Public Interest Groups

Public Interest Groups
According to Lenz & Holman, "public policy refers to governmental programs, rules, and courses of action" (2013). Public policy comes about through
6 stages: problem recognition, agenda setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation (Lenz & Holman,
2013). Public interest groups have a great influence on formulating public policy, and implementing their personal agendas. They do this through
lobbying. Lobbyist create networks with members of Congress, who then create public policy that benefits the interests of their group or organization.
How are public issues identified? Individuals, interest groups, and public officials identify public issues. Some public issues are very apparent. For
those issues that are not so well accepted, public interest groups are formed in order to raise awareness (Lenz & Holman, 2013). These groups greatly
influence what policies are made with in the United States. Interest groups compete against each other in order to promote their own views, and either
pass public policy or change it (Gabel & Scott, 2011). Congress members work with interest groups in order to create an agenda or plan of action to
implement new policies. A public issue must be... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For every interest group in support of a public policy, there is most likely another group that is opposed to it. Other factors that influence public
policy agenda and formulation are the President, executive officials, media and public opinions. Lobbyist's and interest groups play a role here too
(Ushistory.org, 2016). They are able to utilize the media in order to reach more and more people to support their cause. Interest groups that can get
executive officials to support their cause will have an even greater influence on public opinion. All of these factors go into deciding what policy will be
the solution to the current public
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Reasons For Interest On Public Health
Reasons for interest in public health
My entire life has been a battle finding purpose and passion and my undergraduate career was no exception. As a minority and an immigrant to the
United States I have succeeded through a mountain of odds to get to this point to choose what my future will be. During my undergraduate career I
struggled to find the balance between doing both productive and fulfilling work. My undergraduate career began with an interest in biology and being
a medical professional. During the many enrichment and shadow experiences at my university's biology department I discovered my affinity for
interacting and responding to the personal needs of individuals. Later on this lead me to studying philosophy which was very theoretical and widely
applicable. During my time as a student in the Philosophy Department, my decision to pursue a Masters of Public Health was influenced by courses like
Ethics, Environmental Philosophy and Social Philosophy all of which helped hone my critical thinking abilities respectively. One of the most
memorable courses was Environmental Ethics where I was introduced to different interpretations and approaches of interacting with the natural world.
Learning that our approaches to the world directly affect our health inspires me to explore how those reactions affect specific populations and society
as a whole. The many types of environmentalist theories that I learned years ago will be relevant in understanding the present conditions

Litigation Filed For Public Interest Litigation
1.1INTRODUCTION Public interest Litigation (PIL) – litigation filed for public interest. It was started in order to protect the fundamental rights of
people who are poor, ignorant or socially and economically backward in position. Public Interest Litigation is not same as any other ordinary
litigation, it is not filed by one private person against another for the enforcement of a personal right but it is filed for the protection of public
interest. It is litigation introduced in a court of law for the benefit of the public not by the aggrieved person but by any public spirited citizen or by
any group such as NGOs etc. It is not necessary, for the purpose of exercise of the court's jurisdiction, that the person whose rights are violated or
are likely to be violated should personally initiate judicial proceeding before the court of law. The normal rule is that if the personal right or interests
are not adversely affected he cannot maintain a Petition. In other words the person aggrieved or affected alone can maintain a Petition but however
the horizon of the law had been developed into a wider one taking into its fold what is called as "Public Interest Litigation"1 ___________________ 1
Public interest litigation is the power given to the public by courts through judicial activism. However, the individual or the group who is filing the
litigation must prove to the satisfaction of the court that the petition is being filed for a public interest and not for his personal

Public Interest In Catcher In The Rye
The book the Catcher in the Rye was written by J.D. Salinger and told the story of Holden from his voice. Causing great controversies through
decades, the book has always been under the spotlight of public interest. Written approximately 40 years after the Catcher in the Rye, the book Perks
of Being a wallflower told the story of Charlie, also from his voice. Both Charlie's and Holden's ages are ages that a person struggles to find a place in
society and an existential meaningfulness in life. While reading the two books, reader comes to understand that there is much more to them than just
being a teenager, that they are living through some serious issues. While Holden, intends to reject many social norms, Charlie wants to fit in them even
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He happens to have some crises frequently, and as it was mentioned before he tends to become hysterical frequently. It was explained how he
doesn't try to distinct himself from others, and normally this is real danger for someone. Because with no meaning, one would slowly, or rapidly
wipe out itself. It could be much worse than the kind of despair Holden had. But the situation with Charlie is more like he is faking the life at some
point, that he is trying to participate without a reason/explanation. His ability to live that way could be interpreted as some form of nihilism, but
also it could be said that he manages to live that way because he is aware of his mental disabilities. But Then maybe he reduced the world only to
getting good grades and participating and not questioning. As the Bill told him, Charlie probably didn't know he was a genius. Both books, Catcher
in the Rye and Perks of Being a Wallflower was incredibly successful books by means of public attention and sales. Although their focus was both on
adolescent life and development, this essay, at that point, suggests Catcher in The Rye was a better book because it discussed more about one's
existence and what it means. How Holden was the character of an inquiry into social norms and life in general is better to enlighten a teenager's world.
So as an attribute to him, this essay should end here with those amazing

Special Interest Group Theory Vs Public Interest Theory
I.Review Questions – Public Interest vs. Special Interest Theory of Government Policy in Health Care
1.Contrast the predictions of the public– interest and economic theories of government with regard to redistributive policies.
There are two general economic models that describe why the government intervenes in market–based health care, known as public interest theory and
special interest group theory. Public interest theory allows the government to promote the general interest of society as a whole and chose policies that
enhance both efficiency and equity (Santerre & Neun, 2013). The theory predicts that the public interest is best severed when the government
determines market failure and corrects instances in the market when resources ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the matter of justifying the use of government subsidies for medical education to ensure proper allocation of resources the argument can be made
that if I am required to pay for a service that does not directly benefit me then an externality occurs. For example, if the state of GA decides to increase
their sales tax and use the additional revenue to target smoking cessation amongst Medicare users to aid in decreasing the overall cost of healthcare
consumption, then I as a non–smoker and non–Medicare recipient am paying for a service that I directly do not need and gain no value from as I am
not directly involved in the transaction. Because the goal of the subsidy is to create an incentive for more buyers to engage in a socially beneficial
activity (Santerre & Neun, 2013), if I am already engaged in the socially beneficial activity, paying the cost for other buyers to engage in the activity
through medical education is an otherwise non–beneficial factor. From this perspective, it can be assumed that the benefit is concentrated on a
targeted population, but the general population at large, a high percentage who are not in the targeted population are incurring costs that will go
uncompensated for in the private market (Santerre & Neun, 2013). The majority of individuals who do not drive, or do not drive long distances are
elderly and have a higher probability of receiving

India 's Public Interest Disclosure And Protection Of...
4.1 India: Post–Independence India has witnessed a very impressive growth not only in corporate sector but overall. With the development of the
country the instances of corruption also increased. As noted earlier, whistleblower has a great role in controlling this corruption and illegalities. Let us
examine India's efforts to tackle corruption and to have good governance measures. 4.1.1 179th Law Commission Report In August, 1999, Mr N.Vittal,
the then Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) requested the Law Commission to draft a bill encouraging to disclose corrupt practices of the part of
public functionaries and protecting honest person from such disclosures . Considering that corruption has become a global malaise and for its
eradication, 'whistle blowing' laws have been enacted by U.K., U.S.A and Australia; and further corrupt practices violate human rights and basic
freedom and affect the development of a nation, the Law Commission considered it necessary to recommend some measures to check this evil by
preparing a report on 'The Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Informers' . The Commission recommended for having Legislation in India titled
"The Public Interest Disclosure (Protection of Informers ) Bill, 2002" to encourage disclosure of information regarding corruption or maladministration
by public servants and to provide protection to such complaints. 4.1.2 Recommendations of Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) The
Veerappa Moily Commission on

Media And Agenda Setting : Effects On The Public, Interest...
Lomax Cook, Fay, et al. "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy." The Public Opinion
Quartely, vol. 47, no. 1, Spring 1983, pp. 16–35. JSTOR. Researchers analyzed the impact of the mass media on the general public, policy makers,
interest group leaders, and public policy. Results indicated the media influenced views about issue importance among the general public and
government policy makers. However, the change in public opinion regarding a specific issue did not directly result in policy changes, rather policy
changes were a result of collaboration between journalists and government staffers.
Ludwig, Mark D. "Papers Endorse Republicans in Nearly 60 Percent of Races." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Political News Market." American Journal of Political Science, vol. 54, no. 2, Apr. 2010, pp. 428–39. JSTOR.
Individuals who view the most non–centrist television news sources (CNN and Fox News) are further from the political ideological center. On the
other hand, those who use the internet for news are interested in a broader array of issues, compared to those who do not.
"Partisanship and Cable News Audiences." Pew Research Center, 30 Oct. 2009, www.pewresearch.org/2009/10/30
/partisanship–and–cable–news–audiences/.
Survey complied in 2008 detailing the audience profiles of various cable news networks, including Fox news, CNN, and MSNBC.
Pelc, Jerzy. "Theoretical Foundations of Semiotics." The American Journal of Semiotics, vol. 1, no. 2, 1981, pp. 15–45. ProQuest Research Library.
The theoretical foundations of semiotics, including: (1) five notions of semiotics, (2) semiotic properties, (3) theoretical semiotics, (4) semiotic
methods, and (5) applied semiotics.
Rasul, Azmat. "Entertainment and Political Citizenship: The Changing Trends in Political Communication." Journal of the Research Society of
Pakistan, vol. 47, no. 2, Nov. 2010. ProQuest Research Library.
Mass media has developed a symbiotic relationship with politics, thus transforming the nature of citizenship; politics must maintain a relationship with
culture of fear becoming "an alien sphere in which citizens will be less interested."

Rosenstiel, Tom, and Marion Just. "Five

The Influence of Interest Groups on Public Policy
The Influence of Interest Groups Introduction An interest group is an association of individuals or organizations who share ideas and/or attitudes
and attempt to influence public policy without trying to be elected. These groups may also be known as advocacy groups, pressure groups, or
lobbying groups. Berman and Murphy (2011) note that American democracy is influenced by a number of well organized groups designed to
persuade government policy toward a particular outcome. Although many distrust these groups the reality is they are a link between the public and
policy makers. Interest groups are formed for a number of reasons. Economic interest groups encompass organizations that speak for big business
while trade associations may represent entire industries. Public interest groups, government interest groups, religious interest groups, civil rights
interest groups, ideological interest groups, and single issue interest groups all try to sway their influence over public policy. Many of these groups
make their national headquarters in Washington D.C. to be near legislators and policy makers (Burstein & Linton, 2002). The number of interest
groups in the United States has grown quickly over the last half century. From 1959 to 2001 the Encyclopedia of Associations shows increase from
about 6,000 to 22,000 reflecting a growing diversity in interest groups. While trade groups once dominated the scene this is no longer the case, very
few occupations of industries do not have

Justice, Public Interest And Open Justice
Contempt of court implies to the courts ' ability to punish individuals that might interfere with the course of justice and the court system. Criminal
proceedings are acknowledged as being active through the 1981 act when an individual has been arrested without warrant; the grant of a warrant for
arrest; the grant of a warrant to cite; or service of an indictment or other document specifying the charge. A Criminal proceeding will cease to be active
when a verdict, sentence has been reached. Inference with the court system can take many forms, therefore there are grave contempt's which could
result in imprisonment of the editor or journalist. The essence of contempt ensures that an individual gets a fair trial; a part of the of the Human... Show
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There two forms of contempt of court; Common law which focuses on actions which might interfere with the course of justice. Strict liability, which
forbids any material which could create a substantial risk against the course of justice that, would cause serious impeded or prejudiced to be
published. This was the issue in the case of Chris Jefferies. Jefferies was arrested by police pending the investigation of the murder of Joanna Yeates,
he was her landlord. The Sun and Mirror subjected Chris Jeffries to a number character–assassinating and printed several front page headlines which
suggested that Jefferies was guilty while the investigation continued such as 'Could this man hold the key to Joanna's murder?. The defamatory
articles strongly suggested that there was good reason to suspect that Mr Jefferies had murdered Joanna Yeates. Two days after Mr Jefferies was
arrested, he was released and police confirmed he was no longer a suspect. Joanna 's neighbor, Vincent Tabak was found guilty of her murder and
sentenced to life imprisonment. By this time Mr Jefferies photograph had been splashed on the front page of several papers making him instantly
recognizable. The newspapers lost because they had wrongly published untrue and harmful articles about Jefferies while he was in custody and

How Did Newton Minow Respond To Television And The Public...
On May 9, 1961 Newton Minow gave a speech known as "Television and the Public Interest" to the convention of the National Association of
Broadcasters. He gave this speech after being appointed chairman of the Federal Communications Commision to inform broadcasters that television is
in need of higher quality programming for the public interest.
Newton Minow was sure to use pathos in his speech to get the audience involved. Newton Minow wanted to get his point across about the television
programming that was occurring during this time. He used examples of his homelife which attracted the audience more to his speech. He wanted the
audience to know that he is a television viewer, father, and husband, like many other people. Just like many others, he had seen various television
programs that had been produced for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He advocated for programming in the public interest. He did not agree with the ratings, because it just tells the programmers that the people had their
television sets turned on to that channel. A rating is suppose to indicate how many people watched what the programmers gave them. However, this did
not happen, and Newton Minow made sure the audience was aware that he understood this. The ratings did not prove the intensity of their reactions.
His concern with the ratings were not of there accuracy, but more with how they were being used.
He then proceeded to discuss how children were involved with the television. This was a great way to get the parents to become more involved,
because the parents would realize that their children needed to have a limit on how much they could watch television and what they should watch on
the television. He used statistics, such as, between the hours of 5 to 6 in the afternoon, 60 percent of the audience was composed of children under 12.
Also, during this era, children spent as much time watching television as they did in a

The Garb Of Public Interest Sabotaging Individual Rights
the garb of public interest sabotaging individual rights.
5.3 Instances of Media prejudicing the justice delivery system
Aarushi Talwar Murder Case In May 2008, the media, both electronic and print, were flooded with reports of the murder of thirteen year old Aarushi
Talwar in the suburbs of Nodia. It was given its due from the press. Everyone was confused and was searching for numerous mysterious questions that
were answered. This is a natural human reaction in such circumstances but in this age of connectivity and the number of news channels, blogs and
internet sites the murder transformed into a macabre and voyeuristic interest into every detail and rumor about the case. The questioning of the
maidservant of the Talwar's by the media is outrageous, both inside and outside of the studio is a typical example of the kind of sensationalism that
the media has tried to generate. Corporate media houses before resorting to such interviews should keep in mind the fact the power of investigation
rests only with the police and no one else. Some TV channels went to ridiculous lengths to keep this case in the public's attention by resorting to the
most pathetic form of reporting. A person by the name of Anita Durrani was dragged unnecessarily in the matter on live TV as the 'other woman' in
the case just out of mere speculation. Even a young friend only 17 years of age was not spared and he was named by police in direct contravention of
international norms where all efforts are

Personal Narrative: My Interest In Public Health
My interest in public health emerged when I recognized how much the health and well–being of an individual affects a community. From a young age,
both my parents have struggled with their health; my mother having diabetes and my father having hypertension. I have seen how their health has
affected them on the day to day basis and how it has affected those around them at a community level. As I continue to learn more about public health I
am beginning to understand that many of the health problems, like the ones my parents face, can be prevented through lifestyle adjustments. Also, I
have learned the most effective way to prevent diseases in a community is through advocating healthy habits to avoid health problems from emerging in
the first place. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To make a difference in public health it is important to acknowledge and understand the lifestyles and environments of the community that is affected
by various diseases; which can only be done through adequate research. Research allows us to understand what causes the diseases to emerge and
prevail in a population. This is what is so great about public health research, it shows what causes the problems and teaches us the solution that need to
be implemented to fix the problem. Thus, allowing us to promote and practice a healthy lifestyle to increase life expectancy and for us to make a
lasting positive effect on communities. Furthermore, I am interested in public health research because it is a fundamental method to find ways to deal
with a disease based on the environment of the population. There are communities that do not have the same resources other do, and through research
it is possible to identify the what is available to find ways to accommodate the community impacted by a

Interest Groups And Their Influence On Public Policy
Interest groups are organized to create an influence in governmental policies. Interest groups abide by three structures: interest groups share
common interests and goals, they are an organized structure, and they desire to influence public policy. Interest groups come in many different
sizes and backgrounds but all are important to representatives and reelections. Interest groups typically release documents with representative
"report cards" to indicate how well or not a representative is voting in Congress to that specific interest group's standards. According to Congress
and Its Members, members of Congress may face a primary challenge in the next election if their voting strays to far from their promises and
pledges to certain issues. Report cards are based off of the members' roll call voting and is based on a scale from zero to one hundred. The scores
also affect whether or not a member of Congress will receive support and financial aid during campaigns. There can be plentiful of issues to worry
about when casting a vote as a member of Congress. The scores can positively and negatively affect a member especially if a member is trying to win
reelection (Davidson, 1981). These scores are not used to indicate whether an interest group favors a representative and is also not an indicator of
whether or not a representative is "working" for an interest group. Through the use of interest group ratings, political scientists can determine how
Representative Loretta Sanchez,

The Technological Revolution Has Changed The Access Of...
1.0 Introduction
The advent of the technological revolution has fundamentally changed the access that citizens within a democracy have to sensitive and private
information about governments, organisations, workplaces and fellow citizens. It is incumbent upon individuals to honour the privacy of this
information. The protection of sensitive information is considered paramount, yet anyone with information that they feel is in the public interest and is
faced with no avenues to make their concerns known is turning to the internet as a 'platform for the swift dissemination of material and a layer of
anonymity' (Savage 2013) and this new era of what is known as whistleblowing has given rise to cyberethics.
According to the Congressional Research Service, whistleblowing is defined as "making a disclosure evidencing illegal or improper government (and
corporate) activities" (Whitaker cited in Koh, 2012). The individuals who make these disclosures are termed whistleblowers, and while the information
they expose is protected by legislation and codes of conduct, they are usually not afforded the same level of protection, and indeed, are open to
prosecution for breaking the law.
The purpose of this report is to evaluate whether all citizens in a democracy should be protected from criminalisation for exposing nepotism and
corruption.
2.0 Methods
As whistleblowing in a cyber context is a new field of study, there is limited quantitative research available. The report will discuss

BC Hydro: From Public Interest To Private Profits
Re: BC Hydro: From Public Interest to Private Profits by Norman Farrell I'd like to point out that the private clean energy sector provides enormous
benefits to British Columbians. We have invested more than $8.6 billion in all regions of BC, which has supported 17,253 direct, well–paying,
full–time jobs–with another 4,927 in the works. Our sector contributes millions each year in income and property taxes, land lease payments, royalties,
licenses, and permit fees, and is a major tax base for local communities. Our sector provides great value over the long–term, especially as BC electricity
needs continue to grow over the next 20 years. Moreover, it is important to note BC Hydro is on the hook for construction overages, retrofitting heritage

Personal Narrative: My Interest In Public Health
My undergraduate education and experience got me further interested in public health as it allowed to learn more about these issues and questions I
had which motivated me to keep going and to keep learning as the more I learned the more questions I had. As a result of this I took various classes
that focused on the social view of health and the social issues that affect health along with classes focusing on culture. This was primarily because
of the personal experiences I had growing up, but also because of the fact that I learned i want alone in these experiences. Many of the classes I took
allowed me to begin seeing health and these experiences through a social lens as well as learning why culture is so relevant in issues like this. I also

Public Interest Disclosure Act Essay
The Public Interest Disclosure Act was introduced in 1999 to give greater protection to whistleblowers. It tells us which disclosures can be protected,
the circumstances in which such disclosures are protected and the people who may be protected. The Standards Board for England's Whistleblowing
Policy and Procedure, are set out, in line with the Act. The procedure to follow if an employee wishes to raise a concern is as follows: If an employee
has a concern about malpractice, they can be raised verbally or in writing and should include the names of individuals against whom the allegations are
made, the background, the nature of the malpractice that is alleged with relevant dates and the reasons for the concern. Their concerns should... Show
While the Standard Board can consider anonymous reports, their policy is not designed to deal with concerns raised anonymously. Protection of the
accused party: The recipient of the report will assess whether it is necessary to protect the accused party until the concerns have been investigated.
Where such protection is considered necessary, the HR Department will be briefed and take the requisite precautions. The investigating manager will
have the following responsibilities towards the accused: Inform the individual about the seriousness of the allegations and provide any supporting
evidence Advise in writing of the procedure to be followed Give the accused an opportunity to respond in person or in writing to the claims made,
and receive and consider any relevant evidence Inform them of their right to be accompanied at any interview by a trade union representative or work
colleague Give details of employee support mechanisms available Where necessary the Standards Board will provide support, counselling or mediation
to those subject to investigation in order to ensure normal working relationships are resumed as effectively as

The Government And Specific Interest Groups Create Public...
In the United States, the government and specific interest groups create public policies to solve internal problems and protect their citizens. Public
policies can include any action, plan, or rule, which relates to issues of domestic national importance. Once a certain issue becomes a concern for a
significant amount of people, it becomes a component of the national agenda, which is what the public wants the government to acknowledge. Many
of these problems are addressed because they negatively affect a significant amount of people (Sparknotes: How Policy Gets Made). For the past few
years, one of the major issues in the United States is illegal immigration. Unlike today, a person immigrating illegally was not a major issue years ago.
Today unfortunately, there are so many illegal immigrants from all over the world that it has become an issue no one can completely control.
It was recorded in 2012 that approximately 40.8 million illegal immigrants live in the United States, which makes up thirteen percent of the country.
"Data on the nativity of the U.S. population were first collected 1850 decennial census. That year, there were 2.2 million immigrants in the United
States, representing almost ten percent of the total population" (Nwosu, Chiamaka). What is the total number of immigrants that have entered the
United States since 2000? Approximately thirty percent of the 40.8 million residing in America entered between 2000 and 2009 (Nwosu, Chiamaka).
The majority of the

My Interest On Public Health
My interest in public health was piqued in the midst of my adolescence. The idea germinated with fearsome speed; after a series of fainting spells, I
was diagnosed with a brain tumor and entered surgery one week later. As I lay bandaged and recuperating, I began to ponder my great fortune: I was
alive, thanks to the skilled hands of the Chief of Neurosurgery at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Even as a young teenager, I could appreciate
the scale of my privilege, and that many others would suffer tumors worse than mine thanks to carcinogenic environmental factors and a lack of access
to quality healthcare. In a most unlikely way, my residence in this particular hospital setting was the catalyst for falling in love with this environment.
Upon matriculating at Richard Stockton University, I began my studies in the natural sciences with the aim of bettering the world through the
combination of my experience as a patient and a growing understanding of environmental health. Through my undergraduate coursework in public
health, epidemiology, and policy, I grew increasingly convinced I would thrive as a public health professional. This prompted me to spearhead
fundraising efforts, concentrating on annual JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) Walks and the Starkey Hearing Foundation.
While I am fully confident in my ability to excel in graduate–level coursework, I am aware that my undergraduate GPA falls short of my potential. I
hope that the committee reviewing

Public Interest And Civic Duty Essay
Rebecca Barker
Essay #1
I, Rebecca Barker, declare that I have neither received nor given any unauthorized assistance on this assignment.
I think when you are in a position of power or strong influence, your obligation to put public interest and civic duty over personal morality, which is
more likely to be challenged as you represent and/or influence more and more people, increases.
The problem may not necessarily be if you should follow the law or not, but more about finding the line for when the law has broken off too far from
your own morality for you to follow the law and how the more power a person has, the more conflicting personal conviction can cause problems for
the general population. Laws in theory, should help make civilizations a safer and more functional places. Most of the time people as a whole seem
to see laws as a way to layout a frame work of rules to support morals. However, as history and fiction has clearly shown, that isn't always the case.
More often then not laws become influenced by factors that may not come from any set of values and instead come from factors involving many other
things like, finical motives, or motives that focus on a small groups self interest instead of the whole of the community.
Another issue is that morality is not a simple one dimensional concept that stays uniformed and unchanged over time. It is difficult to look at one issue
without wondering into other issues that may effect to context of the main issue. It is a grey

Essay about New York State Accounting Code of Ethics
New York State Accounting Code of Ethics
The accounting system is constantly changing. During these changes, it is important for accountants to adhere to the high ethical standards that they
have always lived by. Adhering to the high ethical standards is an accountant's obligation to the public, theprofession, and themselves. An accountant's
ethical conduct usually lies within four different areas. This includes competence, confidentiality, integrity, and objectivity. NYSSCPA.ORG states,
"Members also have a continuing responsibility to cooperate with each other to improve the art of accounting, maintain the public's confidence, and
carry out the professions special responsibilities for self–governance," (Article 1). New ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Accountants should refuse gifts and favors that would appear to influence their actions and should refrain from any activities that would prejudice their
ability to perform their duties ethically. NYSSCPA.ORG states, "Integrity requires a member to be, among other things, honest and candid within the
constraints of client confidentiality," (Article 3). Accountants must be willing to recognize and communicate professional limitations that would
preclude successful performance of their activities. They are expected to communicate unfavorable as well as favorable information.
Client Confidentiality Client confidentiality is very important in the accounting profession. New York State requires that accountants do not share any
client information without the specific consent of the client. However, under certain circumstances, the State finds it necessary that an accountant
might have to share client information. Examples of these circumstances include an accountant?s receipt of a subpoena or summons or an accountants
participation in actual or threatened legal proceedings or alternative dispute resolution proceedings (NYSSCPA.ORG, ET section 301).
Accounting Work Product New York State requires its accountants to adequately maintain its work papers in accordance with specific requirements.
Work papers include the accountant?s records of the procedures applied, tests performed, supporting information, and the material

The Fourth Estate Uproar : Public Interest Vs. State Interest
The Fourth Estate Uproar – Public Interest vs. State Interest
Introduction
Fourth estate is referred to as the news media – especially print journalism or the press. The notion that the news media is the fourth estate relies on the
purpose of media to function as a guardian for the public interest whilst also being a watchdog on the activities of the government
(AustralianPolitics.com). So it is invested in this essay to analyse the research issue below to determine the correct feedback and input that will inform
the public of what is correct within the fourth estate.
Research Issue
Can public interest ever be at odds with state interests and if so, which do you believe is more important in the functioning of a fourth estate press? ...
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This is seen as an essential to a positive and healthy functioning country (Journalism in the Digital Age, 2016).
In context with the fourth estate being a fourth branch of the government, it can be seen the news media needs to report truthfully in favour of the
public interest in order to provide a country clean of corruption and cover–ups within the government and their political figures.
Public & State Interest
If we accept the idea of the fourth estate, we must understand and determine if 'public' and 'state' interest are the same. In which they are not, they
might seem that but in reality they completely differ. For example, in a capitalist world these two interests are separated from each other by a class
line. State interest is all about providing the public with nothing and keeping secrets from the greater population whilst public interest is all about
providing insight into the country's issues and providing everyone with right to know (M. Hirst, 2013).
As stated in the introduction within the 18th and 19th century, the fourth estate was known as a civil watchdog; also providing an argument within the
public and state about them being two completely different entities with contrasting interests (M. Hirst, 2013)
The public heavily rely on journalists and the news media to provide a clear insight when governments underdo or override what they say are doing in
the public's interest but it's clearly not what the public is supporting (M.

Newton Minow: Rhetorical Analysis Of Television And The...
Rhetorical Analysis of "Television and the Public Interest"
Newton Minow, the chairman of The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from 1961 to 1963gave his maiden speech as commissioner on 9th
May, 1961 in Washington, DC. John Kennedy asked him to work at FCC. When he spoke abouttelevision, it was a time when radios were being
replacedwith televisions. In his speech, he literally said television is a "vast wasteland" andpeople were stunned by his statement because people were
really enjoying the transition from radio to television. Minow delivered the speech to the National Association of Broadcasters who were the primary
audience.His arguments affected not only the primary audience, but a large number of people who were the secondary ... Show more content on
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Minow made his speech superior by showing his ethos as both qualification and character. At that time he gave the speech, he was the chairman of
FCC which means he had the highest responsibilities in that field. He also was an American attorney and he used his qualification to probe into the
facts of the arguments that he was about to make and then made strong claims about them. Just because of his qualification as an attorney, he could
give that kind of point. People might have considered him to be a knowledgeable person because of his qualifications. Minow also shared some good
beliefs about the impact of televisions on children who spent much time watching television rather than in school. He informed parents that their
children spent much time in watching televisions rather than in school. This belief should have touched parents' hearts and by this belief he told
everybody to focus onchildren's future. He explained the anxiety for children and that made him a good person in the audience. Minow's experience
and some great evidence helped contribute to the effectiveness of the

Public Interest Group Analysis
It is certain that the United States is not a direct democracy, in the sense of a county in which laws and other government decisions are made
predominantly by majority vote. Some lawmaking is done this way, on the state and local level, however it is only a tiny fraction of all lawmaking.
The United States is, however a representative democracy (Volokh, 2015). In a representative government constituents choose representatives not only
to think more carefully than they about ends and means but also to negotiate more perceptively and fight more skillfully than constituents have either
the time or the inclination to do (Mansbridge, 2003).
A direct democracy places all power in the hands of the individual. When political decisions are to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interest groups are being more numerous, activist, and diverse than in the past and are increasingly using carefully targeted campaigns to 'get what they
want' from companies they wish to influence (Julian, Ofori–Dankwa, & Justis, 2008). Influence of interest groups is substantial, as evidenced by the
successes of the Rainforest Action Network in altering the lending practices of J.P. Morgan, and of the American Family Association and Focus on the
Family in altering advertising practices and political activity at Proctor & Gamble (Julian, Ofori–Dankwa, & Justis, 2008). Interest group actions have
been directed at corporations themselves with a view toward changing their activities through embarrassment or other means, and without the long and
expensive process of battling well–funded corporate lobbying

My interest in public health stems from a lifelong connection to and fascination with our healthcare system, even from the time before I could
comprehend it. From as far back as I can remember, I have been surrounded by individuals with a passion for the maintenance, education, and defense
of health and wellness. My mother was a registered nurse, and elements of her profession, such as a commitment to compassion and unyielding ethical
values, became salient characteristics of my upbringing. In addition, I learned of the far–reaching effects of disease long before ever stepping foot in a
microbiology lecture hall. Both my uncle and great–uncle contracted malaria while serving in the armed forces–in the Gulf War and the Second World
War, respectively. My grandfather from the other side of the family acquired a parasitic infection during the Korean War that has left him permanently
immunocompromised. I witnessed them having to fight for their lives on more than one occasion. And I wanted to help. I wanted to help them. I
wanted to help my family. And eventually I came to realize that I wanted to help prevent anyone else from ever feeling the way that I had–ignorant and
powerless. From thinking back on these childhood experiences, I took away the knowledge that I want to follow a career path based in health
disciplines. And from subsequently building my education around its fundamental principles, I have developed a more mature understanding of why I
strive to dedicate my

The Public Servant And Public Interest
The public servant is thus continuously faced with instances where they must interpret concerns from the public and determine what and what does not
meet the public interest, as relevant to their respective administration (Inwood, 2012). The public servant might be required to make determinations
about what constitutes a public interest given then way they interpret various codes and duties within their position. The most effective way to ensure
ethical behaviour in this area is for the public service to establish a good working relationship with societal interest affected by legislation, and
"broker" differences between competing groups (Inwood, 2012, p. 344). If the bureaucrat finds herself or himself acting in accordance with the public
interest and common will of the people, they are effectively and ethically exercising their discretion (Herring, 1992). Alternatively, if a bureaucrat finds
herself or himself choosing a course of action that differs or conflicts too greatly with the public interest, they can more readily identify their missteps
and refer back to the will of the people. Given how public interest is used as a barometer of societal concerns and opinions, one cannot discount the
significance of the public servant 's duty to exercise ethical conduct in maintaining the public interest through effective formation and implementation
of public policy. Public Opinion Ethical conduct as enacted by public servants has a significant impact on the public 's opinion of

Should Your Public Interest Supersede Private Interest?
Standing up to speak in front of the local civic organization, my first question stands designed to put them on their heels, "Why should your public
interest supersede the private interest and rights over others?" Kahlib J. Fischer in his Presentation: Introduction to the Study of Public Policy defines
public policy as, "ideas plus government action equals public policy." However, within government action, there exists an inherent tendency in not
recognizing restraints on its operation, thereby, extending the sphere of its dominance through majority–mob rule of one idea, which secondarily limits
individual rights. In 1819, Thomas Jefferson wrote to Isaac H. Tiffany, addressing the proper worldview in approaching ideas within public policy, "Of
liberty I would say that, in the whole plenitude of its extent, it is unobstructed action according to our will. But rightful liberty is... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Beckwith in her work Politics for Christians states, "Christians must support the sanctity of traditional marriage," however, it was Jesus who
"biblically" redefined marriage . In the Tenahk, polygamy existed as sanctioned and normal, especially, for the wealthy and powerful, even expected,
with Abraham, Jacob, King David, King Solomon; all having more than one wife at a time. In actuality, Western social normalization stating that
marriage stands as between one man and one woman, essentially, developed from Roman public policy . Consequently, they also offer the answer to
the American problem, as they distinguish marriage from an irregular union. However, ourgay social Reconstructionist does not want to wait for the
adaptation effect, therefore, the individual Christian must stand diametrically opposed to forced rhetoric that limits their expression of faith,
consequently, their individual rights. The next move of the gay constructionist, walking into a church demanding an Orthodox Preacher marry him and
his betrothed. Wait for it on your nightly

Public Interest Litigation Of Delhi
Anuradha Garg
M.Sc Environment Science and Resource Management
22nd November, 2014
Public Interest Litigation in Delhi
Environmental pollution is the one of the greatest common international problem of this century. No country in this world has been left untouched with
its harmful effects. India also, is one of the greatest polluters in today's world. Pollution is nothing but the unwanted substances that are thrown,
disposed or released in the environment causing serious impacts on our ecosystem. So the protection, conservation and improvement of this
environment have become major issues of the world.
Delhi is no different from this scenario. Being one of the most polluted cities in India and the world (CNN, 2014), issues have always been ... Show
Why PIL? The Supreme Court has played a pivotal role in protection of environment and thus can be called "the hero" of pollution control in Delhi,
but what is that thing or that legal instrument of India which made it possible for SCI to do whatever it did?
The answer is through Public Interest Litigation. In India, Public Interest Litigation (PIL) was initiated by a few of the judges of the Supreme
Court, as a method to relieve public grievances. (Faure and Raja, 2010) It was meant as a protective mechanism to redress basic violations. (Divan
and Rosencranz, 2001) But how? To answer this question we need to understand the key variables of PIL. An analysis of PIL in a broader
perspective reveals the circumstances under which it generates better benefits compared to other legal instruments. To identify those specific
conditions and circumstances under which PIL played a positive role in reducing the pollution levels in Delhi, the strength and weaknesses of other
existing approaches to environment problems need to be discussed. On identifying the weaknesses of these traditional approaches, we will be able to
understand why PIL was proved better. "The efficiency of any instrument is measured on the many grounds and one of them is its cost
effectiveness".(Faure and Raja, 2010) The cost associated with PIL for pollution

Public Interest Of New Zealand Essay
Public interest
There has been recent media interest in a grain spill that occurred in New Plymouth on the 25th August 2015. This story made the front page of the
Taranaki Daily News and was titled: 'NZ First declares New Plymouth maize kernel spill a major biosecurity breach', (Leighton, 2015) it was then
followed by a second newspaper article the following day titled: Grain spillage signals continued softening of biosecurity rules for imports'.(Lee, 2015)
The public is very interested in the Biosecurity of New Zealand, so the knowledge gained through this research will be valuable for the Feedmill
manager if approached by the public.
2. What is already known?
New Zealand is one of many countries around the world that imports plants and plant products, which has also created a pathway for movement of
plant pests including, invertebrates, weeds and microorganisms. Other researchers have identified that cross border movements is a risk to the
biosecurity of the importing country and the literature also often outlines mechanisms to manage the risk. Such as Whattam, Clover, Firko & Kalaris
(2014) who outline specifically why border control operations are necessary and what the ultimate objective of a phytosanitary regulatory system is:
'to implement appropriate regulations to facilitate trade in plants and plant products in the least "trade restrictive" manner while minimising the
introduction of regulated pests.'(Whattam et al., 2014)
They also outline the role and duties of

Archive And Archivist: What Is An Archive?
Archive and Archivist
What is an archive?
An archive is a large and varied collection of historical documents, records or objects. . It is an extensive record or collection of data. An archive
contains objects or documents of a particular type or interest. For example a historical archivist keeps documents of historical value. Any one who is a
graduate can become an archivist.
Types of archives:
Society of American Archivists (SAA) describes the following types of archives–
1.College and University archives: these archives contain materials related to that particular university or institution. Generally it keeps the historical
record or publishes of the institution. The archives first aimed to serve the people of its own and alumni and then ... Show more content on
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Interest depends on the individual choices. Books and papers archive can be done by individual, organizational, institutional and governmental. Interest
in archiving is a good to a habit. If one is willing full to maintain and study things on historical grounds then it is a perfect platform for him. From the
above discussion it can be concluded that one should make an effort towards the charitable work. And it is a good habit to maintain and value the
literature and knowledge. The archives vary from big collection to small gatherings. Anyone can take part in the archiving

The Social Factors Of Public Interest In Public...
Public interest refers to the social factors or influence decision making by administrators in public administration. Public interest in public
administration falls in four broad categories. Firstly is the perfectionist point of view. Under this, public interest is viewed from the point of excellence
promotion in social activities. According to this view, public resources should be spent in a manner that most of the society members benefit fully
from. Herring, E. P. (1936).Public administration and the public interest.
Secondly is the intuitionist category. Under this category in case of conflicting situations, the administration chooses an option by intuition. This is to
say that an organization chooses an intuitionist solution that seems the right course of action to be undertaken in given circumstances. Herring, E. P.
(1936). Public administration and the public interest. Another on is derived from the theory of justice. This is as pronounced by the philosopher John
Rawls. He suggests that "two basic principles of justice to be followed in testing public interest n public administration". Actually, one of this is that
every individual ought to have equal right to the most extensive basic liberty that is compatible with another liberty for others. Finally, is the
utilitarianism category. According to this particular category public interest is served when a given public policy makes one a little better off even
though it may make some individuals somehow worse.
In public

My interest in public health stems from a natural inclination and compassion to help people. Although at the time it was not readily apparent that
public health was what I was searching for, I found myself focusing my energy on impoverished and destitute population working towards finding them
the appropriate health care they needed as well as educating them about healthy lifestyle behaviors. It later became evident to me that all long since
undergrad, I have pursued work in public health without realizing it. Only while working as a clinical research coordinator in New York City, I found
my calling in public health. Once I was introduced to the field of public health there was a natural affinity formed with research, academia and public
health. I was excited to have come across a powerful tool to understand the relationship between exposures and health outcomes and resourcefully come
up with effective measures to address health issues at a population level. For these reasons I am pursuing a PhD in epidemiology, which will allow me
to pursue my goal of further refining my skills in epidemiology with a career in academia as well as in the non–profit sector.
During my career as a senior clinical research coordinator at Mount Sinai hospital in New York City, I had an opportunity to work with a diverse
community of patients and it quickly became apparent to me the gap in health disparities was emphasized by race and financial status. My work
exposed me to a broad spectrum

Role Of A Advocate Role Public Interest Groups And Social...
The Role of Advocacy in Politics
Jazmine Feijo, 0884046
Political Process and Social Work
AHSS 1190
Dennis Long
November 9th, 2014
One of the primary objectives in a representative democracy is to cater to the publics need by understanding the issues of concern and constructive
criticisms. In order for needs to be met or negotiated, groups of like–minded individuals form in hopes to influence the government's direction by
voicing their opinions. Public interest groups take on this role to enforce change that they believe serves the public's interest (Mintz, 2013).
Influencing public policy is also an objective for social workers. Social workers do not merely focus on individuals or small groups, but also advocate
to strengthen society at large while promoting social justice. Social change is crucial in social work and continues to be involved in political
enterprise. This paper focuses on examples of the beneficial advocate role public interest groups and social workers embody, as well their similarities
under a representative democracy. Thus, for a well–functioning representative democracy to prosper, public interest groups must give input and advise
political officials to make change–similar to what social workers set out to fulfill.
Public interest groups are political organizations that highlight public problems, rationalize solutions, gather supporters, initiate policy change, and
make legislative action attainable (Burstein & Linton, 2002). Public interest

What Are Public Interest Groups
An interest group is a voluntary or private organization that tries to change public policy to benefit either only the members or a group or society as a
whole. Private interest groups usually benefit corporations or a specific group of people such as the American Medical Association advocates for
doctors. Public interests groups take on roles to help push for policy that would benefit the nation as a whole such as environmental regulations. Public
interest groups generally benefit the country as a whole. These groups help advance democracy by being able to convince elected officials to take their
stance, usually something a single person would not be able to do. In this sense, it promotes popular sovereignty by allowing citizens voices to

How Do Interest Groups Influence Public Policy
Interest Group Influence in Public Policy
Rebecca Zborowski
Anna Maria College
MPA 603
Dr. Steve Morreale, Professor
November 13, 2016
Interest groups and advocacy groups have an undeniably strong influence in Washington, and while the results of lobbying efforts are not often touted,
they sway policy in areas like energy, housing, public finance, education, gun control and many more. These interest groups may represent parochial
interests, but there is surely an area of policy that matches most splintered–off factions. While they've been portrayed as shadowy forces in lawmaking,
"Interest Group Influence on US Policy Change: An Assessment Based on Policy History" by Matt Grossmann attempts to quantify and... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Says Grossmann on page 3, "interest groups often play a central role in setting the government agenda...[and] are often found to have a substantial
impact on policy outcomes." Many political candidates from both sides of the partisan aisle have run on a platform of neutralizing the force of special
interests in Washington, and this illuminates why that's an important issue. Special interests lobby because they have something to gain from the result
of the policy, or those they represent do. It's not always a nefarious intention, but the parochial nature of special interests is in conflict with policy that
affects the American public at large, and those interests often win out because they wield power over lawmakers at the national, state and local

The Questionable Ethics of Arkansas Governor Mark Darr
Arkansas Governor Resigns over Ethics Issue
Arkansas Governor Mark Darr has finally announced he will resign over an ethics scandal that has been going on over the past four years. The state of
Arkansas Ethics Commission had found Governor Darr was breaking several campaign finance rules since the year 2010. These actions went against
the American Society for Public Administration code ofEthics. A few of the codes that the book mentions that Governor Darr went against was: Serving
the Public Interest, Respecting the constitution and the law, and Demonstrating Personal Integrity. (Geuras & Garofalo 2011)
The first code in the American Society for Public Administration code of ethics is serving the public interest. To serve the public interests one must
do exactly as it sounds, serve the public before serving oneself. Governor Darr was doing the opposite and according to one article, "Darr has
admitted receiving state and campaign money for personal expenses, which isn't allowed by law." (Arktimes.com 2014) The article mentions the
audits on Governor Darr and it reported that Governor Darr had taken over $30,000 dollars from the campaign and $12,000 dollars from the state.
Once he was auded he must repay the state $12,000 dollars and he was fined $11,000 dollars for his violation of the code of ethics. The ethical thing
for him to do would have been to use this money given to him by the state and campaign towards things for the community and the people that he

The Duty Of Journalists And The Public Interest
The duty of journalists is to tell the truth. Journalism means you go back to the actual facts, you look at the documents, you discover what the record
is, and you report it that way. – Chomsky 2008
Working within the media industry, especially as a journalist. It can sometimes be difficult and challenging as you are more than often finding yourself
having to raid people's personal lives to get a story. However, 'Is it in the public interest? ' that is the one question any journalist must ask themselves if
they are to publish a story that may contain an individual's private information.
Problems take place within the media when public interest is conflicted with human right and the right to privacy. You can easily validate publishing
privet information as a form of public interest, but you however cannot justify the damages it may cause.
This is where the media tend to clash with people. Some journalist may argue and say that when publishing privet information it is in the public interest
but they must prove that. This is in reference section4 which states, "The defendant reasonably believed that publishing the statement complained of
was in the public interest." This is under the public interest defence, which was created under the defamation act 2013. The law was set up to allow
journalists the right to free speech in reference to Article 10 stating "Everyone has the right to freedom of expression."
Not respecting people's privacy is one of the most complained about

Interest In Public Health
Reasons for interest in public health
Also went I started working at Epic Systems
I saw the healthcare field as only relevant to doctors but now I see the business side, technological side, policy side.
Even the scientific side has more aspects than just being a nurse, or doctor.
This gives me a chance to combine both my current job and
Reasons for interest in program of study and/or concentration
When I first started working at Epic, it was in a completely different field than I studied during my Undergraduate career. I like working at Epic and
the work is meaningful, but I still have a passion for agriculture that I have possessed since I was a child.
I have maintained a garden since I was eight, and in the garden I have grown squash, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance
Diversity is important for me inside of the classroom because I am given the opportunity to learn from people in different disciplines who have unique
ways of thinking. I believe this will enhance classroom discussions, and ensure that multiple viewpoints are incorporated into learning. This will
provide a more holistic view of issue and ensure that the learning is well rounded. Outside of the classroom diversity is important because I am Black.
Career goals
I want to travel to developing nations and help develop their agriculture in a sustainable manner.
This means reducing pesticide, fertilizer use, etc. whenever possible.
Not only will better agriculture improve their health from a non–exposure standpoint, but it will also increase their nutritional and caloric intake,
helping them to better fight off infection and disease.
I can accomplish this by possibly working for and NGO such as the World Food Programme (WFP), or U.S. Food Sovereignty Alliance

Desire To Serve: Is Public Interest Law For You Summary
As DeVelder notes in her article "Passion, Commitment and a Desire to Serve: Is Public Interest Law for You," droves of students attend law school
each year with the intention of becoming engaged in the community and making a difference in the lives of others; I am no different from these
students. Carla DeVelder, Passion, Commitment and a Desire to Serve: Is Public Interest Law for You, (2012). However, after reading the assigned
articles, I have learned that there is much more to public interest law than I originally suspected. For instance, I learned that public interest law and
public service law may be used interchangeable although public interest law specifically refers to the use of the law to represent disadvantaged persons
or things.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Id. Those in the public interest legal field possess a similar mindset and similar values. As Professor Shrag notes: "When a civil liberties lawyer from
San Francisco meets an environmental justice lawyer from Minneapolis, there is an instant bond, even though the work of the lawyers may have little
overlap. They recognize each other as being from the same species..." Id. Public interest lawyers share the commonality of aiding persons or things that
are disadvantaged – for instance, minority groups, the impoverished, or the environment. Additionally, those who work closely with the public interest
field share a similar bond because they typically offer their services without payment – expert witnesses, for example. Id. I believe that the workplace
would be more enjoyable with those who share the same values and are driven towards the same

Public Interest Groups

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