Caused by Rhabdoviridae family, Vesiculovirus. Development of vesicles on the mouth and feet. The virus, an arbovirus, is spread to cattle, horses, and pigs primarily by sandflies and blackflies. The mechanism of injury in vesicular stomatitis is cell dysfunction and lysis leading to intercellular edema with vesiculation, erosion, and ulceration of mucosae and skin. Pathogenesis of the disease is by the bite of the flies, entry of virus, viral replication in the cell and rupture of the cell, which form intercellular space that is fluid filled to form vesicles. Rupture of this vesicles leads to erosion/ulceration of overlying mucosa or skin.

1. Vesicular Stomatitis
Submitted by:
Rakshith K
Submitted to:
Dr Suguna Rao
Professor
Dept. of Veterinary Pathlogy
Veterinary college, Bangalore

2. Vesicular Stomatitis
• Rhabdoviridae, Vesiculovirus, Arbo virus.
• Enveloped, single stranded, Negative sense RNA.
• Vesicular stomatitis is an infectious disease
caused by a vesiculovirus, and characterized
clinically by the development of vesicles on the
mouth and feet.

3. • Clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis are identical to
those of FMD.
• The mechanism of injury in vesicular stomatitis is cell
dysfunction and lysis leading to intercellular edema
with vesiculation, erosion, and ulceration of mucosae
and skin.

4. • The virus, an arbovirus, is spread to cattle, horses, and
pigs primarily by sandflies and blackflies.
• Vesicular lesions occur near the sites of insect bites,
suggesting that the virus infects target cells locally and
there is no systemic spread of virus.
• Squamous epithelial cells of mucosae and skin are the
primary target cells.
• Langerhans cells (dendritic cells) and cells of the
monocyte macrophage system are also target cells – Rare.

5. Host range:
• Primary disease- Horse, Cattle, and Pigs.
• Goat and sheep- Resistant.

6. Morbidity/ Mortality
• Morbidity
– Range: 5 to 90%
– Most animals seroconvert
• Mortality
– Higher in adults
– Death rare in cattle and horses

7. Spread of disease:
• Insects- Principle vectors of transmission.
• Mosquitoes, black flies, sand flies, gnats, and midges.
Sand fly Black fly

8. Sand flies & Black flies carrying virus bites Cattle (Arbo virus)
Injures blood vessels & deposit virus direct into plasma of BV or Interstitial fluid
Squamous epithelial cells of mucosa and skin are the primary target cells for viral infection
(Stratum basale and/or Stratum spinosum—Target layers)
Viral envelope glycoprotein-G binds to LDL receptors on epi. cell enter the cells via endocytosis
Replicate in the cytoplasm, and escape from the cell by rupture of cells
Formation of intercellular spaces that fill with fluid which form vesicles
Trauma ruptures the vesicles and leads to erosion/ulceration of the overlying mucosa or skin
Pathogenesis

9. Clinical signs:
• Mild fever
• Development of vesicles on the dorsum of the tongue, dental
pad, lips and the buccal mucosa
• The vesicles rupture, and the resulting irritation causes
profuse salivation and anorexia
• Lesions may also occur on the teats and the coronary band.

11. Microscopic lesions
• There is intercellular oedema in the stratum
spinosum.
• This leads to cell dissociation and necrosis.
• Neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate the necrotic
tissue, which sloughs, leaving erosions.
• The intra-epithelial oedema result in a vesicle.

12. Clinical Diagnosis
• Clinical signs: Salivation and lameness
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Virus isolation
• Viral antigen detection
– Vesicular fluid or epithelium
– ELISA, complement fixation,
virus neutralization
• Antibody tests
– Paired serum samples
– ELISA, complement fixation,
virus neutralization

13. Differential diagnosis
Vesicular lesions
• FMD
Foot lesions
• Dermatophilosis
• Foot-rot
• MCF
- Chemical Irritants
Ulcerative lesions
• BVD/MD
• MCF
• LSD- Microscopically
• IBR
• Rinderpest
• Blue tongue

14. Treatment
• No specific treatment available
• Supportive care
– Fresh, clean water
• Electrolytes if necessary
– Soft feeds
• Antibiotics for secondary infection
• Good prognosis
• Production animals may suffer losses

15. Prevention
• Avoid grazing at peak insect feeding hours
• Segregation and isolation necessary for controlling
spread
• Sanitation: Good sanitation practices (cleaning out feed
twice daily, disinfect feed bunks and water troughs)
• Insect control programs
• Easily inactivated
– Area must be free of organic matter
– Contact time of at least 10 minutes
• Disinfectants
– Phenolic, halogen-based disinfectants
– Chlorine dioxide, 1% chlorine bleach