The Contradiction Between Neorealism And Realism

The Contradiction Between Neorealism And Realism
Events which took place after the end of the "Cold War" and the disintegration of the USSR, and in particular for the first year of the XXI century,
demanded political scientists, sociologists, geopolitics, as well as psychologists revision of views on the theory of international relations. The variety of
theories and attitudes existing today can ultimately be reduced to three known paradigms: realist (including classical realism and neorealism), liberal
(traditional idealism and neo–liberalism) and neo–Marxist, each of which comes from its understanding of the nature and character of international
relations. I suppose that today it is relevant to look at the contradiction between neorealism and neoliberalism.
For the theory of political realism, "the concept of interest defined in terms of power" is the central, as well as the related concept of balance of power,
geopolitical strategy, etc. In neorealism, which was first outlined by Kenneth Waltz, these accents are slightly displaced. Defending a structural
understanding of power, neo–realism does not reduce the balance of power to the military component, and includes economic, information and ... Show
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With the end of the "cold war" the credibility of political realism was seriously shaken. Some of the representatives of neorealism began to call
themselves "liberal realists" or "utopian realists", thus showing a certain willingness to revise certain provisions of the realist paradigm. Many scientists
without questioning the realist thesis about the radical difference of political interactions within the state and in the international arena, believe that the
whole nature of international relations is changing in the direction of "mature anarchy" in which Western liberal–democratic States are able to play the
role of guarantor of international security and progress is made available to all, including fragile states and ordinary
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Communication in American Literature Essay example
American literature has changed since the industrial revolution. As a child matures into an adult, so has American literature grown to include the
problems faced in reality. The word "fiction" transformed from the fairy tales of romanticism to the reality of realism in America. Authors such as:
Clemens, Howells, Chopin, Eliot, Faulkner, and Anderson have all assisted the move from dreams to reality. Dramatists O'neill and Miller have written
plays that have changed the way social circumstances are viewed by Americans. Americans, as portrayed by American writers, have been plagued with
an inability to communicate feelings through speech, yet from the industrial revolution to post second World War, American writers have... Show more
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I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: 'All right, then, I'll go to hell'"(Clemens 168). The dilemma of whether to turn in
a runaway slave grips Huck's heart, and like most all human beings the struggle is not put into words to others, but is sounded silently within.
Clemens understood realism, and placed an emphasis on a social issue burning hot in his day. He took a fictional character and gave him a mind, and
let the audience, the reader, view his expression of communication within himself. Words communicate thoughts, yet thoughts in fictional realism are
the expressions of characters that cannot express their thoughts into words.
Clemens barely scratched the surface depicting the problems with communicating in America. W.D. Howells, a realist, focused his works on the here
and now, the immediacy of time, and critical social issues. In Howells' text's, human beings are exposed as creatures of thought, not expression. Alan
Trachtenburg, author of The Incorporation of America, spoke of Howells as a writer who was notorious for "creating fictions of fact rather than
fable" (202). Trachtenburg also quotes Howells as saying, "Realists want to know the world as it really is, to create a world of fiction congruent with
'real life'"(184). Howell's realism depicts characters unable to communicate their feelings and feeling unfulfilled in their attempts to express themselves.
In

Introduce And Critique Neo Realism
Introduce and critique Neo–Realism
Realism came about in post–1930s with the failure of the 'peace through law approach'. The failure of the League of Nations meant there was a
decline in the Liberalist International relations theory. Key Liberalist thinkers such as Jackson and Sorensen described liberalism as being optimistic
about human nature, that people were capable of moral progress and also liberalist treat states as individual units. The failure of state and human
cooperation that led to World War One and Two had deeply undermined the liberalist theory, this led to the importance of the Realist theory who
question the optimism of human nature. Realist are often pessimistic on human nature, (Jackson and Sorensen, 2007) argued 'life is constantly at risk,
and nobody can be confident about his or her security and survival for any reasonable length of time...' Key Realist thinker Thomas Hobbes also
argued that the world consists of self–interested individuals and that life is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short'.Realism is more useful than
liberalism today as we see mass conflict and a lack of trust between humans and states, such as the Islamic State preforming barbaric acts against its
own civilians, or the September attacks 2001 which supports the Realist theory that 'life is constantly at risk'. In this essay, Neo–Realism will be
discussed. Key thinker of Neo–Realism has been Kenneth Waltz. His aim was to try and explain why wars are caused in a more systematic

Political Realism in Morgenthau's Six Points
Deviations from a coherent system of irrationality: Political Realism in Morgenthau's Six Points Hans Morgenthau set out to "present a theory of
international politics" (1948, revised 1985, p. 3) which would be tested by its empiricism and "ruthless pragmatism" (Snyder, 2004, p. 3). This essay
identifies Morgenthau's definition of scope, purpose and concepts underlying a theoretical structure initially set out in six points in Politics Among
Nations, identifies the structure holding these components together into a coherent "realist theory of international politics" (Morgenthau, 1985 p. 3)
and discusses some of the controversy Morgenthau's proposals have engendered. Morgenthau's empirical pragmatism ultimately reduces to 'prudence,'
which produces moral political decisions, ethics of which are different for the state than for individuals. Ever the empiricist, Morgenthau derived this
from history rather than inventing such a theory wholesale. The inherent location of this drive to interest through power sets off what is now called
"classical" realism from "structural realism" where institutional forces drive the will to power rather than innate human tendencies as in Morgenthau et
al. (Mearsheimer, 2006, p. 71). Taliaferro (2006) sets classical realism off from neoclassical and modern neorealism in that Morgenthau's original
perspective focused more from the point of view of the state acting on its perceived interests, while the offspring paradigms approach the balance of

Realist Analysis : The Russian Crimean Crisis
The British University in Egypt
Name: Hadeer Farag
ID: 125143
Title: Realist Analysis of the Russian Crimean Crisis
The Module Leader: Hisham Wahby
The Module Name: International Relations Theory
The Module Code: 14POLSO6C
Date: 5/5/2015
Question: Critically discuss an international crisis in the post–cold war era, by investigating its dynamics and the motivations of the main actors
involved, from a Realist IR perspective.
Modern philosophy considers realism as a fully broad term which consists of several movements all showing a unity when it comes to Political realism.
On top of the realism founding thinkers overlies the famous names of Thucydides, Hobbes and Machiavelli. Those famous realism thinkers believe that
the international world is an anarchic system which guides international relations. This one concept above many others explains the seen actions of any
state and the never ending pursuit of power. In the international arena, all states are concerned with maintaining power as well as the addition of new
power. Generally, the simply expressed definition of power in the international arena is having influence; this includes both the ability to influence the
other states beside the ability to be immune from the influence of the others.
Due to the vision of the international arena as being dominated by anarchy, and also by the lack of a strong central authority which is fully able to
exercise control on the world's different

International Relations And Applying From An Anarchic...
rspective are useful in analyzing international relations and applying them to events that are relevant to its respective theory. The focus of analysis in
realism is the struggle for power among states in an anarchic international system. Realists view states as dominant actors. These states are insecure,
selfish, unitary, and rational in the sense that they make decisions in an organized manner that will produce the greatest utility. The states are always
looking out for their own national interests and are naturally antagonistic against other states. Because realists are only concerned with the survival of
the state in an anarchic international system, the most important goal of the state is to enhance their power to ensure security. The security dilemma,
power politics, anarchy, and the self–help system all characterize the realist perspective. The challenge to realism is liberalism which encompasses a
broad set of liberal theories. Liberalism's focus of analysis is on enhancing global economic and political cooperation. Besides just the state the main
actors also include nongovernmental groups and international organizations. Liberalists believe that human nature is basically good which leads to
their belief that states are not always seeking rational behavior so much as they are seeking compromise and cooperation. International law, collective
security, and economic interdependence characterize the liberal perspective. In Dr. J. Morgenthau's article, A Realist

Realists Vs. Liberals
Realists and Liberals have their differences. One can already foresee that Realism has much more a conservative and pessimistic vision of the world.
This comes from the realist's skepticism about the capacity of human reason and the delivery of moral progress, all due to self–interest. As growth is
not possible for Realism, survival of the state is the solitary thing that matters, which therefore reflects on its conservatism. From a realist perspective,
the most important objective is relative power, whether a state is more or less powerful than one's traditional rival. This concept influences how states
act. States that have relatively more power; have very few constraints to states that have less power. Overall, this influences the stability

Essay Is Thucydides a Realist
The human condition and its significance to International Relations have been in debate for centuries. Classical Realist thought has focused on the
inherently aggressive and selfish nature of man and assumed that it is these qualities that ensure war and conflict are inevitable aspects of human
society. Alternatively, neo–realism emphasises the system structure of international politics. R.J. McShea discusses the significance of the human
nature tradition throughout the study of international relations. The endeavour to rid the world of the evil of war and the advancement of the
conditions for peace have been developed from the assumption that the interaction of the states, and the way they ought to conduct relations among
themselves, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will include a discussion on man's desire for glory, divine favour and immortality, and its relevance to modern international relations theory. Finally, I
will conclude that, although the "History" discusses many realist assumptions and politics, Thucydides himself was not a realist. It is my theory that
Thucydides intended his "History" to be the prescription for man to drag himself from the miserable condition of war. The "History" is a model of
idealist ideology encompassing the three components: description, prescription and objective.
I
Thucydides intended his "History" as a source for all time, a general insight into conflicts that answer future questions on all conflict because "events
which happen in the past and which (human nature being what it is) will, at some time or other and in much the same ways, be repeated in the future."
Thucydides opened with the claim that, "as many wish to consider, clearly, both the things that have happened and the things that will happen in the
same or similar way, in accordance with that which is human," will consider his work on the Peloponnesian war as a valuable "possession for all time."
Human nature, according to Thucydides, is the same wherever it is to be found and it explains and justifies human conduct. It is an appeal to human
nature that is invoked throughout many of the debates in the "History," in order to justify Athenian imperialism on the grounds of expediency,
ambition, security and man's

Anton Chekhov's The Lady With The Pure Dog
The Pure Dog
Anton Chekhov's portrayal of relationships by showing a sense the turbulence and rockiness of the relationships. In Anton Chekhov's story the Lady
With The Dog he develops many themes the main theme he developed was realism. Realism is the style of making it more realistic and not this larger
than life character it is ordinary people with everyday problems. Another way that Chekhov incorporates realism into the story is by the hardships and
uncertainty of the relationship between Dmitri Gurov and Anna Diderits. In the current society, their relationship would have been frowned upon, so
there is uncertainty and confusion in their actions. Chekhov shows the weaknesses and the negatives about the characters. ... Show more content on
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Chekhov develops the themes of realism around the relationship between Anna and Dmitri. By showing how the surroundings of the story attempt to
keep the two away from each other. Chekhov even incorporates realism into the ending by not showing what happens to their relationship do they stay
together or break up. This combines realism because it shows that like the real world we don't know what is going to happen. Dmitri and Anna's
relationship would appear negatively at the times because it was not looked at as good that is why Chekhov uses the symbols. Anton Chekhov shows
through the symbols changing that not everything stays the same and that can be said in positive and negative ways. The secretive nature of their
relationship made it harder for them. Another turbulent aspect of their relationship was the fact that Anna and Dmitri were both married. Chekhov
showed realism in the relationship between Dmitri and Anna though it was different because it was small symbols or the overall literary style that
Chekhov

Regionalism And Realism In A Wagner Matinee By Willa Cather
Why would an author write a detailed work of a character stuck confronting a moral dilemma, rather than that of an imaginary–like story?
Industrialization had many cons, but started the evolution towards the Realistic Era in literature. Realism influenced many authors' styles of writing in
the span of the era, because of the honesty it generated. To name a Realist author: Willa Cather, who wrote "A Wagner Matinee" focused on a different
type of Realism, Regionalism. The literature of the Realistic Era emphasized the world's problems at the time through the characters' thoughts and
feelings.
The Industrial Revolution started towards the end of the 18th century and brought Realism with it. As the Library of Congress indicates, the Industrial
Revolution began in Britain, but moved to the United States, and with it brought new transportation, manufacturing, and communications. Less
self–sufficient family homes came to be as factories began popping up around the country... this meant the expansion of resources and trade for the
U.S. Problems like child labor, minuscule wages, dangerous working conditions, and atrocious living conditions were created leading to the
Progressive Era(N.D.). As observed by the University of Georgia (2015), the problems caused by the Industrial Revolution would be addressed by
reforms. States tried to eliminate too much child labor by applying laws on schooling hours for children. Also, they created new Boards of Health in
order to fix all the

The Pros And Cons Of Ethical Noncognitivism
Defend ethical noncognitivism against the objections raised in class. The question of morality has been circulating through the minds of men since our
development of a conscious; we all have claims about what we believe is morally wrong or right. In an attempt to define morality and its limitations,
philosophers have come up with a concept known as "Ethical Noncognitivism." Proponents of ethical noncognitivism put forth the idea that ethical
sentences to do not express propositions, and therefore cannot hold any truth value. When people make a moral claim, such as "stealing is bad," they
are in effect saying "boo, stealing." In order to better understand ethical noncognitivism, we will begin by grasping its origins, thoroughly defining,
offering principle varieties that have stemmed out of ethical noncognitivism, and critically analyzing various objections. Before we can further
discussion of noncognitivism, we must establish its basis, irrealism. Irrealism is a position first put forth by philosopher Nelson Goodman in "Ways of
Worldmaking". Initially motivated by the epistemological debate between phenomenalism and physicalism, Goodman described these terms as
alternative "world–versions"; neither capable of capturing the other in a completely satisfactory way, but both useful in some circumstances. From this,
Goodman introduced the idea of irrealism. Irrealism makes no assertions about the way the world is because Goodman doesn't see it as one single
reality.

The Revolt Of Mother
American Realism: The Movement American Realism is defined as a literary movement in which the author focused on writing about life as it actually
was. Realist authors, such as William Dean Howells, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, and Charles Chesnutt, wrote about common life experiences rather than
on how one wanted their life to be like. The whole movement of American Realism involved a transition of the reader's mind from the previous
movement, American Romanticism. American Romanticism focused on the ideal lifestyle involving imagination and emotion. Realistic author's
purpose in their writing was to get people to view life as it was when they woke up in the morning. This is only one characteristic to define a work as
realistic. Other characteristics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wilkins Freeman's, the author of "The Revolt of Mother," purpose in writing this story was to bring awareness to feminism, which could also be
the "Cult of Domesticity." The "Cult of Domesticity" was a collection of attitudes that associated "true" womanhood with the home and family.
Women were to manage their homes, children, and husbands. They were not allowed to engage in hard labor, political life, nor eth competitive
individualism of the industrial economy, just like feminism. In the story, Mother wants to know why were there men digging in the field and after
she kept asking Father, he told her that they were building a cellar for a new barn. She asked him why he would build a barn when they needed a
house but he did not answer and he left. She asked her son, Sammy, what was Father going to do with the barn and he told her that Father was going
to buy four cows. Her actions of washing the dishes vigorously made it known that she was upset but she did not say a word. While washing dishes,
her daughter, Nanny, asks her if she thought it was too bad that Father was building a new barn as much as they needed a house. Mother tells her that
they are women and women "know only what men–folks think we do, so far as any use of it goes, an' how we'd ought to reckon men–folks in with
Providence an' not complain of what they do any more than we do of the weather," which means it's not a woman's place to question a man about his
work even if she disagrees. After dinner Mother had a talk with Father about a new house versus a new barn. She stood her ground on why they needed
another house by pointing out the flaws in the current house such as limited space. Father did not answer Mother's question of whether he thought it
was right to build another barn when they needed a house. Instead he went back to the field. Time passes and Father gets an opportunity to go to
Vermont to buy a horse. While Father is away, Mother demanded that the men not put anything in the new

Trifles Play
Realism in drama is a sort of writing in which fictional occasions and individuals are displayed in dialect that takes after regular outside reality and
human experience. Sensible plays, for example, the show, Trifles by Susan Glaspell reflect reality and are dedicated to lived experiences. The
experiences areas are issues of characteristics and morals held by the two one of a kind sexual introductions of males and females. The topic of the
show delineates the contrasts between sex sentiments as well as portrays the situation of a lady who is bound to break the chains of an abusive
husband to improve as a better human being. Glaspell endeavors to accomplish the most extreme impact of feelings from the group of onlookers by
tending to issues... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This occasion demonstrate a declining slide in Ivan's life. His body starts to restrict the things that he is fit for fulfilling profoundly in like manner
showing the normal bit of authenticity. Ivan's friends take a gander at is illness as something that would basically be an open position once he laid
to rest. Prior to Ivan's affliction, he would have probably have mutual feelings. During Ivan's affliction he starts to have firm acknowledge that he
didn't carry on with his life right and starts to feel sorry for the general population who are taking after nearly in his strides. He starts to have a solid
contempt towards his wife since she depicts the attributes of the sort of individual he used to

Who Is Joseon Equitable?
In actuality of Joseon, Ming line started to break down, and Toyotomi's legislature was supplanted. Ming was experienced in financial decrease and
defied its legislature, and it was felled by Manchus in 1644. Manchu built up China's last supreme government state, Cheong. Toyotomi's successor,
Tokugawa Ieyasu moved cash flow to Edo, present–day Tokyo and Edo period began (Chung, Chul–heon 31). Tokugawa proposed restoring strategic
relations with Joseon in 1607. Two nations traded agent until Meiji Restoration occurred. Joseon dispatched discretionary mission, which was known as
Tongsinsa. Tongsinsa was comprised of around 500 individuals, including negotiators, painter, potter, and specialists. Japanese could take in Joseon's
innovation by this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This idea gives the connection between reason attempting to comprehend universal governmental issues and the truths to be used. It sets governmental
issues as a self–sufficient circle of activity and sight separated from different spheres. For example, financial matters comprehended as far as interest
characterized as riches, morals, feelings, or religion. In the Imjin War, the struggle between the different nations for the resources from the river and
setup of the different countries facilitated the escalation of the hostility and battle due to realism and interest enhanced by force. Without such an idea, a
hypothesis of governmental issues worldwide or local would be inside of respective nations. Without the same hostility and struggle, we could not
recognize political and non–political actualities, nor might we be able to bring no less than a measure of deliberate request to the political circle.
We expect that political leaders think and act as far as the interest of people is concerned without use of force as supported by the proof of history as
it bears the supposition. That suspicion permits us to follow and expect, so to speak, the strides a political leader – past, present, or future– has taken or
will tackle in the political scene. The above lacked in the Imjin War, as was depicted by

Realism And Pursuit Of National Interests
Realism is an approach to international politics that is based on the importance of power politics and the pursuit of national interests (Heywood, 2000).
According to this school of thought, the international realm is a moral free ambience in which the state is seen as a rational and uniform player which
finds itself in constant conflict with the other states of the system due to the lack of a comprehensive world government, i.e. an international anarchy
(Oldemeinen, 2010). Realism is directly contrasting to romanticism or idealism, as it offers a cold and calculating picture of how the world functions,
which is often seen as pessimistic. From an international relations perspective, realism portrays global politics in a homogeneous ... Show more content
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He also wrote that "the standard of justice depends on the equality of power to compel and that in fact the strong do what they have the power to do
and the weak accept what they have to accept." The Melians believed that they would have the gods by their side because their position is morally
just, whereas the Athenians opposed with the view that it is the natural order of life for the strong to dominate the weak. For Thucydides, international
relations allow the rich and powerful to do as they please and force the weak to suffer as they must (Hellenic Resources Network). One of the first
classical realists in this newly established province was Morgenthau, who would have the largest impact on the field. In his book Politics Among
Nations, 1948, Morgenthau produced a report of political realism that would dominate the study of international relations for decades to come.
According to Morgenthau, realism is concerned with how the world actually is, rather than how it ought to be; it is an empirical rather than a
normative paradigm. In time, the intellectual hegemony of Morgenthau's classical realism was succeeded by the emergence of neorealism by Kenneth
Waltz. In his book Theory of International Politics, 1979, Waltz sought to develop systematic and scientific realism, which divided the theory into
classical realism and neorealism (Pashakhanlou, 2009). Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz hold their

Is Realism an Obsolete Theory, or Is It More Relevant Than...
Realism, as a way of interpreting international relations has often been conceived to be closely tied to the Cold War. Realism, rooted in the
experience of World War II and the Cold War, is said to be undergoing a crisis of confidence largely because the lessons adduced do not convincingly
apply directly to the new realities of international relations in the twenty–first century (Clinton 2007:1) Worse still, if policymakers steadfastly adhere
to realist precepts, they will have to navigate "the unchartered seas of the post–Cold War disorder with a Cold War cartography, and blind devotion to
realism could compromise their ability to prescribe paths to a more orderly and just system." (Kegley 1993:141). This paper will demonstrate that ...
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And with this, comes the realist concept of national interest. Realist ideology, statism, specifically, suggests that survival and sovereignty of the state is
its primary goals, and the very condition of its existence. With this said, states do have the ability to take care of other actors' interests and needs in the
international community out of something that could be called a 'moral responsibility', but only if it somehow serves its own national interests in the
process. Morgenthau (1949) explains that state actors who pursue certain national interests and act aggressively resort to liberal sentiment, as a
convenient means of justifying their behaviour in the eyes of both the international community, and their own people. This is not to say however, that
some states are sincere in certain good–hearted pursuits. But it is indeed true that moral principles prove to be serviceable to national interest
(Morgenthau 1949:207). Machiavelli goes so far as to claim that morality is the product of power (Carr 2001:63). Take for example the nineteenth
century, in which the British Empire was the global hegemon at the time. As a reason to explain imperialism and its colonial aspirations, they
advertised the theory of the 'White Man's Burden' as a moral and social norm, in which

Examples Of Realism In The Outcasts
"The Outcasts of Poker Flat", by Bret Harte and "Miniver Cheevy", by Edgar Arlington Robinson are great examples of realism. Realism is often
uses grim depictions of reality and draws portraits from real life. A common thing that readers see in realism is that outside forces are always at odds
with the main characters. In these writings, the reader will see how realism and naturalism is portrayed in "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" and "Miniver
Cheevy".
Realism is used in "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" in many ways. Local Color is used to show that the people in the town were there in search of gold.
Harte reveals to the reader the conflict between the "outcasts" and society. Poker Flat was having a moral decline and a secret committee had been
appointed, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The poem is about a boy who has had a pretty rough life. The reader can see this when the narrator refers to Cheevy as a "child of scorn. This meant
that the people in the community and Cheevy's own parents did not accept him. The narrator also says that, "He wept that he was ever born"
(Robinson l. 3). The theme of the poem is reality vs. dreams. The reader sees this when the narrator says that Miniver loved the time "When swords
were bright and steeds were prancing" (l. 3). The narrator also says that "he dreamed of Thebes and Camelot, / And Priam's neighbors" (ll. 11–12). He
also says that, "Miniver loved the Medici" and that "He would have sinned incessantly / Could he have been one" (ll. 17, 19–20). At the end Miniver
was thinking about whether or not he was born too late, and then the narrator says "Miniver coughed, and called it fate, / And kept on drinking" (ll.

The Threat Of A Zombie Apocalypse
The topic of the undead coming back to life to feast on the living has been around since the first zombie movie White Zombies in 1932; however,
just in the past few decades has the threat of a zombie apocalypse enter the realm of international politics. The threat of a zombie apocalypse is a
very serious concern of the international communities. Many political scientists are not sure how the world leaders would be able to work together if
this issue were ever to arise in the world today. In the book "Theories of International Politics and Zombies", Drezner uses the threat of a zombie
apocalypse to show how the different theories of international politics would eliminate the threat; however, are the living dead a real international
concern or are they just a brilliant metaphor for something much greater that could happen to the world.
There are many political theories in the world today. Drezner addresses how realism, liberalism, constructivism, neo–conservatism, and bureaucratic
politics would face the threat of a zombie apocalypse throughout his book. Each theory presented with the possibility of a world where the dead
walk amongst the living and feed on their flesh, and then Drezner would elaborate on how each political theory would unfold if the world were to
decide to pursue that particular political theory. This elaboration helps us determine if the world could even survive a zombie apocalypse. Although
many people would ask is the threat of a zombie apocalypse even a

A Taxonomy of Moral Realism Essay
A Taxonomy of Moral Realism
ABSTRACT: The realist dispute in ethics has wide implications for moral ontology, epistemology, and semantics. Common opinion holds that this
debate goes to the heart of the phenomenology of moral values and affects the way in which we understand the nature of moral value, moral
disagreement, and moral reflection. But it has not been clearly demonstrated what is involved in moral realist theory. I provide a framework which
distinguishes three different versions of the theory while at the same time showing the interrelations between them. I also demonstrate how issues such
as objectivity, cognitivism, and truth can be related into the discussion by means of this framework. Since morality exercises a deep ... Show more
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Our aim in moral deliberation, according to the realist, is to discover, or come into contact with, this aspect of reality. It is this element which marks
out moral realism in the pursuit of objectivity in ethics.
But what is a moral fact? What is the nature of the moral epistemology in such a conception of our moral experience? These are, by themselves,
baroque claims. Moral realism is not a recent invention. It has a history that can plausibly be traced as far back as Plato, and can count among its
exponent philosophers like Francis Hutcheson, Richard Price, Thomas Reid, G. E. Moore, H. A. Prichard, W. D. Ross. Following a period of neglect,
the theory has recently come back strongly into fashion, and has gained the attention of contemporary moral philosophers. In the last twenty years or
so, the lively debate between moral realists and their opponents has become the focal point of much of the moral philosophy as pursued by philosophers
in the Anglo–American analytic tradition. Though there are different moral theories that may plausibly be described as realist, it would be useful to
note that despite the variation, moral realists aspire, on the whole, to arguing for objectivity in ethics in the distinctive way just mentioned. I set out to
determine whether there is any sense in asserting the theory

Callicles on Moral Realism
Kwame F. Bell
Philosophy 101
Dr. Elizabeth Laidlaw
Fall 2012
In Callicles argument on the Superior Individual, Callicles reasoned that in nature as well as humanity the strong dominates the weak. Also known as
Moral Realism, Callicles argument on the Superior Individual is in fact one of interest because it is often deemed true, regardless of the false fallacies
that exist. It is often believed that in nature as well as in humanity, strength and weakness are viable factors in determining levels of success, social
roles and survival etc. Although, both strength and weakness often measure one's ability, in this case it provided a glimpse into the falsehoods in
Callicles claim. Although logical, I will prove that Callicles argument ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On one account, the Regulatory theories, laws of nature are statements of the uniformities or regularities in the world; and on the other account, the
Necessitarian theory, laws of nature are the principles that govern the natural phenomena of the world." This conveyed that by way of the Regulatory
theory we describe what's best for human nature and determine the way of the world, whereas the Necessitarian theory provides us with the ability to
describe the world's obedience to the laws of nature. [Emphasis added] Callicles metaphysical claim on moral realism appeared to fall within the
regulatory theory and the necessitarian theory because it was simply subjective. What's best for one may not be best for another, thereby contradicting
what's best for humanity and nature. Suppose Callicles insisted that humanity has a choice to follow the laws of nature then the premise would be true
because who's to say ones beliefs are superior over another. But Callicles claim fell short and seemed almost judgmental, for Callicles felt that
humanity "ought" to follow the laws of nature. The use of the term "ought" like must and should silenced one's ability to reason, almost shunning
different belief systems. Take nature in its entirety with and without human interaction, there's a unique process for which it flows, which brings me to
my first objection: Humanity is not compelled to follow the laws of nature.
For example in plants we note that they participate in

International Relations By Jack Donnelly: Realism And...
Realism and International Relations, by Jack Donnelly, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2000. 231 pages.
Jack Donelly is Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Graduate School of International Studies at the University of Denver. He is also the author of The
Concept of Human Rights, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice and International Human Rights.
Realism and International Relations by Jack Donnelly provides a critical yet sympathetic survey of political realism in International Theory. Using the
six paradigmatic theories – Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz, the Prisoners' Dilemma, Thucydides, Machiavelli and Hobbes– the book examines
realist accounts of human nature and state motivation, international anarchy, balance of power, international institutions and morality in foreign policy.
The reason for choosing this book is to assess Donnellys' argument that common realist propositions not only fail to stand up to scrutiny but are
rejected by many leading realists as well.
Theoretical Premise
Donnelly defines and summarizes Realism according to six paradigmatic models.(Donnelly, 2000, p. 13) First paradigm begins with Thomas Hobbes
who was an English polymath in the seventeenth–century. Hobbes assumes that people are naturally equal but driven by competition, diffidence, ...
"The expectation is not that a balance, once achieved, will be maintained, but that a balance once disrupted, will be restored in one way or another.
Balances of power recurrently form." (Waltz, 1979, p. 128) Donnelly successfully critices Waltz conclusion by identifying that in a multipolar world, the
existence of at least two potential threats dramatically attenuates the link between external capabilities and threat. Therefore, Waltz balancing concept
is primarily a logic of bipolar orders not of international relations in

Realism In International Relations
Realism is not a new concept. Classical Realism has its roots firmly placed in ancient Greece at the time of Thucydides where in the 'History of the
Poloponneasean War' he wrote "The strong do what they have the power to do, the weak accept what they have to accept" (Thucydides 1972: 402).
Thucydides is thought to explain the role of power within politics at this early stage (Donelly, 2000) through to the time of Machiavelli in the 16th
Century. Stanley Hoffman is quoted as saying that the theory is "...probably the most distinguished school of thought in the history of international
relations" (Hoffman, 1988 p.6). Whilst Realism, as a concept, has helped to define International Relations by fostering the notion that 'power' is the
only political gain to be wanted, Robert Gilpin sees it as a "... philosophical disposition and set of assumptions about the world rather than as in any
strict sense a scientific theory" (Gilpin, 1984 p. 290). Realists are unified in believing that Power and survival is fundamentally the most desired thing
between the universal actors: The States. The theory is built on a basis of pessimism and that that politics is a tussle for both power and survival and
labels politics on an international scale as a series of recurrent conflicts among states with very little prospect for change (Jackson and Sorensen, 2007).
Whilst there are similarities which bind the different veins of realism together, this essay will look at those different veins within the

The Realist Theory Of International Relations
When "Arab spring" started to influence various countries in Middle East and North Africa with domino effect in 2010, Libya was one of these
countries. There were uprisings in the regions because of the bad economic conditions, lack of the democracy, human rights, and people's demand for
democracy of the cruel dictators. The demands or discomforts were same in Libya, but process of the Muammar al–Gaddafi 's regime's end was
different from others as it was intervened by coalition states and NATO. Libya's intervene was carried out by the 1973 numbered resolution of United
Nations Security Council in March, 2011. The reasons of the intervention were expanding democracy in the region, ending Gaddafi's violence through
civilians and changing the regime. However, unlike other interventions in international area, it was quick and sudden. Therefore it was obvious that
other than providing good life conditions to Libyan people, there were also other purposes of the coalition states through Libya's rich resources.
Realism theory
On the realist theory of International Relations, the basic assumption of this theory is that states in their foreign affairs, must pursue power, and ensure
that they act rationally with the most appropriate step that will be taken to perpetuate the life of the state in a hostile and threatening environment. A
key principle of realist theory is that of survival and it could be argued that in the domestic politics governments create and enforce laws to

Mackie On Moral Anti Realism
Kyle Bell PHI3670 December 3, 2014 Essay 3: Mackie on Moral Anti–Realism J.L. Mackie believes that "there are no objective values", meaning that
everything is subjective. He judges that every supposed "fact" is open to being influenced by individuals' feelings, tastes, and opinions derived
from their distinct backgrounds and experiences. To him, there are no true facts but rather all opinions. This means that there is not a truly tangible
answer to what is right and what is wrong. Every answer is situational and based off of individuals' values derived of their predisposed cultural and
generational influence. Mackie goes further to call his idea of the existence of objective values as an "error theory" as a means to exploit the mistake
in most moral thinking. The idea that there is even a such thing as an objective view is an error to him. No moral values are objective, or truly fact, in
all situations at all times in all cultures. On the contrary, moral values are subjective and persuaded by more factors than imaginable. However, many
people claim values to be objective because their subconscious has been influenced by their background; including, but not limited to, their position in
society, their ethnicity, their religion, and many other factors. Mackie argues that these differences are exactly what make everyone's moral values
subjective. Even though Mackie indeed disputes the idea of objectivity, he sees it as something that everyone struggles with and believes that

Writing and Technology: The Effects of Experimental...
I claim my theoretical framework for this study under two broad assumptions. First: Critical realism, and especially its ontology, offers much to the
analysis of education research. Second: Much current education research commits to one of two mistaken ontological positions: the empirical realist
ontology in which positivist analysis lives and breathes (Davidsen, 2005; O'Boyle & McDonough, 2011); and the social constructionist ontology in
which post–modernist or post–structuralist analysis lives and breathes (Arnd–Caddigan & Pozzuto, 2006; Fleetwood, 2005).
Despite the contributions that post–modernism and post–structuralism offer, it seems to me that in the abandonment of positivism, post–modernists and
post–structuralists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast to post–modern approaches, critical realism maintains the assumption that an objective reality exists independent from the individual. I
agree. However, the relationship between reality and our knowledge about it remains asymmetrical. In other words, the fact that concepts necessarily
mediate empirical observations does not mean that they exist solely as products of these concepts. Instead, these observations depend (at least
partially) on the structural properties of the real objects observed (Sayer, 2000, p.41). As a critical realist, I aim to develop causal explanations for
general mechanisms. However, in contrast to positivist approaches, I resist implying causality from their universal co–occurrence.
How Critical Realism Applies to My Study I investigate an exceptionally complicated phenomenon – namely, writing performance. The act of writing
depends both on an infinite cascade of neuro–physiological causes and effects set in motion years before the writer first strikes a key or lifts a pencil
and on the subtle milieu in which the writer finds herself at the moment of

Washington Square By Henry James
Washington Square was published by Henry James in 1880, and was written during the period of realism. Stories produced during this time were
called realist texts, as they attempted to mirror real life. Instead of becoming occupied with fantasy and imagination, they described the ordinary and
every day, where the central plot featured ordinary people going about their ordinary lives. Realist texts also focus heavily on character psychology and
development, where the central figure behaves in a realistic way that is potentially relatable to the reader. Washington Square follows the journey of the
commonplace heroine Catherine Sloper, and emphasizes the changes that occur in her personality throughout the course of the narrative, as she
experiences her first romantic encounter. Catherine begins as a naГЇve innocent in the foreign world of romance, but after her unsuccessful and heart
breaking relationship with Morris Townsend, her personality and attitude is inexplicably altered for good.
At the beginning of the story Catherine is described as being a girl with a "plain, dull, gentle countenance" (34). She is not unpleasant looking, but
the "most that had ever been said for her was that she had a 'nice' face; and though she was an heiress, no one had ever thought of regarding her as a
belle" (34). Her one redeeming quality is that she is an honest girl with strong moral values. She is "excellently, imperturbably good; affectionate,
docile, obedient, and much addicted to

Realismism And Realism
Years before World War One began, Germany was afraid of their neighbors. At the time right before World War One, Russia had a population that
was far beyond any of its neighboring countries. However, Russia had yet to fully industrialize. Through a fear of the rise of Russia, Germany
decided a war was more favorable than peace negotiations and allowing Russia to climb in power. Dale Copeland and other Realism theorist's show that
World War One was caused by Germany (who was fearing a decline), pushed for a preventative war against Russia and tried to make it seem as it was
Russia's fault. Realism is a theory that involves international politics focusing mainly on the role of each nation–state. The theory focuses on the
motivations of each state by their own national interests and usually disguise these interests as moral concerns (in order to get the citizens on board).
There are five major assumptions that go along with Realism. First states are the main actors. In the case of World War One, Germany was focused on
other country's rise due to their material capabilities and geographic positions. Second, is that the international system is anarchic. During World War
One, there was no global government making sure a war did not happen. Every state was negotiating for themselves, and Germany had no desire for
peace. A third assumption of realism is each state is uncertain of another state's intentions. Germany was afraid of what Russia would want once it
became industrialized

Human Nature And The Relationship Between Nation States
To what extent does human nature help us to explain the relationship between nation states?
This essay will discuss different approaches to human nature and the effect it has on the relationship between nation states. It will outline some
contemporary examples of relationship between nation states, including that of Syria and the affected states, as well as general realist theories to
human nature, such as 'The stag hunt'. As well as this, it will look at alternative more liberal approaches to human nature, and some examples of why
human nature can lead those to be cooperative. This will be illustrated using the refugee crisis.
Human nature as defined by the Collins dictionary, is 'the qualities common to humanity'. It shows how humans are predisposed to act. Different
ideologies have opposing views on human nature; the realist approach would view humans in a very pessimistic way, in that they are uncooperative
and choose 'self–interest over moral principle' (Nardin, Mapel, 1993, p62). Essentially realism shows that 'the principle actors in the international arena
are states, which act in their own national interests, and struggle for power' (Stanford, 2010). In regards to the international system and how nation
states collaborate, when there is no authority, and nations do what benefits them the most, international anarchy occurs. This then could lead to
potential conflict as there is no authority. Anarchy, in the international context is defined as "absence of

Knowledge And Shared Knowledge
Knowledge is defined to be facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education. There are two categories that fall under
knowledge; personal knowledge and shared knowledge. Shared knowledge refers to what "we know because." It can also be defined as communicated
and constructed knowledge; within culture, social norms, and semiotics. Personal knowledge refers to "I know because." An expanded definition of
personal knowledge refers to personal experiences, values, and perceptions. Shared knowledge changes and evolves over time because of methods
that are continuously shared. It is assembled by a group of people. Personal knowledge, on the other hand, depends crucially on the experiences of a
particular individual. It is gained ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, and engineer who played a large role in the scientific revolution (1564–1642).
Galileo was often faced with controversial arguments about his findings. Based on the shared knowledge of the Catholic Church, it tried to compress the
personal knowledge of Galileo. This is where the idea of personal and shared knowledge shaping each other comes into perspective, as Galileo was
continuously faced with the knowledge of the Church. Continuously his personal knowledge was rejected, because shared knowledge had such an
influence among the people. His hypothesis frightened both the Protestant leaders and Catholic Church because it went against their teachings and
authority. If people believed that the church could be wrong about this, they would question the church teachings as well. The Church warned Galileo
of his theories, however silently he continued to research. The Church's greatest fear was that Galileo's personal knowledge would ultimately change
the shared knowledge of the Church. In 1632, he published a book which presented both of the ideas of Copernicus and Ptolemy, and it was clear that
Galileo supported the Copernican theory which stated that the Earth moved around the Sun. Galileo was sentenced to court and found guilty. Under
torture, he admitted his findings were false. Only in 1992, the Catholic Church

'Hysteria And Realism In Dickens Simulacra'
Introduction: The term 'realism' has a long history but the formal trend beginning with mid 19th century Anglo– Francophone writers, depicting
contemporary life and society as it was, or is, authors opted for depiction of everyday life and banal activities and experiences, instead of a
romanticized or similarly stylized repetition. But now the Post–realist aesthetics situated within a Baudrillarean realm of 'Simulacra' has come to
dominate much of contemporary fiction. The reality is so much than the real one. The code doesn't present prior social reality. It creates a new social
reality, created or simulated from models or defined by reference to models– generated from ideas. This cybernetic game ultimately results in loss of
reality: the first phase displays basic reality; the second one in excessive... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The characters are having only two or three defining traits and ultimately remain flat characters. Such type of characteristics is shown in Dickens'
cartoonish characters.
(3) Hysteria and Realism:
These novels also share at the level of characterization a kind of cognitive disorder of postmodern experience and social and psychological disorders of
postmodern or post welfare state – capitalism. Hysteria according to Freud is caused by repression of
Dubey 9
desires but Jung explicates it as rooted in dissociation and splitting from reality. The characters of thenovel always try to look into future and for them
present is unbearable; there is no unity of scenes and to characters consciousness they jump in time. Rebecca Schneider in her book, The Explicit Body
in Performance explains the parity between hysteria and reality in feminist perspective giving argument of Г‰lan

The Influence of Realism and Naturalism on 20th Century...
The Influence of Realism and Naturalism on 20th Century American Fiction After World War I, American people and the authors among them were
left disillusioned by the effects that war had on their society. America needed a literature that would explain what had happened and what was
happening to their society. American writers turned to what is now known as modernism. The influence of19th Century realism and naturalism and their
truthful representation of American life and people was evident in post World War Imodernism. This paper will try to prove this by presenting the basic
ideas and of these literary genres, literary examples of each, and then make connections between the two literary movements. Realism Modernism not
only depicted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literary naturalism invited writers to examine human beings objectively, as a "scientist studies nature" ("Am. Lit." Compton's). In portraying ugliness
and cruelty, the authors refrained from preaching about them; rather they left readers to draw their own conclusions about the life they presented.
Generally, these authors took a pessimistic view to portray a life that centered on the negative part of man's existence. When dealing with society
directly, naturalists generally detailed the destruction of people without any sentiment. To do this, they wrote more open about society's problems in a
more open manner usually using nature as a symbol for society. Naturalistic literature, like! realistic, served as a catalyst for change but, in contrast,
was a little more like propaganda. Even though only twenty years may have separated them, the transformation from realism/naturalism to modernism
was a long one in terms of how much society had changed. The aforementioned rapid change in American society and America's relation with the rest
of the world left America in disarray. After the first World War, American society was divided and left without definition. This called for a new age of
literary expression to control and document the "isolationist fears", "corruption", and "disenchantment" (Bradley 1339–1340) caused by the war.
Authors looked to explain their generation and to respond to the

Essay on Anti-Moral Realism
Socrates was put to death for "not worshipping the gods of the state" and "corrupting the young.2" The more powerful people of Athens disagreed
with, and disapproved of Socrates' beliefs and handed him a jug of poison. Plato believed that good/morality starts from the powerful government and
trickles down to the average person. Women's and civilrights were both products of the support of more powerful people of these causes. Each new
Supreme Court reflects the values of the majority of its members, now liberal, now conservative. The "right" view is the view held by those currently
in power1.
The most powerful individuals or groups of individuals determine the rights and truths of a society. This sounds a bit discouraging to the powerless...
Some time ago, I remember there was news of a fifteen–year–old girl gang–raped outside of her homecoming dance. There were some dozen or so
onlookers; some took pictures and not a single soul called the police. What makes right here? How much "might" does it take to make a 9–1–1 call?
If a bully were hurting one of the new children in school and no one is acting to defend the new child, is the bully correct? The bully has might, surely,
but he/she is never right. This theory justifies and feeds bullying. So, if might does not make right, what does?
If some average person wanted to make a good change in the world, how would he/she do it if everyone went by the motto of "might makes right?"
Since, unfortunately, this has become the accepted motto in today's world, the average person would not dare to think to change anything. He or she
just chalks it up to the theory that "might makes right." He/she assumes that they have no influence and thus they conclude that they cannot possibly
change anything. They wave hello to passive citizenship and goodbye to their rights. No one believes in what Gandhi said anymore; dash it, no one
even knows. What a man he was! He said, "Be the change you want to see in the world." The first step is to be the example.
What about the 1942 Japanese–American internment? The only wrong those poor Japanese–Americans have committed is that they made the

Literary Realism In Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five
Literary realism is the literary or artistic portrayal of real life in an accurate manner, without false ideals and avoiding the supernatural,
transcendental, or surreal events. However, concerning the subject of literary realism, Flannery O'Connor has written, "I am interested in making a
good case for distortion because i am coming to believe that it is the only way to make people see". Often in works of literature, distortion of reality
gives the reader a different perspective on their perception of the real world. This can be seen in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five, where the
novel addresses real life concepts and events like war, death, and free–will in ways that do not cover up the reality of the events, but rather puts them in
a new perspective. In a realistic sense, the nature of war is cruel and tragic and full of bloodshed. This is an instance in the novel where realism comes
into play, due to the fact that the narrator of the story has survived bombings and massacres in World War II. He directly addresses his publisher about
war in the following quote, "It is so short and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This distortion of war may have been unintentional, but the more voluntary examples of the distortion of war can be seen in the results of war, and
how people may react to it. Billy Pilgrim, the main protagonist of the story, survived an air raid by falling asleep in an underground meat locker and
was one of the few survivors of the bombings of Dresden, the city that Slaughterhouse Five was located in. "The rest of the guards had, before the raid
began, gone to the comforts of their own homes in Dresden. They were all being killed with their families. So it goes," (Vonnegut, 83). The phrase, "so
it goes" is a neutral statement that Billy Pilgrim uses to himself to cope with the deaths of human beings. Rather than treating death as a sorrowful
event, Billy treats death as just another one of the many points in a person's life, thus distorting how humans normally react to

The Importance Of Ideal Theorist Political Realism
whereas, as those from the non–ideal side will immediately disregard them as being foolish and infeasible. I will operate within Singer's own
presuppositions that poverty is simply bad and that access to basic necessities is an inalienable human right.
In contrast to the normative emphasis of ideal theorist political realism provides a stark contrast. According to realists, ideas about morality or justice
have no place in an international political system that is dominated by the quest for security and order. States must act in their own self–interest to
ensure their own survival in an anarchic world. There is no world government to protect them; they must emphasise power over any ethical
considerations. As such, realists categorically deny many of the arguments put forward by Singer. William Galston provides a sharp criticism on
Singer's point on proximity by stating "if I see two children drowning – my own and someone else's – and I can only save one, does it follow that I
must be indifferent as to which one? Conversely, he correctly identifies that we will always give moral weight to those closest to as us and it is
therefore his conclusions that "it is no accident that we have never seen a society that embraced Singer's principle, and I can say with utter confidence
that we never will." It seems to that any inability to comply with Singer's prescriptions proves that there is fault with the prescription rather than us.
However, I believe that realism has several

Realism In Art And Art In The 19th Century
Realism began in France in the 1840's. It was the first unconventional, anti–institutional art movement. It challenged Neoclassicism and Romanticism
by diverting every ones attention to more social issues which were brought by the disturbed and raging 19th century. In simpler words, Realism was,
opposed to the Romanticism ways of merely representing nature, an approach to art to position oneself in the "real", whether it was scientifically,
morally, constitutionally, or even theoretically. When it comes to theoretical beliefs,Realism incorporated the progressive aims of modernism. This was
done through pursuing new certainties, by reconsidering and capsizing customary systems of philosophies and morals.
The realistic works developed with the introduction of photography. Through it, an invention of representations was created and they looked accurately
factual. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Romantic emotionalism as well as classical naivety was banned entirely. From this era onwards, artists felt the freedom to portray real life situations
without aesthetics. Realism influenced impressionism and many other contemporary art styles as it imitated a liberal modification in the prominence
and purpose of art overall. To this day, the characteristic style still manages to impact visual arts and thus can be viewed as revolutionary. In the words
Stokstad, Realism, "reflected the positivist belief that art should show unvarnished truth, and realists took up subjects that were generally regarded as
not important enough for a serious work of art" . It depicted how the realm esteemed working men only for the labor they achieved, rather than their
social eccentricity. In short, Realism was a trigger to portray the hardships of pastoral

Moral Realism, Moral Relativism, And Moral Skepticism
When people hear the term "ethics," most of their minds turn to dilemmas discussed by figures such as Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, Aristotle, and
other famous philosophers. These men debated what is considered to be morally good and how a person can become ethical. Operating under
normative ethics, these philosophers did not question whether or not ethics even existed, but rather if they exist, what are they? The branch of ethics that
questions the foundation of ethics and morality is metaethics. There are three standpoints when debating metaethics: moral realism, moral relativism,
and moral skepticism. I will be discussing my argument for moral realism and contend that moral relativism and skepticism are inaccurate. I will prove
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, in America, it is not uncommon to see a child spanked for misbehaving or disobeying his or her parent. However, in Sweden, this
action is not only illegal, not also frowned upon. A moral relativist would explain that this is because moral facts can exist and be objective in
America, but can be still objective and independent of Sweden's morals. Lastly, disagreeing with both moral realist and relativists, moral skeptics
believe there are no moral facts; all morals are equivalent to opinions, and they are different for everyone. Moral skepticism says that all morals are
simply rules created to control humans and their behaviors. For example, the moral skeptic would argue that the reason controversy exists over issues
such as abortion is that each person has opinions that are independent of others. Skeptics would also say that there are no right answers to moral
dilemmas, because each person will come to a different conclusion.
The validity of realism in metaethics exists based on the fact that humans have certain physical attributes that occur as a reaction of how we act–we
have physical reactions when something morally wrong occurs. More specifically, the human anatomy responds negatively to unethical activities. For
example, the idea of lying is prima facie ethically wrong according to realism; telling the truth is objectively ethical. This is proven to be true based on
the human body alone; it naturally reacts when we lie by raising our heart

Comparing Brutus And Cassius: Comparing Humans Essay
To compare humans you are simply comparing ideas. Thoughts, experiences and philosophies that all combine together to create individuals. Two
experiences and two people who see the same scenario with different perspectives. Such is the way with Brutus and Cassius. This pair of Roman
senators shows us the difficulty of having a realist and an idealist work together, yet the pair manages to overcome their different views on the world
to work together and assassinate "the foremost man of all this world." Though, the pair of friends and lovers differences does not simply end at
idealism versus realism. The pair seems to be naturally against each other in terms as ideas, it's a wonder that with such different personalities,
oeadership and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This scene happens to show us how idealism and realism can clash as the two have a disagreement over what course of action to take. The argument,
however doesn't take us deeper as Cassius's realistic point of view is overshadowed by his need to have Brutus on the side of the conspirators.
Though, it does show us the beginning of what can possibly be a very slippery slope of future disagreements.
The opinions of our conspirators on the main stage are highly varied as they both have two completely different ways of leading others. Brutus for one
was a strong and honorable man, forcing himself to stand tall and do whatever the noble thing is no matter what the resulting consequence would be. If
it was something that could have been deemed dishonorable then Brutus wouldn't give it a second thought. Honor was Brutus's selection of tactics, no
matter which way the wind would blow. This is shown in the play when Brutus refuses the oath in act two, scene one. His honorable tactics were what
paved his road when he said that they should head to Philippi to meet Octavius and Antony in act four scene three, rather than wait for them to wear
themselves out. This shows his honorable nature by presenting us with the fact that he would rather meet his opponent half way and defeat them on
equal grounds rather than wait for them to approach and to fight with them when they were at a

Moral Realism And Normative Ethics
What "ought" you do? Such a simple question can and most likely would have several answers depending on who you asked. This simple question can
be answered using philosophical ethics but more specifically meta and normative–ethics. Meta–ethics is understanding the nature of our moral thought
and/or language whereas normative–ethics is evaluating the competing theories about what grounds morality. Here we will use the following normative
and meta–ethics to discover how moral realism, moral anti–realism, and cultural relativism can all change what a person or a society believes they
"ought" to do to be morally right. When asking what one ought to do moral realism says that there is only one answer. Moral realism tries to identify ...
This view can be favorable in that it is an "each to their own" view and it can be seen in different societies such as having a society where women
showing skin is offensive in one society but does not matter in another. Both of these meta–ethical views have positives and negatives but between the
two I feel that anti–realism could be more accurate. In today's society, just about everything falls into the hands of what that individual believes
meaning there will always be a battle or argument on whatever topic is being discussed. Abortion, for example, has been a hot topic in the united
states for years because different people all have different views on the topic and whether it is right or wrong. Personally, it is difficult to grasp the
idea that a higher power could be what determines what a person ought or ought not to do especially since there is no proof of this power. Where both
moral realists and moral anti–realists belong to meta–ethics, cultural relativism belongs to normative ethics. According to cultural relativism moral
facts are not universal; they are essentially indexed to a culture at a time and each can be determined by the time, place, and circumstance of that
culture. In other words, what can be considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another society, and, since there are no universal
standards of morality, no one can judge or punish another society's customs. As for the time and circumstance, we can

The Contradiction Between Neorealism And Realism

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