multicolored striped togas. An augur was a priest or religious authority who interpreted omens from the flight, song, and feeding of birds.
- 40. 40 Men’s Clothing - Toga The toga was made from a large rectangle or oval of wool fabric (or linen).
- 41. 41 Men’s Clothing - Toga 6 to 7 yards long and 2½ yards wide.
- 42. 42 Men’s Clothing - Toga It required skill to wrap the toga and hold it in place. (See p. 84)
- 43. Men’s Clothing - Toga 43
- 44. 44 Men’s Clothing - Toga The toga included a “sinus” and an “umbo” created from the folds of fabric and may have been used as pockets. (see p. 84 text)
- 45. 45 Men’s Clothing – Toga The toga was worn covering the head when a man entered a sacred place.
- 46. 46 Men’s Clothing Loincloth This garment, called a subligar was probably an undergarment for upper class men and a garment for workers and slaves.
- 47. 47 Men’s Clothing Tunic Tunics were worn underneath the toga (see p. 95 text). Sometimes several tunics were worn at one time.
- 48. Men’s Clothing Short tunic worn by a farmer plowing his fields. 48
- 49. 49 Men’s Clothing They consisted of two pieces of material sewn together in a T shape and belted at the waist.
- 50. 50 Men’s Clothing Tunics for men were usually short but could also be long for more ceremonial purposes.
- 51. 51 Men’s Clothing Bands of color in different widths denoted rank. Wide bands indicated the position of senator.
- 52. 52 Men’s Clothing Narrower red bands were worn by equestrians (knights).
- 53. Men’s Clothing Later it became customary and acceptable for all men to use clavi (colored bands) on their tunics. 53
- 54. 54 Women’s Clothing The style of the women’s clothing was very similar to the men’s except that the individual pieces had different names and they were more colorful.
- 55. 55 Women’s Clothing Undergarments Women wore a loincloth called the subligaria (first underpants).
- 56. 56 Women’s Clothing The strophium was a band of material that supported the breasts (first bras).
- 57. 57 Women’s Clothing Tunica – was the basic garment for women in Rome and resembled the Greek chiton. Tunics for women were floor length.
- 58. 58 Women’s Clothing Stola (white garment) Was a status symbol. Worn by free, married women. Resembled the Greek chiton.
- 59. 59 Women’s Clothing It was a long, straight robe or dress that had short sleeves and may or may not be belted.
- 60. 60 Women’s Clothing It was made in colors such as red, yellow, orange, or blue.
- 61. 61 Women’s Clothing Palla This was similar to the Greek himation. The palla was the feminine form of the Roman toga.
- 62. 62 Women’s Clothing It was a long rectangular piece of material that was draped around the body.
- 63. 63 Women’s Clothing It was used as a scarf and a shawl.
- 66. 66 Women’s Clothing Women were required to cover their heads in public. They used part of the palla to cover their heads.
- 67. 67 Ancient Roman Clothing Cloaks and Capes Wool cloaks and capes were worn by both men and women as outerwear in cold weather.
- 68. 68 Ancient Roman Clothing They were made with or without hoods.
- 69. 69 Ancient Roman Clothing There was a variety of types each with a different Latin name (see p. 87 text). The birrus resembled a modern hooded poncho.
- 70. 70 Ancient Roman Clothing Cloaks worn by soldiers depicted their rank.
- 71. 71 Ancient Roman Clothing A short red cloak was worn by lower ranking soldiers.
- 72. 72 Ancient Roman Clothing A long red cloak was worn by Roman generals.
- 73. 73 Ancient Roman Shoes Men and women wore a soft, leather shoe that fit the feet snugly and tied in the front.
- 74. 74 Ancient Roman Shoes Men and women wore sandals tied to the feet with thongs.
- 75. 75 Hairstyles for Men Men’s hair was cut short and arranged in curls using hot tongs in a barber shop. Gold dust was used to powder the hair for special occasions.
- 76. 76 Men’s Hairstyles Some men wore neatly trimmed beards.
- 77. 77 Laurel Leaf Wreaths A wreath of laurel leaves was worn by the Emperor and high ranking men.
- 78. 78 Hairstyles for Women The women had very elaborate hairstyles consisting of curls and braids. (See p. 91 text)
- 79. 79 Hairstyles for Women Hairstyles were worn low on the forehead.
- 80. 80 Hairstyles for Women Sometimes hair was piled high at the front of the head. This could be achieved with false hair pieces.
- 81. 81 Hairstyles for Women Blonde hair was fashionable and was achieved by bleaching or wearing wigs.
- 82. 82 Accessories Women carried fans, handbags and parasols. Women used silver hand mirrors.
- 83. 83 Accessories Men and women carried white linen handkerchiefs that had different names and different purposes. See p.90
- 84. 84 Jewelry Both men and women wore rings. Often several rings were worn at once.
- 85. 85 Jewelry – Women Women also wore bracelets, necklaces, armlets in snake designs, fibulae (pins) and earrings.
- 86. 86 Jewelry - Women Diadems and circlets were worn in the hair.
- 87. 87 Clothing - Children Children were dressed similarly to adults.
- 88. 88 Clothing - Children Children wore a bulla which was an amulet or good luck charm.
- 89. 89 Marriage Some of the marriage customs that began in Ancient Rome continue today.
- 90. 90 Marriage A betrothal ring was given to the bride.
- 91. 91 Marriage Brides wore a bright orange flammeum or veil that covered the top part of her face.
- 92. 92 Marriage Brides wore a saffron colored palla with matching shoes.
- 93. 93 Marriage Marriage On top of the bride’s veil was placed a wreath of myrtle and orange blossoms.
- 94. 94 Cosmetics and Grooming Great attention was paid to grooming. The Romans were famous for their baths.
- 95. 95 Cosmetics and Grooming 1. Sudatorium – sauna for sweating 2. Calidarium – much hotter 3. Tepidarium – rest, accustom the body to lower temperatures 4. Frigidarium – icy cold bath
- 96. 96 Cosmetics and Grooming Both men and women used perfume.
- 97. 97 Cosmetics and Grooming Roman women used many cosmetics to whiten and soften the skin, make the lips red, and darken the eyebrows.
- 98. 98 Roman Soldiers Short tunic worn underneath other garments. Greaves protected the lower legs.
- 99. 99 Roman Soldiers Corselets protected the chest. Short skirt with leather strips worn from the waist
- 100. Roman Soldiers Braies sometimes worn – copied from the costume of the northerners. 100
- 101. 101 Roman Soldiers Elaborate helmets with cheek protectors. Leather buskins or sandals.
- 103. 103 Video Links http://youtu.be/fa02Me27sYw http://youtu.be/gU0Qn6qry2k The Eternal Culture of Ancient Rome – Parts 1 and 2
- 104. Video Links http://youtu.be/dn14wkg0mhM Pompeii, Italy: Window on Ancient Rome 104
- 105. Video Links http://youtu.be/P42Re9Ka66g Gladiator trailer http://youtu.be/DhrVNKgYldQ Scenes from “Gladiator” 105
- 106. 106 Video Links http://youtu.be/0kW-z7gUbuI Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire – Part 1
- 107. 107 Video Links http://youtu.be/li8oV4pq4QE Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire – Part 2
- 108. 108 Video Links http://youtu.be/oLI3g7hxcag Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire – Part 3
- 109. 109 Video Links http://youtu.be/N95OCF2tH0g Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire – Part 4
- 110. 110 Video Links http://youtu.be/tIRlfyz89MM Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire – Part 5
- 111. 111 Video Links http://youtu.be/kdDtW5RcQTo Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire – Part 6