The document summarizes research on simulating the ballistic performance of armour grade heat treated steel using explicit dynamics simulation. It validates the simulation approach by comparing results for depth of penetration to experimental data. It then uses the simulation to analyze the ballistic performance of steel targets of varying thicknesses tempered at 650°C and 200°C against a 7.62mm projectile. The simulation results match well with experimental findings and show the thickness at which the projectile will penetrate or deform on impact for each material condition.

1. BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE OF ARMOUR
GRADE HEAT TREATED STEEL USING EXPLICIT
DYNAMICS
by
P. Rangacharyulu
14331D1509
Under the guidance of
Dr.I.Sudhakar
Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering
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2. Contents
• Introduction
• Problem statement
• Methodology
• Results & Discussion
• Conclusion
• Scope for future work
• References
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3. Introduction
Fortification structures for protection and projectile [7]
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4. 1. Jena PK, Mishra B, Ramesh Babu M, Babu A, Singh AK, Sivakumar K, “Effect
of heat treatment on mechanical and ballistic properties of a high strength
armour steel” ballistic performance (2010;37:242-9) ,Int J Impact Eng .
2. Dikshit SN, Kutumbarao VV, Sundararajan G. “The influence of plate
hardness on the ballistic penetration of thick steel plates” Ballistic
performance (1995; 16(2): 293–320), Int J Impact Eng.
3. Jena PK, Sivakumar K, Bhat TB “Effect of heat treatment on mechanical and
ballistic properties of ultra high strength DMR-700 steel ” Ballistic
performance (2007; 19(1–4):339–46), Met Mater Process
4. Jena PK, Ramanjeneyulu K, Sivakumar K, Bhat TB. “Ballistic studies on
layered Structures”. Ballistic performance (2009; 30(6):1922–31.), Material
&Design.
Major References
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5. 5 I. Sudhakar ,V. Madhu , G. Madhusudhan Reddy , K.Srinivasa Rao .
“Enhancement of wear and ballistic resistance of armour grade AA7075
aluminium alloy using friction stir processing” Ballistic performance(11 (2015)
10-17), Defence Technology.
6 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE On “Innovative Trends in Mechanical, Material,
Manufacturing, Automobile and Aeronautical Engineering ”(ITMAAE2015)
Organized by Department of Mechanical Engineering Bapatla Engineering
College &“KrishiSanskriti”, New Delhi On 1st and 2nd April, 2015Conference
Venue :Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla, Guntur(Dt.), Andhra Pradesh,
India
7 Pradipta Kumar Jena , Bidyapati Mishra, K. Siva Kumar, T. Balakrishna Bhat,” An
experimental study on the ballistic impact behaviour of some metallic armour
materials against 7.62 mm deformable projectile”, ballistic
performance(2010), material and design
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Continue…,

6. Schematic Diagram Of Experimental Setup
for accessing ballistic performance
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7.  To access the ballistic performance without
executing real time test on targets / armour plates
using sophisticated facility of experimental set up .
 Thus the present investigation aims at developing
suitable simulation for accessing the ballistic
performance and comparing experimental findings
with simulated results.
Problem Statement
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8. Methodology
1. Validation of simulation approach for accessing ballistic performance.
» Developing 3D model using software tool CATIA
» Importing the model in ANSYS EXPLICT DYNAMICS
» Assigning the material properties and meshing the
model.
» Applying the boundary conditions to the model
» Obtaining deformation results .
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9. Continue..,
2. Similar approach has been carried for the targets under
different conditions for intended research work as
mentioned below .
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Tempered at 650 0C
Thickness (mm)
12 10 9
Tempered at 200 0C
Thickness (mm)
8 7 6 5

10. • Aluminium AA7075 alloy [6,8].
• Steel undergoing Q&T for 650 0C and 200 0C.
• Chemical composition of steel.
Material Type Used
Armour grade steel 0.3-0.35% C, 0.2-0.3%Si,0.5-0.7%Mn , 1.4-1.7% Cr ,
1.5-2.0% Ni ,0.3-0.5%Mo,0.1-0.2% V, 0.02% Al balance Fe
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Composition of armour grade steel[3]

11. Validation Of Simulation Approach
7.62MM DIA BULLET
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12. Properties of Projectile & Target
Mass of the Bullet (m) 0.0506 Kg
Velocity of the Bullet (V) 830m/s
Density 11.34g/cc
Poisson’s ratio 0.43
Elastic modulus (E) 16GPa
Shear Modulus 8.6GPa
Target material AA7075
The projectile length of 98 mm was designed under CATIA software [6].
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13. Boundary Conditions
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14. DEFORMATION OF VALIDATION
MODEL
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15. Software Validation Results
S.no Description DOP(in paper) DOP(obtained)
01 Base metal 32mm 33mm
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The above obtained result of depth of penetration (DOP) is validated with
experimental [6] which shown.

16. Present Study On Composite Projectile
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17. Projectile
The design of bullet was carried out in CATIA with length of 26.53mm of dia 7.62mm[3]
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18. Properties Of Projectile
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Lead projectile[3]
Mass of the Bullet (m) 6.05 g
Velocity of the Bullet
(V)
830m/s
Density 10600 kg/m3
Poisson’s ratio 0.42
Elastic modulus (E) 1GPa
Brass projectile[3]
Mass of the Bullet with
jacket (m)
9.06 g
Velocity of the Bullet
(V)
830m/s
Density 8520 kg/m3
Poisson’s ratio 0.31
Elastic modulus (E) 115GPa

19. Target
• The 3D model target is designed under the software CATIA .
• The targets are designed under the thickness are as follows according the
tempered steel properties.
1.Design thickness for 650 0C [5] 2. Design thickness for 200 0C [5]
Target Thickness(mm)
01 12
02 10
03 9
Target Thickness(mm)
04 8
05 7
06 6
07 5
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20. Basic Target Model(12mm)
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21. Properties of 650 0C Tempered Steel
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650 0C Tempered Steel[5]
Young modulus 120 Gpa
Poisson ratio 0.27
Density 7500 kg/m3
Bulk modulus 86.9 Gpa
Shear modulus 47.2 Gpa

22. Model Design
Design of target at 12mm thickness
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23. Meshing
Meshing of the target with projectile
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24. Boundary Conditions
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25. Deformation & Directional
Deformation
Bullet stopped and bulged at 12mm thickness plate
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26. Model Design
Design of target at 10mm thickness
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27. Meshing
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28. Boundary Conditions
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29. Deformation & Directional
Deformation
Bullet stopped but high bulge at 10 mm thickness plate
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30. Model Design
Design of target at 9mm thickness
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31. Meshing
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32. Boundary Conditions
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33. Deformation & Directional
Deformation
Bullet get through at 9mm thickness plate
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34. Properties of 200 0C Tempered Steel
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200 0C Tempered Steel[5]
Young modulus 189 Gpa
Poisson ratio 0.25
Density 7500 kg/m3
Bulk modulus 126 Gpa
Shear modulus 75.60 Gpa

35. Model Design
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36. Meshing
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37. Boundary Conditions
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38. Deformation & Directional
Deformation
Bullet get bulged at 8mm thickness plate
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39. Model Design
Design of target at 7mm thickness
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40. Meshing
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41. Boundary Conditions
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42. Deformation & Directional
Deformation
Bullet get smooth bulged at 7mm thickness plate
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43. Model Design
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Design of target at 6mm thickness

44. Meshing
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45. Boundary Conditions
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46. Deformation & Directional
Deformation
Bullet get large bulged at 6mm thickness plate
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47. Model Design
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Design of target at 5mm thickness

48. Meshing
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49. Boundary Conditions
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50. Deformation & Directional
Deformation
Bullet get through at 5mm thickness plate
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51. Results
&
Discussion
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52. Results of 650 0C Tempered Steel
Targets
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Bullet stopped and bulged
at 12mm thickness plate
Bullet stopped but high bulge
at 10 mm thickness plate
Bullet get through at
9mm thickness plate

53. Results of 2000C Tempered Steel
Targets
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Bullet get through at 5mm thickness plate
Bullet get large bulged
at 6mm thickness plate
Bullet get bulged at 7mm
thickness plate
Bullet get bulged at 8mm
thickness plate

54. Simulation Results
Target
Condition
of target Thickness(mm) Inference
01 Steel
Tempered
at 6500C
12 Stopped but bulged
02 10 Stopped but get large bulge
03 9 Hole
04 Steel
tempered
at
2000C
8 Stopped
05 7 Stopped but bulge
06 6 Stopped big bulged completely
07 5 Hole
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Velocity of the projectile= 830m/sec

55. Experimental Result[5]
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56. Validation with Experimental
Target
Condition
of target Thickness(
mm)
Simulation status Experimental
obtained
01 Steel
Tempered
at 6500C
12 Stopped but bulged Stopped but bulged
02 10 Stopped but get
large bulge
Stopped but get large
bulge
03 9 Hole Hole
04 Steel
tempered
at
2000C
8 Stopped but small
bulge
Stopped
05 7 Stopped but bulge Stopped but bulge
06 6 Stopped big bulged
completely
Stopped big bulged
completely
07 5 Hole Hole
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57. CONCLUSION
1. Software validation has been successfully done for earlier investigation.
2. Armour grade steel under different tempered conditions 6500C and
2000C are further being analyzed using same methodology and compared
with experimental findings. It has been observed that target plates
exhibit similar kind of ballistic performance.
3. Thus the developed simulated model can be recommended to access the
ballistic performance of targets .
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58. Scope of further work
• The scope deals with the enhancement of the results as follows:
1. Ballistic limit of any material can be investigated.
2. The investigated can be extended for the advanced armour graded
welded joints.
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59. REFERENCES
1. Dikshit SN, Kutumbarao VV, Sundararajan G. “The influence of plate hardness on
the ballistic penetration of thick steel plates” Ballistic performance (1995; 16(2):
293–320), Int J Impact Eng.
2. Jena PK, Sivakumar K, Bhat TB “Effect of heat treatment on mechanical and
ballistic properties of ultra high strength DMR-700 steel ” Ballistic performance
(2007; 19(1–4):339–46), Met Mater Process.
3. Jena PK, Ramanjeneyulu K, Sivakumar K, Bhat TB. “Ballistic studies on layered
Structures”. Ballistic performance (2009; 30(6):1922–31.), Mater Des.
4. Jena PK, Mishra B, Ramesh Babu M, Babu A, Singh AK, Sivakumar K, “Effect of heat
treatment on mechanical and ballistic properties of a high strength armour steel”
ballistic performance (2010;37:242-9) ,Int J Impact Eng .
5. Pradipta Kumar Jena , Bidyapati Mishra, K. Siva Kumar, T. Balakrishna Bhat,” An
experimental study on the ballistic impact behaviour of some metallic armour
materials against 7.62 mm deformable projectile”, ballistic performance(2010),
material and design
MVGR College Of Engineering(A)

60. REFERENCES
6. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE On “Innovative Trends in Mechanical,
Material, Manufacturing, Automobile and Aeronautical
Engineering”(ITMAAE-2015)Organized by Department of Mechanical
Engineering Bapatla Engineering College &“KrishiSanskriti”, New Delhi On 1st
and 2nd April,2015 Conference Venue :Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla,
Guntur(Dt.), Andhra Pradesh, India
7. Ade F. Ballistic qualification of armour steel weldments. Weld Journal.1991;
70:53–59
8. Sudhakar.I, Reddy Reddy.G, SrinivasaRao.K Ballistic behavior of boron carbide
reinforced AA7075 aluminium alloy using friction stir processing-An experimental
study and analytical approach. Defence Technology 11 (2015) 1-7.
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61. MVGR College Of Engineering(A)