it's useful of research methodology subject to known about hypothesis and testing it.

1. P. MERCY RANI
M.Phil
Dept.of.education
Periyar university
Salem-11

2. Hypothesis is made up two words
’hypo’
‘Thesis’
Hypothesis is a powerful tool in research process
to achieve dependable knowledge.
Quite often a research hypothesis is a predictive
statement , capable of being tested by scientific
methods, that relates an independent variable to
some dependent variable.
HYPOTHESIS

3. A hypothesis
“ is a proposition which can be put to
the test to determine it's validity ”
What is a
HYPOTHESIS

4. A hypothesis
“ It may prove to be correct or
incorrect ”
Nature of a
HYPOTHESIS

5. DEFINITIONS
 “A hypothesis is an attempt and
explanation: a provisional supposition
made in order to explain scientifically
some facts (or) phenomena” -cottey
 Hypothesis as a testable statement of a
potential relationship between two (or)
more variables that is advanced as
potential solution to the problem
-MC Guigan(1990)

6.  A hypothesis directs our research for the order
-cohen and nagel
 Hypothesis as a conjectural statement of the
relation between two (or) more variables.
hypothesis are always is declarative sentence
form and they relate, either generally (or)
specially, variable to variables.
-kerlinger(1973)

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis should be clear and precise.
Hypothesis should be capable of being tested.
Hypothesis should be state relationship
between variables, if it happens to be a
relational hypothesis.
Hypothesis should be limited in scope and
must be specific.
Hypothesis must explain the facts that gave
rise to the need for explanation.

8. FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
CULTURE
Scientific theory
Personal
experiences
Analogies
Previous/back ground knowledge
Intellectual
capacity

9. Culture:
In actual practice culture heritage is a
great sources of ideas, theories, tentative
assumption and provisional propositions. It is
not doubt that culture has direct impact in
formulating hypothesis. Which the researcher
can not omit the sight of culture.

10. Scientific theory:
There are various scientific law or
theories which are responsible in formulating
hypothesis. The researcher has to consult with
the principles, laws, theories and discoveries
of science before formulating and hypothesis
of the problem.

11. Personal experiences:
researcher’s experiences
are very much essential and useful in
formulating hypothesis. formulation good
hypothesis depends on investigator’s
experiences. These experiences are
directly changed research hypothesis.

12. Analogies:
It is the process of framing hypothesis
from the likenesses and similarities. It is
assumed that existence of similarities
between two situations is much accidental
but that is the result of the operation of some
law common to the two situations.

13. Previous/back ground knowledge:
new knowledge, new
discoveries, new inventions depends on
previous knowledge, back ground
knowledge, however is essential to
formulate the hypothesis. It adds
something in existing knowledge which
helps the investigator to formulate
hypothesis easily.

14. Intellectual capacity:
creative imagination will be
produced by intellectual capacity of a
researcher. Consistent effort, patience,
habit, attitude intellectual capacity of a
researcher.

16. FORMULATING A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Inductive hypothesis- a generalization
based on observation.
Deductive hypothesis- derived from theory

17. Directional Vs Nondirectional hypothesis:
Directional hypothesis: specifies the
expected direction of the relationship
between the independent and dependent
variables
Nondirectional hypothesis: indicates the
existence of a relationship between the
variables but does not specify the
anticipated direction of the relationship

18. Statistical versus Research hypothesis
Statistical hypothesis
(null hypotheses): states that there is no
relationship between independent and
dependent variables
Research hypothesis
(scientific hypotheses): a statement of
expected relationship between the variables.
It can be directional or nondirectional

20. A hypothesis
is not held to be true until proven
Testing a
HYPOTHESIS

21. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Hypothesis testing with an
assumption called a hypothesis that
we make about a population
parameter.
Null hypothesis.
Alternative hypothesis.

23. NULL HYPOTHESIS(HO)
 In its simplest from the hypothesis asserts
that there is no real difference in the sample
and the population in the particular matter
under consideration (hence the word “null”
which means invalid, void (or) amounting to
nothing) and that the difference found is
accidental and unimportant arising out of
fluctuations of sampling.

24. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS(HA)
ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
TO BE READ AS FOLLOWS
Ha:H0 The alternative hypothesis is
that the population mean is
not equal to 100.
(i.e) it may be more (or) less
than 100.
Ha:H0 The alternative hypothesis is
that the population mean is
greater than 100.
Ha:H0 The alternative hypothesis is
that the population mean is
less than 100.

25. State H0 as well as
Ha
Specify the level of
significance (or) the 
value
Decide the correct
sampling distribution
Sample a random samples
and workout an
appropriate value from
sample data

26. Calculate the probability that
sample result would diverge as
widely as it has from
expectations if H were true
Is the probability equal to
(or) smaller than value in
case of one-tailed test and
in case of two-tailed test
Reject H0 Accept H0

28. Accept H0 Reject Ha
H0 Correct
decision
Type I error
( error)
Ha Type II error
( error)
Correct
decision

29. Analysis
of validity
Design
&
procedu
re
instrument
s
sample