Pharmaceutical Companies in Naples Kingdom

Raimondo Villano
LCC DG831
Activities and apothecaries pharmaceutical
Companies in the Kingdom of Naples:
Habsburgs to the Bourbons
“Wi have a responsabily
to keep alive the past
from which we come from: is both
our father and our son”
Carlos Fuentes

R. Villano - Activities and Apothecaries Pharmaceutical Companies in the Kingdom of Naples4
On May 31, 1730 the Congregation of Apothecaries of Medicine in
Naples based on a St. Paul, cross the street courts, the Venerable
Confraternity of SS. Pellegrino and Emiliano, who become saints,
among other, patrons of Apothecaries Neapolitans for precise will of
elected governments to govern the congregation. According to legend,
in fact, San Pellegrino, known as a hermit, having conducted most of
his life around the world, he settled in Naples where he died and was
buried. It seems that his real name is unknown and for this reason he
is called Pellegrino; be attributed to him the merit of having
discovered a cure that for the first time, free Neapolitans
dall'imperversare fever.
Sant'Emiliano, however, is known as his medical history is linked to
persecution in Africa in the year 484, under King Aryan Unnarico.
The church and the palace to go after it attached to the Duke of
Bagnoli, the Order of Apothecaries of Medicine of Naples is aimed to
obtain the right to lease the church; 1'atto deed states that they get
paid 18 ducats for pugs' s silver annually. The Venerable

R. Villano - Activities and Apothecaries Pharmaceutical Companies in the Kingdom of Naples 5
Confraternity of SS. Emiliano Pellegrino plays a large business is
religious welfare, shall establish and publish, getting profits, Recipes
and price of medicines, subject to approval of the chief physician for
the time, and devise its own laws to protect the interests of the class.
Speziali the same take on the task of rebuilding the foundations of the
church(55)
, in serious condition, so even enjoying the blessing of the
authorities both civil and ecclesiastical.
In 1732 in Naples in charge for the reorganization of the university
noted that Archbishop Galiani in Naples Studium "and neither was the
professor to teach the nature of minerals, with the use of 'infinite
which medicines are made.
And though a professorship to teach 'young people use simple, and
nature of herbal medicine coursing in the composition of infinite, ie
Botany, however in this lessons for youth are nothing useful, since the
description of each herb is not accompanied by the observation that
eye grass, there being in the studio, the garden simple, as in other
studies in Europe(56)
. The chair, garden without exercises, for

application to the Apothecaries Ceto is assigned to Horace Biancardo
(or Blancard)(57)
.
In 1776, in the wake of the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century
and studies of Linnaeus, Ferdinand IV granted the sum of 600 ducats
to the Marquis of Sambuca to achieve the Botanical Garden of Naples
Astronomical Observatory.
The aim is to develop the science of botany and medicine simple.
Rises in 1779 in Palermo the Royal Academy of Studies establishing
the Chair of Botany and Materia Medica with a small garden of
simple in 1786 moved to larger premises implanted Senate Palermo.
In 1779 the King of Naples Ferdinand IV of Bourbon requires the
state monopoly on the preparation of treacle, whose trade is still
flourishing, assigning exclusive product preparation at the Royal
Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts(58)
and requiring all
pharmacists United to buy at least half a pound a year and to produce,
periodically inspecting the chief physician or his deputy, is the jar
with the treacle that its annual sales receipt(59)
.

The initiative of treacle Bourbon state, however, meets with little
success(60)
.
The wake of the Enlightenment reforms, meanwhile, overwhelmed
most Protomedicati, being highly dependent on the operating offices
of the State.
The Protomedicato Naples, however, survive the demands for reform
of the late eighteenth century. Indeed, the reforms of French Decade,
its collection activities simply passes by the Ministry of Finance,
Ministry of Interior.
In Naples Protomedicato the term is used, above all, to allude to his
taxation, ie the collection of fees.
While in Rome, for example, the various rights and fines paid to
Protomedicato contribute to the wages and costs of the College of
Physicians, the annuity is for the Naples Chamber of Contents.

The Protomedicato, in fact, is mainly one of many arrendamenti (in
the etymological sense of the Spanish to surrender, to contract),
according to this system, in effect, surrendering (or landlord) gives the
auction a sum of money in advance based on annual revenue due to
the office.
The surrender, then, undertakes of the taxes or charges, usually
through a system of subletting.
For the interior decoration of Protomedicato, institute in 1609-10, the
first surrender pays 8.330 ducats, taking for himself the fees derived
from issuing licenses and privileges, visits to the spices and the
imposition of fines.
The gain for the tax remains relatively low during the seventeenth
century, while during the eighteenth century to the crown becomes a
lucrative source of income, partly due to continued growth in the

number of health workers that the population of the Kingdom itself.
This affected the activity of Protomedicato, so as to send a message to
Giuseppe Maria Galanti(61)
in 1786 that "the object of this office
seems to be the only collection of 'straight for the spice is almost
arbitrary" .
Instead of decreasing importance, therefore, the effective authority of
the Neapolitan Protomedicato increases and is increased by the
closure of the College of Doctors in 1806 and the extension of its
jurisdiction to physicians and surgeons doctorates.
For the first time in 1786 and again in 1809-10, the chief physician of
the Kingdom of Naples compile lists of all health workers, province
by province, town by town, giving name of each.

Throughout the Kingdom, unless the two Calabria, not included in the
census(62)
, are more than ten thousand persons exercising the arts
health (including doctors, surgeons, doctors, surgeons, blood-letting,
apothecaries, grocers, and midwives). Only in the Terra d'Otranto
totaled 1215(63)
. Physicians of the Kingdom are little more than three
thousand, for a population of almost five million, or a ratio of 6.2
doctors for every 10,000 inhabitants.
In the last half of the eighteenth century the number of doctors who
graduated at the two medical faculties of the Kingdom (Naples and
Salerno) is steadily increasing. The doctor-population is therefore
high, especially in the twelve provinces of the Kingdom. In the early
nineteenth century in Naples there are 180 doctors, a figure which,
though high, is only four doctors for every 10,000 Neapolitans and
constitutes only 3.6% of doctors in the Kingdom. Instead of attracting

to himself a considerable number of doctors, being the capital of
central powers, privileges and patronage ties, Naples then send away
its young doctors who, once graduates return to their native
centers. So in Terra d'Otranto well there are 358 doctors for a
population of 300,356 inhabitants (11.9 doctors for every 10,000
inhabitants). The doctors are there for the whole province, if in Lecce,
the provincial capital of 14,307 inhabitants, there are 19 doctors (a
slightly higher ratio of 13.3 doctors per 10,000 inhabitants), often
lacking even in countries with less than 500 inhabitants (as Torricella
Uggiano, Barbarano, Caprara, Montesano, Sorano, Diso, Vitigliano,
Ortelle, Pisignano, Achaia, to give some examples). The province is
therefore well served by doctors not only in its most important centers
but also in children.

In Terra d'Otranto, then, the apothecaries were 214, plus 20 grocers
and 9 "simplistic" or retailers of herbal medicines.
In general, each country with over a thousand people has at least one
representative from each branch of the art health care, ie a doctor, a
surgeon (most often a drain), an apothecary and a midwife. The
peculiarities of the Kingdom of Naples, however, than the European
average, are two: a high number of health workers and the fact that the
proportion of health workers in relation to population is higher in
small countries (under ten thousand inhabitants) in large ones(64)
.
Two important interventions for education of the pharmacist, then,
characterize almost the beginning and the end of Austrian-Bourbon,
an important period during which the University gets a home larger
and more dignified.

The first operation was in Naples in 1732 when the Bishop
responsible for the reorganization of university places in Galiani
should emphasize that even more in Naples Studium "also lacked the
chair to teach the nature of minerals, with the use of 'medicines such
as infinite they are composed.
And though a professorship to teach 'young people use simple, and
nature of herbal medicine coursing in the composition of infinite, ie
Botany, however in this lessons for young people are nothing
useful, since the description of each herb is not accompanied by the
observation that eye grass, there being in the studio, the garden
simple, as in other studies in Europe(65)
. The Chair, without vegetables
for its training, is assigned to Horace Biancardo (or Blancard)(66)
.
The second intervention is the Decree No. 198, 5 September 1806 that
more accurately, under Article 12 stipulates that in order to practice

pharmacy students must achieve its academic degree at the University
have shown that they have done practicing in the profession, while the
effect Article 33 provides that all pharmacies must be directed by a
qualified pharmacist.
In the early nineteenth century in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, the
question of official recognition of the work in the convent spices
undergoes a strong appeal made by the Council of Eight, which
safeguards the rights of Apothecaries Neapolitans, which proposes,
among ' alia, that the chemists have coupons in their name and
monastic name pharmacies that they are also subject to regular annual
inspections by the chief physician and the payment of annual fee.
Only in 1805, meanwhile, began the installation of the Botanical
Garden of Naples for university education, officially established on
December 28, 1807 decree signed by Joseph Bonaparte were among

the gardens of Italy the most recent and most important number
and the quality of its collections(67)
.
The architects G. De Fazio and V. Paoletti take care of the execution
while the botanist Michele content deals with the organization and
became scientific director from 1810 to 1860.Powered by decree of
Joseph Bonaparte's December 28, 1807 designed by architects G. De
Fazio and V. Paoletti and the organization of scientific content that
Michael became director from 1810 to 1860.

On February 16, 1810 by decree of Joachim Murat was ordered that
each provincial capital of the Kingdom of Naples for the
establishment of a Society of Agriculture with the adjacent Botanical
Gardens for testing and production of agricultural and ornamental
plants. The same year founded the Botanical Garden of Lecce(68)
.
On August 10, 1811, ministerial regulations for shooting, then, by a
rescript of September 25, 1822 and subsequent regulations are enacted
provisions relating to the offering of tax health(69) (70)
"and obligations"
to those who exercise activity and the amount of which varies
according to the "class" of membership: the "class" of "pharmacists
operators" amounts to "doc. Third annual "while" classes "of"
wholesale grocers and sellers of medicines "and" simple and erbaioli
is 15 "year pugs". Where, however, no longer exercises can be
exempted if it is established "non-exercise with a certificate of two

craft, which have already fulfilled their duty, and with equal acert
Mr. Mayor and parish priest, and all for the truth. "
If you do not exercise more or renounce the exercise, however, is a
precondition to exemption from tax health care obligation to file with
the Registry on the local card authorization. Responsible for the
perception of health care are tax agents protomedicali and are imposed
for infringements of the "sovereign sanctions" imposed by the
sovereign edict of 1822 and art. 3 of "Rules eg 'Vice protomedicati.
Where, then, are carried out kidnappings of medicines, they are
distributed free to the poor using the standards contained in the
Pragmatic September 16th, 1585.
Where is identified or reported the arrival in the Kingdom of a
"cantabanco, the Office protomedicale active officials delegated to
forbid the exercise of which is a criminal offense, for some time,

however, it is reported that the "cantabanco" may be granted licenses
for the disposal of "secrets" and, more generally, the commercial
activity is allowed but without resorting to "quackery" is allocated in
local or workshop subject to appropriate controls protomedicali(71)
.
On 29 November 1811, following a decree on the reorganization of
public education by Joachim Murat, there is the closure of the Medical
School of Salerno, which, however, has long ceased to matter.
On 1 January 1812 is established by royal decree conferring of
doctoral degrees for pharmacists: approval, license, degree.
The decree also provides that "for pharmacists will also be examining
verbal and written: the subjects of his questions will be taken from
botany, chemistry and pharmacy.

Beyond that you will give them some work to do in the
pharmaceutical assessors. Examiners will be in Naples the professors
of botany, chemistry and medical matters, chaired by the Dean of the
Faculty ", the requirements for admission consideration are those that
you have followed for two years studying the profession, the lessons
of natural historyChemical and pharmaceutical licenses and is
certified for those engaged in municipalities with more than six
thousand inhabitants the fee is Lire 100 while everyone else is Lira
40, is the oath required for the exercise to the public(72)
.
In August of 1813 is made of the Botanical Garden of Bari which is
closed after a short time as a result of removal of the Society of
Agriculture reinsediatisi by the Bourbon king of Naples.
On December 27, 1815, then, by royal decree stipulates that the
University of Naples has three kinds of power to confer academic

degrees: Adoption of the rank of "bachelor" license with the rank of
"Licensed" and graduated with a degree of "Doctor . The decree also
provides for the requirement for pharmacists to support two exams, a
"voice and another in writing, made by the aspirant's character and in
Italian. The subjects of his questions will have to take the botany,
chemistry and pharmacy", a practice test with chemical-
pharmaceutical operation in the presence of examiners and the
payment of a fee equal to the natural sciences, or 2 for
ducats 'approval and 4 ducats for the coupon. Lessons, held mainly at
the premises of the Hospital for Incurable Diseases and the annexed
pharmacy(73)
, handle: Chemistry, Botany, Materia Medica and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
The order provides, finally, that "pharmacists who wish to teach
chemistry and pharmacy can not do it without taking the degree of

licentiate in physical and mathematical sciences" and explicitly
prohibiting simultaneous operation of pharmacy and medicine.
In later 1816, then a Royal Commission Regulation requires
compulsory attendance at lectures and examination of pharmacy can
be supported four times a month and not more than 15 candidates at a
time.
In 1826, however, a provision empowers the Director of Pharmacy
students to repeat the tests after three months if rejected for the first
time after six months for the second time and after a year if rejected
for the third time.
In 1816 the Kingdom of Naples by a Royal Commission Regulation
has imposed compulsory attendance at lectures and examination of
pharmacy can be supported four times a month and not more than 15
candidates at a time. In 1826, however, a provision empowers the

Director of Pharmacy students to repeat the tests after three months if
rejected for the first time after six months for the second time and
after a year if rejected for the third time.
Dates back to 1817 and documented the most recent official
Constitutional Oath of Pharmacist in the Kingdom of Naples which
reads: "I swear before God, and our promise to King Ferdinand I
prepare carefully all remedies made according to the Neapolitan
Recipe Pharmaceutical(74)
; to keep these as simple remedies, so as not
to suffer any adulterated: to always make the shipment according to
recipes de 'Medici, and surgeons do not send non-prescription
medicines ever suspected. "

For Sovereign Rescript May 29, 1832 and July 9, 1833 Office of the
No Article 2585. V(75)
, the "prattico" a teacher is declared illegal and
is forbidden to practice their profession as "scientific knowledge is
individual and can not delegate."
Control of supplies to pharmacies in the Kingdom(76)
is always the
prerogative of the Office of the chief physician who uses a collegiate
Pharmacy, selected from a special list reviewed annually, or
sometimes by the same Dean of the College that verifies if the
pharmacist has in order documents reporting the movement of
medicines with records and whether that document is plenty of
endorsement and the projected municipal certificate. To control the
completion of Pharmacy Collegiate prepare a report highlighting what
if inspected whether or not ", expressing the current price. These

procedures, as from 1833, are governed by Article. 19 of the
Regulation of 13 March.
Since 1830, for provisions signed by Ronchi and Vergari, is scheduled
for pharmacists arrears of tax health even closed the workshop.
Workshop pharmacy you confirm the adequacy and suitability of
equipment and quantitative and instruments, in particular as also
required by Circular 404, July 7, 1841.
In 1832 John Semmola pharmacist-scientist (1793-1865), the most
significant masters of the Neapolitan school remembered for the
medical approach to modern problems pharmacological impressed
with the publication of the Essay on the chemical preparation, faculty
and use of medicines and publishing the 1854 Treaty of pharmacology
and general therapy emphasizes the need to study the physical

constitution and chemical remedies in relation to chemical changes
that they induce in the tissues and fluids.
From 1832 to start in Europe impervesare cholera, "the nineteenth
century plague" that appearing as the fourteenth-century plague
several times over a half century(77)
, carries off life raging everywhere,
especially in poor neighborhoods of cities, " where they live, crowded
together in cramped and filthy hovels, the multitude of the poorest, in
conditions so miserable from the tap abomination. Poured into the
streets and accumulate sewage drainage and garbage; wells, dug
shallow and often in proximity to latrines, contaminated water is
drawn, in an urban context of endemic poverty and filth that family
thrives morbid generally defined by medical science as a complex of
gastrointestinal diseases(78)
.

In 1847 the pressures of the Benedictine Francesco Tornabene
Roccaforte, Professor of Botany in Catania, leading the deputation of
the Royal University of Catania to buy land in Borgo for the creation
of a botanical garden Catania whose assignment design architect
Mario Stephen goes back to 1856.
In the mid-nineteenth century in Naples only in areas of San
Fernando, Chiaia, St. Joseph, Monte Calvario, Advocate, Star, San
Carlo Arena, Vicar, San Lorenzo, Porto, Mercato and Pendino are 115
pharmacies (including in the Middle 77 contemporary well still keep
the same location!)(79)
.
In the first half of the nineteenth century is provided by the
protomedicale a "recognition of all those engaged in the various
branches of art healing, but not always those that are already
authorized and municipal institutions" is said to be in their usually

exercise "especially as" new for them as first Fiat to be approved
personally "not neglecting to carefully inspect even the regular
holding of workshops, drugs and herbs.
Are at this time chief physician Amati and Ronchi while Secretary
General Vergari.
At the office of chief physician is on a register of operators greet art in
which all pharmacists are also annotated with: citation of relevant
documents authorized or issued by the Royal University chief
physician, any awards, reports on the moral conduct; amount
of medical expertise and correntezza tax payments.
In particular, pursuant to Circular 3916 of 21 June 1834, the chief
physician recognizes only pharmacists in merchants have special
coupons or eligibility documents sent directly from the Royal
University protomedicale authority who reserves the recognition of

validity. In addition, each document universities before 1812 and any
document protomedicale prior to 1826 require endorsement to take
legal value since 1846(80)
.
With circular protomedicale No 1900 of 30 October 1846 concerning
rules on the illegal positions, provides that the old can possibly be
granted exemption from the tests and for young people to support the
less demanding tests at the commissariat or Sottintendenza.
The investigation of the inspection protomedicale down a
reconnaissance phase of all documents relating to the pharmacy
carried out in the Archives of District Deputy chief physician and the
drafting of a final financial statement of objections to the pharmacy
including the costs of printing and reporting necessary for inspection.
Inspection models, then are sent by the Vice Protomedicati, which are
divided into the provinces of the Kingdom, by the end of April every

year for the auditors who are appointed to prepare students for
inspection of pharmacies in their municipalities.
The extensive documentation that the pharmacist is obliged to turn to
exhibit during the inspection visit includes, inter alia, inspection cards,
circulars stewards for the Lords of the Realm, the registers for the new
year approved by the Royal University, alerts to the charge healthcare
sales contracts with any description of the premises.
The inspection visit protomedicale, since 1850, takes place under
Article. 37 of the Rules promulgated by Royal Decree of April 10,
whose art. 44 has the obligation to pay a health fee at a rate of one
third is for the vice chief physician and pharmacist visitors while the
rest is for the benefit of the Fund of the degrees of the Royal
University.

Workshop pharmacy you confirm the adequacy and suitability of
equipment and qualitative and quantitative tools, in particular also in
accordance with the Circular 404, July 7, 1841.
In 1850 the regulations of the pharmacies in the Kingdom of Two
Sicilies down with surprising modernity, each pharmacy is equipped
with a suitable sheltered from fire and arranged so as not to involve
passers-by in case of fire or explosion.
In addition, workshops held office protomedicale without a legal
representative, as missing documentation for the authorization, are not
inspected and are closed to regularize the position.
By Decree 531 of 21 January 1830, then "any different from that of
treacle R. Institute of incentives and in contravention of "the
magnitude of which is set in 15 pugs to pound the circular issued July
16, 1831.

In accordance with the Real Rescript September 23, 1856, is also
obliged pharmacists to produce the pots of treacle "already taken or
the receipt issued by the respective cashiers for the current year" while
the visitors "must consider the water that teriacale they are pretending
to know what is formed, to be regarded as a contravention of those
who died in undocumented purchases made during or sell water
teriacale made herbal unnecessary."
The inspection, the President of the Commission, composed at least
by Deputy chief physician and a pharmacist Visitor, send the report to
the chief physician on the inspection visit, countersigned by the
administrator of the pharmacy pharmacist inspected and attached
record of purchases made of treacle, as well as the analytical rigorous
reporting of numbers of cookbooks.

The Commission President also transmits office protomedicale a
statement on the conduct of the pharmacist on display and even
written reports on measures taken against him on any absences of staff
at the time of the visit, on any waivers to exercise, the proper fee
health on abuses.
In more detail, the obligations of the pharmacist checked include: the
purchase and proper maintenance of the Cookbook and the price, the
collection of laws and regulations for the pharmaceutical class(81)
; "to
prevent all pharmacists who do not never leave their shops without the
presence of(82)
"," do not afford the administration and delivery of
medicines to inexperienced individuals with serious public health
threat(83)
", the proper maintenance and management of medicines and,
in particular, poisons (84)
; the only direct shipment of dangerous

drugs and poisons staff (while the remaining products can be sold to
employees "of the trade" and never by a spouse, children or
household)(85)
and the presence near the entrance of a bell to whose
sound is obliged to respond rostered night swing closed (86)
compliance with the duty of the physician, enshrined in the provisions
of the visit protomedicale April 25, 1840, to "make recipes for writing
clear and release them to the sick for use at will any pharmacy;
respect of the minimum distance between pharmacies geometric or 50
steps, only for the city of Naples, 70 geometric steps(87), (88)
.
In this regard, however, A. Philippe(89)
mentions that in Naples in mid-
century, few pharmacies, a total of 275, unable to develop large
business volumes for the deft management of dispensing foreign forge
agreements with physicians that divide revenues while Most of the
exercises gets a mediocre profit and generate some even losses.

Philippe also added that "even if some pharmacists in Sicily, as
happens everywhere, flooding the medical field, mostly confined to
prescribe medicines to patients who ask (such as barbers in this
country do surgeons bled and advise bloodletting for those who turn
to them), "concludes, however, that" if some pharmacists Neapolitan
degrade the profession because of low education and trafficking
misunderstandings which are dedicated, but there is to say that in
general still among the class of pharmacists who are decent people. "
It should be noted, finally, that the kingdom of Naples to visit all
pharmacies are equal: some are indeed more important than others and
that, therefore, to require a Commission inspection of higher rank,
without any exceptions whatsoever.
In 1850, however, a Ministerial September 4 provides for Naples, "to
visit those pharmacies where medicines are sent to real people," the

President of the Commission, but this does not lead to hasty
conclusions affattto is the case exclusively superimposed changes of
status, or "considering he had met in the President himself as First
Medical Chamber.
In 1846, the night service pharmacies have adopted new rules(90)
to
"make prevention workshop with all pharmacists to public use, that he
could not stay in this, think to keep the person, in circumstances
which may adjust shipping according to the laws and regulations. "
About the management of toxic substances, then a circular
protomedicale(91)
refers to obligations: are held in separate cabinet and
always kept locked by the owner of the pharmacy "without ever
passing into other hands, will be engaged in storing things poisonous
and suspicious.

These have nothing in common with the rest of the pharmacy, and
therefore will have its particular table, its scales, mortars, spatulas,
spoons and jars completely separated, which kept with all possible
clarity and locked in the closet can not serve other use, "that the"
owners of spices for poisonous drugs or suspected that the
consignment can not do with their hands and other medicines, avails
itself of the trade of young, skilled, honest and attentive, can not ever
afford todispatched by his children, his wife or domestic. " In the
Circular, finally, a warning is made of high professional value,
"according to pharmacies open to public use must be no other
presence from the person legally authorized."
Not to ignore, more generally, numerous requests, submitted to the
Office of Protomedicato, closing of pharmacies operated by persons
not authorized(92)
.

In the first half of the nineteenth century in the Kingdom of Two
Sicilies Planning of pharmacies is regulated by permits and
authorizations protomedicali transfers on the basis of distance
controlled by a commission appointed by the chief physician and
composed by the Dean of the College of Pharmacy from an
Apothecary the College itself and another local Apothecary, and,
almost always without fail, the current legislation is, essentially, by
Royal Consent of February 14, 1706, by the Collateral September 17,
1706, the supreme Law of April 22, 1829, by DecreeFerdinand II of
29 January 1853(93)
.
Even in terms of distances between pharmacies in 1854 the General
Council of Education establishes(94)
that if a pharmacy is below the
minimum limits away from another similar operation, in case of sale
conveys to the purchaser his own privilege; in particular the

establishment considers "be right for that which accords to the dead is
not denied to live" and decisions holding that the denial of granting
the waiver of the distance to a pharmacy, or "let there be no legal
although remote, is prejudicial to the ownership. For pharmacies to
the new institution or authorizations to transfer, however, is operating
a Protomedicale Commission (composed of Dean, a chemist from the
College of Pharmacy and a local Speziale) Member of the distance
measurement(95)
.
On April 10, 1850 a Royal Decree of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
on issues of "organic plant" pharmacy provides, inter alia, that: "the
number of pharmacies in each municipality must not be greater than
the needs of the population and therefore can not open a new
pharmacy without the permission of the Commission Protomedicale
which will be determined upon the actions of municipalities that will

be the need of a new establishment (Art. 67); "Each pharmacy will be
located in the busiest streets and healthy and where there is one, will
be open in the center of town and not the end, what the public might
be served promptly and with convenient and effective medication can
conserved (Art. 68) "," where there are more spices must Serbia a
distance between one or the other, because the service is more ready
and to avoid many problems that could happen for too much
closeness (Art. 69) ", the law also provides that every pharmacy is
equipped a suitable sheltered from fire and arranged so as not to
involve passers-by in case of fire or explosions (each pharmacy must
be provided with a good laboratory protected from accidents and out
of the case to endanger passengers on occasion some unforeseen
explosion (Art. 70) ), the shipment of dangerous drugs and

poisons is the exclusive prerogative of the pharmacist and the
remaining products can be sold to employees" of the trade "and never
by a spouse, children or household, each pharmacy" shall also have all
tools required for pharmaceutical operations, which will run the
pharmacy in order to prepare their own most of the compounds.These
tools must be preserved with the greatest clarity (Article 71); that
rostered for flying at night is planned next to the closed door bell
whose sound is obliged to respond, the minimum distance between
pharmacies is geometric distance of 50 while for the city of Naples
alone, is 70 steps geometric(96)
.
By mid-century, in Naples only in areas of San Fernando, Chiaia, St.
Joseph, Monte Calvario, Advocate, Star, San Carlo Arena, Vicar, San
Lorenzo, Porto, Market, Pendino, there are 115 pharmacies (of
which contemporary age 77 still have the very same location!)(97)
.

On January 29, 1853 a Regulation approved by Royal Decree of the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies that regulations for the administration,
distance and more concerned service pharmacies in the part of
RR. Domains on this side of the Lighthouse "by establishing, in
particular Article 3 that" in countries of the Kingdom where you have
more than one pharmacy if they can open more than one new if not
fifty paces away from existing geometry, eachspans eight and one
third, and seventy as this capital has long been in use, namely after the
Pragmatic required by September 17, 1706. Those who do not have
that distance, after the death of those who are having the property in
the era of publication of this regulation will be abolished, however, if
there were no children, having to proceed in this case, as will (...) " .

On July 31, 1858, birthday of the Queen of the Two Sicilies, the
Grand Chancellor of the University Cutrona Ferdinand laid the first
stone of the Botanical Garden of Catania.
With the unification of Italy leads inevitably to the end of
Protomedicati Naples and Palermo.
At the end of the eighteenth century, finally, is well worth to
remember the treacle disappears from the pharmacopoeias of many
European cities in Italy, however, and especially in the south, its
popularity is still intact much longer.

_______________
(55) Fund chapel, ASN, Apothecaries of Medicine, Fasc.1189, April 4, 1739. Source:
Chichierchia Luke - Monica Pope, History of Pharmacy in Naples. Spices from the shops
of the nineteenth century convent, Electa Napoli, 1998.
(56) Origlia G., History of the University of Naples, printed by G.Simone, Naples
MDCCLIV, vol. II, pp. 301-302.
(57) S. De Renzi, Italian History of Medicine, typography Filiatra Sebezio, Naples, 1848,
TV.
(58) However, large amounts of treacle continue to reach the borders of the United
systematically circumvented the Royal Customs and feeding a flourishing smuggling in
this area.
(59) Not infrequently this jar of treacle inspection authorities, and quickly if required,
hand in hand, is the same for a number spices more "casual" within the law.
(60) In 1807 Joseph Bonaparte closed the Royal Academy, and grants the exclusive right
to manufacture the infant Royal Institute of Natural Sciences of Encouragement to
Naples, but the situation does not improve.
(61) David Gentilcore - The Royal Protomedicato Napoletano and health workers in the
Kingdom of Naples - University of Leicester (UK)
(62) The numbers Calabrian can be reconstructed through the statistical data provided by
Murat a year later, cf. D. Demarco, eds, The "Statistics" of the Kingdom of Naples in
1811, Rome, 1988, four volumes.

(63) A.S.N., Dept. Summary: surrender, no. 250, "Register of individuals ch'esercitano
the several branches of Art healthy in all provinces of the Kingdom of Naples at least two
of Calabria.
(64) David Gentilcore, ibid.
(65) Origlia G., History of the University of Naples, printed by G.Simone, Naples
MDCCLIV, vol. II, pp. 301-302.
(66) S. De Renzi, Italian History of Medicine, typography Filiatra Sebezio, Naples, 1848,
TV
(67) Currently covers about 12 hectares, where they gathered about 10,000 species a total
of almost 25,000 copies, and is dedicated to the cultivation and presentation for
museological collections, scientific research, university teaching and media and
storagesome plant species threatened with extinction. The collections of the Botanical
Gardens are almost always presented according to the criteria systematic, ecological and
ethnobotanical: in some areas the plants are systematically collected for the same
category in other areas related species to environmental needs in other geographic area of
origin. In some places the building of the seventeenth century called the Castle houses the
Museum of Paleobotany and Ethnobotany. Experimental Section for medicinal plants
today develop teaching and the care of exotic plants and industrial pharmacological
interest.
(68) The Director Gaetano Stella Garden grows until it reaches the surface about three
acres, are built premises for the winter shelter for more delicate plants and tropical
species and are enriched the lives of existing collections. In 1857 the catalog of garden

plants include 570 taxa subgenerici including over 100 varieties of fruit trees. Then
Eugene Balsamo, director of the since 1862, supports the concept that "the botanical
gardens should not only meet the legitimate aspirations of the profits, but recreating the
eye, entice the mind, educate the mind the aesthetics of nature" .
(69) Store Pharmacies AFN Naples, Naples Prefecture Fund 1890-1891, State Archives
in Naples, Royal Fund Protomedicato, Issue 148: Circular different. Printed circular
issued by the Office of General Protomedicato Naples No 8198 May 12, 1838.
(70) With the Protomedicato it provides the current expenditure and staff costs.
issued by the Office of General Protomedicato Naples No 3916 of June 21, 1834.
in Naples, Royal Fund Protomedicato, Issue 142: records of various correspondence,
documents: review recipes.
(73) Times, we also perform at private homes of teachers prior authorization.
(74) Recipe Pharmaceutical Napolitano approved by Royal Minister of the Interior under
the Protomedicato famous medical scientist Domenico Cotugno (1736-1822).
in Naples Fund Royal Protomedicato, Issue 148: Circular different. Printed circular
issued by the Office of No general Protomedicato Naples 3919 of June 21, 1834.

in Naples Fund Royal Protomedicato, Issue 142: records various correspondences, review
recipes.
(77) In 1832-35 is the first wave of cholera in Italy with 150,000 victims, others occur in
waves
1849, 1854-55, 1865-67, 1884-86.
(78) Cosmacini, op. cit., p.. 342, abs. From Cosmacini G., G. Gaudenzi, R. Satolli
Dictionary of history of health, Item cholera Betti ML, Cambridge University Press,
1996.
in Naples, Royal Protomedicato Fund, beam 151, Permits and grateful to pharmacists in
the city of Naples from 1822 to 1860.
(80) Circular No 1900 of October 30, 1846, State Archives in Naples, Royal
Protomedicato Fund, beam 139 General provisions for annual inspections from 1827 to
1861.
(81) Decree of 27 December 1815, Office 21 July 1832 Art. VIII Sovereign Rescript June
9, 1833, and Art. 15 of the Rules promulgated by Royal Decree of 10 April 1850.
(82) Rules protomedicali of April 7, 1838.
(83) Ibid.
(84) According to the Juntas Poison from 1713 to 1733 and under the circular
protomedicale No 404, July 7, 1841.
(85) Sorting of pharmacies in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies in 1850.

(86) Ibid.
(87) The length of a geometric step is 2 meters.
(88) Sorting of pharmacies in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies in 1850.
(89) Philippe A., Histoire des Apothicaires, chap. 23 - DPM, Paris, 1853.
issued by the Office of General Protomedicato Naples No 2000 December 7, 1846.
in Naples, Royal Fund Protomedicato, Issue 148: Circular different. No internal circular
Sections 3476 of 18 October 1852 issued by the Office of General Protomedicato of
Naples.
(92) State Archives in Naples, Royal Protomedicato Fund, File 148.
(93) State Archives in Naples, Royal Protomedicato Fund, File 154.
in Naples, Royal Fund Protomedicato, Issue 148: Circular different. Circular No 6348 of
20 September 1854 issued by the Office of General Protomedicato of Naples.
in Naples, Royal Fund Protomedicato, Issue 154: Trading pharmacy Naples 1826/1850.
(96) The length of a geometric step is 2 meters.
in Naples, Royal Protomedicato Fund, beam 151, Permits and grateful to pharmacists in
the city of Naples from 1822 to 1860.

APPENDIX

Historical eras
• United Odoacer, up to 493 (Heruli and others)
• United Ostrogoths, up to about 542 (Ostrogoths)
• Set the Byzantine Empire, until 763 (Byzantine)
• Duchy of Naples, until 1137
• Duchy of Naples, until 1195 (Norman)
• Kingdom of Sicily, until 1266 (Swabian)
• Kingdom of Naples until 1442 (Anjou, family Durres)
• Kingdom of Naples until 1646 (Aragon, Spain)
• Neapolitan Republic, until 1647
• Kingdom of Naples until 1713 (Spanish)
• Kingdom of Naples until 1734 (Austria)
• Kingdom of Naples until 1799
• Neapolitan Republic, 1799
• Kingdom of Naples until 1806
• Kingdom of Naples until 1815 (French)
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until 1860

SYNTHETIC PROFILE OF THE AUTHOR

Born in 1960. He lives between Rome and Torre Ann.ta. His wife is a
biologist, pharmacist, social worker and worthy professor of Sciences in
Classic high schools and state scientific; the son is a brilliant
mathematician university. Role: General Manager Villano International
Business Team since 2012, with operations in 16 business areas,
consulting & service (including: international business, high-end real estate,
insurance, construction and restoration, import-export, food, information
technology, health , art and culture); Member (since 2013), Associate Professor in
History of Health Pharmaceutical Administration Department (since 2014) and
Honorary Member of Ruggero II University of Florida State (BR, Miami, Florida,
USA, from 2015); Trader (since 1976), independent financial operating Trader
bags and forex (since 1983), Knight S.M.O. Malta (since 2002, presented by Cav.
Justice Fra’ Giorgio Maria Castriota Scanderbeg, descendant of the Hero founder
of the Kingdom of Albania); President humanitarian Chiron Foundation (since
1985); CEO Chiron Publisher (since 2006). Academies: History Health Ministry-
Art B.C., former papal Tiberina, Melitensi Studies, Medical Tradition
Smithsonian Institution-USA, International Society History Pharmacy, Acc.
History Italian Pharmacy, Soc. Napoletana National History, a. h. Noble College
Chemical Pharmaceutical. Over 100 conferences and chairman in dozens of
conferences. He works with important national and international magazines. It is
Advisory Board Member for the US Publisher DPC, which publishes in more than
150 nations. Studies: classics; degree and abil .: Pharmacy (1985); courses
certificates: Medicinal herbs, cosmetic techniques, Corporate Security, HACCP,
History, Social Doctrine of the Church, Theology. h.c graduations : Human and
Social Sciences (2009); History and Philosophy (2010); Communication Sciences
(2013); Diplomacy and International Studies (2015). Master h.c .: Science
Medical Ethics (2010). He was author, organizer and chairman Safety Course for
managers, getting the Cape High Patronage of the UN and the State (2000),
Diplomatic Adviser AEREC dpt ENVA 2011-15, Secretary International
Committee Biothecnologies Wabt-Unesco 2008-13, a member of World Academy
Biomedical Technology (UNESCO 2007-12), 11 years in the scientific Health
Security Committee of IBD (company responsible for security Courts Appeals
Court Naples), non-profit research on cancer Beaumont Foundation Board chaired
by the condidato Nobel Tarro and with the Prefect Naples (2011-12), European
Academy for Economic and Cultural Relations 2004-2015. For 32 years a
member and owner of a major pharmacy until 2010. Partner since 1990 Secretary
at age 29 1990-95 (among the youngest of Italy), 2000-01 President Rotary Club
Pompei-Vesuvio, 14 years Chief Archive of Governors for District 2100-Italian
(over 3,000 Rotarians and ca 80 Club) and at ICR for Italy Rotary; Comm.ni in
Italy: Professional Ethics, Global Action, Computer; among the many

international roles: archeology Pompeii-Carthage; Committee Prize Magna
Grecia; author and presenter at the World Council of Rotary Legislation Proposal
for the creation of the International Day for the protection of Life (2001-04).
From 1986 to 1990 President in Naples, national coordinator and founder
Federation of Young Pharmacists; National Union Representative Federative.
Assist. Prof. Microbiology Fac. F.cia Na (1985-90, Chair Prof. Lembo-Ist. Sup.
Health). Member Internat Group. Study ISHP History Pharmacopeia (Univ.
Berne, 2012-13). Proponent and Godfather of various Honorary Members,
including: Archbishop. Pompeii Mons. Francesco Saverio Toppi, from 2013
Servant of God in the Cause of Beatification and Canonization (Rotary, 1992);
Dino De Laurentiis (proposed in 2000), Hollywood film producer and Academy
Award for Lifetime Achievement (Rotary, 2001); Antonio Greek, President TA
Court (Rotary, 2000); Giulio Tarro, virologist candidate for the Nobel Prize in
Medicine 2000 and 2015 (Asas, 2011); Gianni Rivera, Deputy Football World
Champion (AEREC, 2012); Luigi CASTIELLO, Magistral Chaplain of SMOM
and Operator of Italian Episcopal Conference - Health Pastoral (Asas, 2014);
Water RICCIARDI, President of Italian Higher Health Institut (Asas, 2016);
Patrizio POLISCA, already aide medical of Paul VI and John Paul II and Doctor
of Pope with Benedict XVI and Francis (Asas, 2016). International Awards:
Honorary Diploma for outstanding services in an individual capacity in the 5
Avenues from President Rotary International (Evanston, 2001: only 100 / year /
1.5 million members); Merit-Crime Task Force Rotary Italy, Albania, the former
Yugoslavia, San Marino (Zurich 2001); Sapientia Mundi-Ethics (Rm 2008);
Union Legion d'Oro-Work (Rm 2010); Veritas in Charitate-Religion (2011);
Bonifaciano-Culture and Society (2011); Norman Ac-Publishing Medal aurata
(Rm 2014); Norman EtAc-Health Galen (Rm 2014); Norman EtAc-Health 2nd
ed. Galen (Rm 2015); Norman EtAc-Photographic Art Medal aurata (Rm 2015).
National Awards: Aesculapius-Health Patroc. Council Presidency Ministers (Rm
1987); LXVIII Piccinini Asas-Mi.BAC-historical and Scientific Research (Rm
2006); LXV Stramezzi-Health (Rm 2007); Capitoline-humanitarian activities (Rm
2010); Tiberino- Culture (Rm 2012); LXXIV Serono-History and Literature (Rm
2012), AEREC-Culture (Rm 2013); Merit Merit Public Health (Rome, DPR
2013): only 269 from 1800; Tiber-Science (Rm 2014); LXXIV Piccinini Asas-
Mi.BACT-historical and Scientific Research (Rm 2014); Silver Medal of Merit
Public Health (Rome, DPR 2016) Asas-Mi.BACT-Special for Study of History
and Biomedical Sciences (Rm 2016). Author of a wide and qualified publications
that amounts to more than 790 healthcare, professional publications, scientific,
historical, religious, aesthetic, much of which was in magazines with critical
review, indexing and with impact factor; more than 50 books (including 14 with
total 35 editions and 19 reprints, many also translated into English, French,

German and Spanish) with prestigious publishers like Zanichelli, with
sponsorship from the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Unesco, Rotary, University,
etc., reviewed by heads of national importance, in more than 120 Italian libraries
(including: Quirinale, national Academy Sciences, Ministries) and in over 40
countries (including: national Health Institute-USA, Nationale de France,
Congress UK), in institutes of Culture, Universities, Museums. At the Frankfurt
Book Fair he debuted his book. Over 80 multimedia works (in multiple
languages and multiple editions and reprints) often of considerable merit and
published by prestigious publishers and sponsorships (including Bayer S.p.A.).
Catalogues: Library of Congress UK Authority (NACO); Bibliothèque nationale
de France; Deutsche Nationalbibliothek; Library of the National Institutes of
Health (NIH) Pat .; Library of Science S.M. Order of Malta; The library of the
Vatican Foundation Joseph Ratzinger-Benedict XVI; 2000 Outstanding
Intellectuals IBC-Cambridge UK since 2010; OPAC SBN with over 200 works;
Authority Ministry BAC tab. Various books have appreciations from
institutional authorities, including some European sovereigns and over the head of
state and the Holy Father.
* * *
Some books: Global Information Society, 1996; Rotary for Man, 2001; Safety
Management in Pharmacy (pres. Dr. Renzulli, already the UN Security
Consultant, 2004); Art and history Pharmacy (pres. Professor Ledermann, Presid.
International Society History Pharmacy, 2nd ed., 2006); History and activities of
the SMOM (4th ed., 2007); pharmaceutical meridians between secular and
Catholic moral ethics (pres. Professor Tarro, Comm. Naz.le Bioethics, 3rd ed.,
2008); Thesaurus Pharmacologicus (pres. Presid. Pharmacists Dr. Italian Mandelli
2009); Time carved in silence eternity. Reflections on diachronic investigation for
memory homo faber (pres. Eminent historian Fra 'von Lobstein and critic Prof.
Carosella, 6 repr., 2010); pharmaceutical operations the Kingdom of Naples
(pres.: Presid. Acc. It. History Pharmacy Dr. Corvi, 2010); Logos and Theophany
in the digital time (pres. Mons. Trafny, Presid. Dpt Science-Faith Pontifical
Council for Culture, 2012); Religious aspects and ecclesial dimension SMOM
(2013); Pharmacy Museum: echo of the past to a future redemption (pres.
Professor Ledermann, Director of Library Switzerland, 2015); Photographs -
about 200 of his works, selected for philosophical themes and creative among
those realized in over 40 years (2015). Among the more than 80 multimedia: art
and history Pharmacy Brief (patroc. AISF, 2002); Influenza A / H1N1 (patroc.
Unesco, 2009).

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