9 Were the groups in this study independent or dependent? Provide a rationale for your answer. t 3.15 describes the difference between women and men for what variable in this study? Is this value significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. Is t 1.99 significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. Discuss the meaning of this result in this study. Examine the t ratios in Table VI. Which t ratio indicates the largest difference between the males and females post MI in this study? Is this t ratio significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. Consider t 2.50 and t 2.54. Which t ratio has the smaller p value? Provide a rationale for your answer. What does this result mean? What is a Type I error? Is there a risk of a Type I error in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Should a Bonferroni procedure be conducted in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. If researchers conducted 9 t-tests on their study data. What alpha level should be used to determine significant differences between the two groups in the study? Provide your calculations. The authors reported multiple df values in Table VI. Why were different df values reported for this study? What does the t value for the Physical Component Score tell you about men and women post MI? If this result was consistent with previous research, how might you use this knowledge in your practice? EXERCISE 29 Questions to be Graded 1. Were the groups in this study independent or dependent? Provide a rationale for your answer. Two-factor analysis of variance was used with marital status that lived alone or with a partner and gender as independent variables as the data was collected independently and it did not affect each other in any sense. 2. t = −3.15 describes the difference between women and men for what variable in this study? Is this value significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. Mental health variability is described by this variable. Significant number is 0.02 which is lesser than alpha number selected for this 0.05 3. Is t = −1.99 significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. Discuss the meaning of this result in this study. Value -1.99 is significant as it falls in the 1 tail percentage of 0.025. This is due to reason that alpha level is 0.05 and df level is 169. This value become more and more significant as the number gets smaller and smaller from 0.05. In this case -3.15 are also significant. The result is saying that the Health Functioning variable being measured is a significant cause for the differences between men and women in conducting comparative analysis for perceived coping, social support, and quality of life. 4. Examine the t ratios in Table VI. Which t ratio indicates the largest difference between the males and females post MI in this study? Is this t ratio significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. Mental Health, which was -3.15 had the largest difference between the males and females post MI in the study. The t ratio is signifi.

1. 9
Were the groups in this study independent or dependent?
Provide a rationale for your answer.
t 3.15 describes the difference between women and men for
what variable in this study? Is this value significant? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
Is t 1.99 significant? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Discuss the meaning of this result in this study.
Examine the t ratios in Table VI. Which t ratio indicates the
largest difference between the males and females post MI in this
study? Is this t ratio significant? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
Consider t 2.50 and t 2.54. Which t ratio has the smaller p
value? Provide a rationale for your answer. What does this
result mean?
What is a Type I error? Is there a risk of a Type I error in this
study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Should a Bonferroni procedure be conducted in this study?
Provide a rationale for your answer.
If researchers conducted 9 t-tests on their study data. What
alpha level should be used to determine significant differences
between the two groups in the study? Provide your calculations.
The authors reported multiple df values in Table VI. Why were
different df values reported for this study?
What does the t value for the Physical Component Score tell
you about men and women post MI? If this result was consistent
with previous research, how might you use this knowledge in
your practice?
EXERCISE 29 Questions to be Graded
1. Were the groups in this study independent or dependent?
Provide a rationale for your answer. Two-factor analysis of
variance was used with marital status that lived alone or with a
partner and gender as independent variables as the data was
collected independently and it did not affect each other in any

2. sense.
2. t = −3.15 describes the difference between women and men
for what variable in this study? Is this value significant?
Provide a rationale for your answer. Mental health variability is
described by this variable. Significant number is 0.02 which is
lesser than alpha number selected for this 0.05
3. Is t = −1.99 significant? Provide a rationale for your
answer. Discuss the meaning of this result in this study. Value -
1.99 is significant as it falls in the 1 tail percentage of 0.025.
This is due to reason that alpha level is 0.05 and df level is 169.
This value become more and more significant as the number
gets smaller and smaller from 0.05. In this case -3.15 are also
significant. The result is saying that the Health Functioning
variable being measured is a significant cause for the
differences between men and women in conducting comparative
analysis for perceived coping, social support, and quality of
life.
4. Examine the t ratios in Table VI. Which t ratio indicates
the largest difference between the males and females post MI in
this study? Is this t ratio significant? Provide a rationale for
your answer. Mental Health, which was -3.15 had the largest
difference between the males and females post MI in the study.
The t ratio is significant because the they show the difference
between both males and females and the alpha value was set at
0.05 for this study
5. Consider t = −2.50 and t = −2.54. Which t ratio has the
smaller p value? Provide a rationale for your answer. What does
this result mean? By looking at the data t-ratio = -2.54 has
smaller p value than -2.50. This show for the better health
future of men and women post MI physical component and role
are highly interconnected and statistically significant. Further
understanding will come from reading the research study in
more depth
6. What is a Type I error? Is there a risk of a Type I error in
this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
7. Should a Bonferroni procedure be conducted in this study?

3. Provide a rationale for your answer.
8. If researchers conducted 9 t-tests on their study data. What
alpha level should be used to determine significant differences
between the two groups in the study? Provide your calculations.
9. The authors reported multiple df values in Table VI. Why
were different df values reported for this study?
10. What does the t value for the Physical Component Score
tell you about men and women post MI? If this result was
consistent with previous research, how might you use this
knowledge in your practice?
1
ENG125

4. 1
The prompt for selection for the review is the man of the crowd
by John Alan Poe and the question for the exploration of the
prompt is the one seeking to explore the role of setting in
depicting the experiences of the character in the story. By
selecting a factious character in a city characterized by pursuits
of different sorts, the author of the composition uses the man as
the conveyor of the reality in an urban setting. He deploys
literary elements in facilitating the accomplishments of his
objectives of creating a connection between the experiences of
the characters and the expectation of the readers about
confronting life in urban centers.
2
The interesting thing about the prompt is that tit facilitates
exploration of the utilization of various literary techniques in
the accomplishments of the objective of the reader of sharing
personal experiences with audiences. Poe exploits the first
person narration in posing as the man of the crowd only to seek
a connection with the audience as a way of fulfilling his
curiosity. His writing serves as a means of exploiting the
imagination of the audiences. The selection of the setting is
reflective of the life of the person but the manner in which he
narrates the story makes the process inquisitive. He intends to
share the tribulation of the man and encourage audiences to
sympathize hence the choice of a setting that best befits the
character of the man. Another interesting thing about the
prompt is that it brings out the laments that make the character
a protagonist in the play. Its selection also augments city
experiences, which features as the theme of the play.
3
The text for selection is the man of the crowd by John Alan Poe.

5. It selection emanates from the fact that the mode of its
composition facilitates exploration of the role of literary
elements in giving plays meaning. For that reason, the selection
can help present a case highlighting factors that make one a
protagonist in a given scenario. The text serves as the guider to
the utilization of stylistic devices in the accomplishment of the
objective of the writer. For example, in the choice of a setting
in urban areas, the readers can anticipate the challenges
confronted by the man described in the text and such creates the
opportunity for the writer to connect quickly with his audiences.
Another confounding thing about the text that the paper will
explore is the role of setting in giving text meaning as the case
of the urban setting in the works of Poe man of the crowd.
4
The working thesis for the research entails the exploration of
the role of linguistic devices in facilitating the accomplishments
of the objective of the writer in penning a piece. As highlighted
in the prompt, the study explores the role of setting as a
stylistic tool for bringing out the experiences of the charter in
the story.
5
The ideas for exploration in affirming the significance of the
selection of the stylistic devices is the cultural implication of
the action of the character and the synchronization of his
attributes with the role assigned by the author. The study also
intends to explore the significance of the choice of the setting
on the attributes of the characters and the outcome of the
utilization of the approach in the text. The third issue for the
exploration in the prompt is evaluating the role of the cultural
perception of the author in influencing the outcome of the
presentation of the text.
6
The question for consideration in the composition of the text
revolves around the role of setting in facilitating the
accomplishment of the objective of the author in penning the
story one can question the likely outcome in the narration had

6. the composer opted to include the character in a rural setting.
The second issues for consideration are the significance of
culture in shaping the attitude of the people in the story. As a
reader, one might seek to explore whether the methodology
deployed by the writer of a text in communicating messages
augurs with the perception of the readers. Another concern in
the project is to ensure that the stylistic devices utilized to
create a lasting impression as intended.
List of Writing Prompts
For students:
There are three prompts below each with four texts. For your
literary analysis essay, choose
ONE prompt and text pairing that interests you. Then, take a
look at the guiding questions for
the text you choose. You don’t necessarily need to answer all
of these questions in your paper.
The questions are there to help get you thinking in a direction
that will be more likely to lead
you to a successful literary analysis.
PROMPT 1.
Write an analysis of a key character in a literary work. Focus on
two or three key actions of that
character. Discuss the character’s motivations and decisions in
terms you can support with clear
evidence from a critical reading of the text. Consider whether

7. this character’s actions fit
together or contradict each other. You may also want to
consider whether or not any other
characters in the story are aware of this conflict, and if so, how
they influence the character you
are writing about.
Literary Works (choose one):
“Interpreter of Maladies” (Jhumpa Lahiri, 1999)
Guiding Questions:
1. How does a new outsider community member like Mrs. Das
influence Mr. Kapasi, who
seems to have become bored with his life and his role in the
community?
2. How does Mr. Kapasi’s desire for Mrs. Das make him unable
to understand Mrs. Das’
desires, leading to his failure to fulfill his role as the Interpreter
of Maladies?
3. How do the Das family’s actions surrounding their children
show that their desires or
interests do not accord with their obligations?
“What You Pawn, I Will Redeem” (Sherman Alexie, 2003)
Guiding Questions:
1. How does the grandmother’s property at the pawn shop help
to define the narrator’s
desires and feeling of obligation to recover it? Why is it so
important?
2. How does the character accomplish his objective, and how is

8. this surprising considering
all of the unfortunate events and bad decisions he makes along
the way?
3. How do the other characters--the Aleuts, the pawn shop
owner, the waitress, the police
officer, the other Indians at the bar--each play an important role
in showing how the
http://central-lausd-
ca.schoolloop.com/file/1251955222331/1251955217263/227976
7265736662414.pdf
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/04/21/what-you-
pawn-i-will-redeem
narrator is committed to an important mission he is worthy of
completing?
“We Came All the Way from Cuba so You Could Dress Like
This?” (Achy Obejas, 1994)
Guiding questions:
1. To what conflicts does the title allude (social? Political?
Cultural? others?)?
2. The first-person narrator switches tenses (from present to
future). How does this create
tension in the story?
3. How is the narrator’s internal conflict (“man v. self”) merely
an internalization of
political, familial, and social conflict?

9. “The Things They Carried” (Tim O’Brien, 1990) - 5.4 in
Journey into Literature
Guiding Questions:
1. The second paragraph of the story begins, “The things they
carried were largely
determined by necessity” (O’Brien, 1990). Were the soldiers
truly able to carry
everything they needed? What needs were left unfulfilled by
these items, and what in
the story suggests this?
2. The narrator also lists specific items that each man carried.
How do these items
symbolize the emotions that they carried with them, and how
does this understanding
enrich our understanding of the characters?
3. Often a comparative analysis can help us to notice elements
of a story that we might not
otherwise notice. Choose two or three characters and compare
the things they carried.
How does this comparison help qualities of each come to the
surface?
PROMPT 2.
In some stories, characters come into conflict with the culture in
which they live. Often, a
character feels alienated in his/her community or society due to
race, gender, class or ethnic
background. The texts below all contain a character who is
‘outcast’ or otherwise disconnected
from society in some way, reflecting important ideas about both

10. the character and the
surrounding society’s assumptions, morality, and values.
Choose a text and consider the
questions below as you critically read the text. Then, craft a
working thesis that suggests how
this alienation is expressed in the text and why it is significant.
Literary Works (choose one):
“What You Pawn, I Will Redeem” (Sherman Alexie, 2003)
Guiding Questions:
1. What beliefs and values from Native American culture does
the narrator consider
important, based on ideas and actions in the story?
2. What kinds of experience and values do characters share
across cultural differences like
Native Americans and whites, or even between different native
groups in the story?
https://latinosexualitygender.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/obeja
s-we-came-all-the-way-from-cuba.pdf
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/04/21/what-you-
pawn-i-will-redeem
3. How do the bisexual character, the narrator, and the homeless
characters in the story all
demonstrate and resolve different “outsider” identities?
“A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” (Gabriel García
Marquez, 1955)

11. Guiding Questions:
1. How is the supernatural made familiar and the familiar
defamiliarized in the story? Is
the angel made more human? Are humans made supernatural or
less humane?
2. How is the tension between supernatural and human resolved
(or not) in the story?
3. What doe the community’s treatment of this ‘outsider’ reveal
about its culture, values,
and beliefs?
“A Hunger Artist” (Franz Kafka, 1924) – 7.5 in Journey into
Literature
Guiding Questions:
1. What is the “hunger artist’s” art, and how does it challenge
the understanding of the
men who look after the artist as well as the audience that
ignores him?
2. Why does the artist have to explain so much about his “art”
throughout the story-- is he
explaining it for others to understand or as part of his own self-
definition?
3. How does the young panther capture the audience’s attention
so easily yet they ignore
the artist-- what does this say about “appreciating” what others
value?
“Everyday Use” (Alice Walker, 1973)
Guiding Questions:

12. 1. How do we know that the protagonist is impoverished? Is she
content with her class?
Why or why not?
2. How do we know that she is African-American? How does
her alienation due to her race
also connect with her education?
3. The protagonist’s daughter, Dee, who has embraced her
African roots, accuses her
mother of not understanding her heritage. Why? What is the
situational irony at the
end of the story?
PROMPT 3.
Consider the role of setting, or context, in one of the works. For
example, a story that takes
place in a wild and natural setting might include characters
struggling against nature to survive.
A story set in a city might include themes of alienation and
anonymity because of the
impersonal crowds and busy city life. Cultural contexts can
combine with both urban and rural
elements to produce further meaning, as well. Consider the
following questions as you
critically read one of the texts below: Does the protagonist
conflict with the setting or have
particular interactions with it? Does the protagonist’s
relationship with the setting connect with
his/her development as a character? Does the setting reveal
other themes and conflicts?
Literary Works (choose one from any of the lists below):

13. “The Man of the Crowd” (Edgar Allan Poe, 1845)
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WD0f_YhxqZO8avsfAmP
tA2ngivbyqwJxY17XdBk2iyY/mobilebasic?pli=1
https://www.deanza.edu/faculty/leonardamy/Everyday%20Use.p
df
http://poestories.com/read/manofthecrowd
Guiding Questions:
1. How does the city setting--busy streets, buildings with
specific purposes, dark
backstreets-- produce a disorienting and confining experience
for people in the story?
2. How do all of the different occupations and “types” of
workers in the city combine to
communicate that no one is an individual person and no one
really knows each other?
3. What sorts of problems do the narrator and some of the other
characters have as a
result of this alienating city life? (Think of the narrator’s
obsession with the man.)
“The Things They Carried” (O’Brien, 1990) - 5.4 in Journey
into Literature
Guiding Questions:
1. How does the story communicate the uncertain and
frightening setting these soldier-
characters experience? (Consider repeated phrases or other

14. devices.)
2. What sorts of emotions, such as stress or fear, does the
Vietnam context cause the
characters to experience? Give specific examples from the
story, and consider how
these emotions might be “told” to us in multiple ways.
3. How do the soldiers in the story cope with their
setting/context, whether through
imagined escapes or other means, and are they successful?
“A Worn Path” (Eudora Welty, 1941) – 5.3 in Journey into
Literature
Guiding Questions:
1. Clugston suggests that “[t]he setting in this story is in a
particular season -- the
Christmas season.” Why is this significant considering the plot?
2. Clugston (2011) further writes: “The physical setting changes
during Phoenix Jackson's
journey. How does each environment she encounters reflect her
character?”
3. Phoenix Jackson encounters many obstacles on her journey.
To what non-physical
challenges do they allude?
“Sonny’s Blues” (James Baldwin, 1957)
Guiding Questions:
1. How do the characters’ interactions with the multi-faceted

15. “local color” and
communities of Harlem articulate the differences between those
characters?
2. What does the story suggest about a neighborhood’s cultural
identity and the diverse
life experiences possible, even when people seem to come from
the same place?
3. What aspects of the setting (the neighborhood, the school,
etc.) could be characterized
as liberating or oppressive, and how is this reflected in the
characters?
http://swcta.net/moore/files/2012/02/sonnysblues.pdf
Primary and Secondary Sources
Primary Source
The term primary source refers to
• Original documents: Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters,
interviews, news film
footage, autobiographies, official records, etc.
• Creative works: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art, etc.
The primary source is the story, poems, or play you choose to

16. write about. Please see the List of
Literary Works to choose a primary source. The source must
come from this list.
Secondary Source
Secondary sources are publications like textbooks, magazine
articles, histories, criticisms,
commentaries, encyclopedias, etc. An appropriate secondary
source to use for your literary
analysis is a journal article that interprets and offers analysis of
a literary work.
The two sources you locate must be academic sources and come
from peer-reviewed journals or
other scholarly publications. For information on finding sources
within the Ashford Library,
please view the ENG125 - Literature Research tutorial.
ENG125: Introduction to Literature
Sample Annotated Bibliography

17. The Annotated Bibliography includes a citation of the source in
APA format. It also includes a brief summary of
the source. See the example below of the primary source:
Kafka, F. (1990). The metamorphosis. New York, NY: Scribner
Paperback Fiction.
The Metamorphosis begins when Gregor Samsa wakes up and
discovers he has been transformed into a large
insect. The story tells how he and his family deal with his
transformation, which a focus on the dehumanization
that Gregor faces in his job and his family role. Gregor attempts
to communicate, but cannot and, isolated and
misunderstood, he slowly deteriorates. Kafka uses Gregor’s
transformation into an insect as a metaphor for how
modern life squashes our ability to interrelate with others and
create meaning in our lives.
In your Annotated Bibliography you will find two sources that
will help you explore and discuss your primary
text.
Ryan, S. (2007). Franz Kafka’s Die Verwandlung:
Transformation, metaphor, and the
perils of assimilation. Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies,

18. 43(1), 1-18.
This source by Simon Ryan explores how Kafka’s Jewishness
created anxiety about his body, particularly since
anti-semitism pervaded his Czech culture. The stereotypes of
Jewishness did not allow Jewish people to easily
assimilate into the dominant culture, though many Jews
attempted to do so. Gregor Samsa’s transformation into
an insect is a metaphor of the power and pervasiveness of anti-
semitism and the inability of a Jewish man to fully
assimilate. The insect body symbolizes how Jewish people were
viewed and Gregor’s quiet extinction
foreshadows the Holocaust. This source helps to define how
body image, coupled with Jewishness, can alienate a
person from the culture around him.
ENG125: Introduction to Literature
Sokel, W. H. (1983). From Marx to myth: The structure and
function of self-alienation in
Kafka’s Metamorphosis. Literary Review, 26(4), 485-496.
Walter Sokel discusses the concept of self-alienation and how
Kafka’s story represents it in a literal way. Using a

19. Marxist analysis, Sokel shows how labor, as it is defined in the
story, is structured within a capitalist system
where the worker -- Gregor -- is alienated from the product of
his labor. Therefore, his work has no meaning to
him. However, describing this as a “mythical setting,” Sokel
shows how Gregor assumes guilt for his inability to
provide labor and, as a result, dies without ever recovering his
humanity. This source will help define why Gregor
turned into an insect and how the economic system alienated
him from himself and his family.