Taken Hostage Summary

Taken Hostage Summary
History 137
Abilities Based Assignment: Think Piece
Taken Hostage On David Farber's book Taken Hostage, Farber informs us about the Iran Hostage
Crisis and America's First Encounter with Radical Islam. This book tells us how the United States
and Iran got into conflict, leading to the Iranians holding American Embassy members hostage as
revenge for them feeling betrayed by the United States. It also informs us about other events that
occurred in a decade that caused the United States many problems. Reading this book taught me a
lot more than what I was expecting. I was expecting it to be a boring hard to read book, but it
honesty grasped my attention. I like the fact that Farber talked about all the events that lead to the ...
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By the end of the 1960s unrelenting inflation was one of the problems the fueled people's economic
distress. In a country that was used to cheap foods, prices were skyrocketing fifteen percent a year
or more. The cause of inflation was complicated to tell, some argued that it was a result of President
Johnson's push of budget into deficit. Others argued that Americans were buying huge quantities of
foreign made goods, which meant that they were sending more money than what they had to other
countries and putting us in a trade deficit. It also seemed that President Carter instead of helping the
economy get better when he was elected as president, things got worse with the inflation. Inflation
was then at a 17 percent increase annually. To make things worse, oil imports raised from 35 percent
to 50 percent in domestic consumption in just four years. A matter that worsened things because the
price of oil had raised from $1.80 a barrel in 1971 to $12 a barrel by 1973. I was surprised and
shocked to find out that people were going crazy for a chace to fill up there cars with gas. But what
shocked me the most was the fact that they would wait in line from two to three hours just to get gas
because they were scared that it would run out. The panic was so big that there would start fights at
the gas stations, which to me is too crazy. I don't know if I would be able to do all that just for gas.
Even though we had already talked about the Iranian
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Hostage Negotiation Scenarios
In this paper I will answer several questions in regards to the following scenario. You are a police
psychologist for a major metropolitan area. You are also a member of its hostage negotiation team.
You have just been called out to a crisis incident at 3:15 p.m. on a Friday. It is a residential area
about three blocks from a middle school and a public library. The information you have at this time
is that the subject is a 42–year–old male who is holed up in his house with his wife, son, and family
friend. He has murdered his next–door neighbor and is threatening to kill those in the house if he
does not get his demands. One of his demands is for immunity from the murder charge if he
surrenders without harming any of the people in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He has expressed that if certain demands are not met. Also, the hostage taker has shown that he is
already willing to take a life when he murdered his next door neighbor. I there are only three choices
for hostage takers one is to kill the hostages and commit suicide. The second is to lessen the
demands to a more achievable proportion and continue negotiations. And the third is to surrender to
police.
My optimal role in this situation is to preserve life. If I can save everyone including the hostage
taker, I would happily do so. But my primary focus is one saving the lives of the hostages. In
addition to that I must ensure that individuals are deployed to the correct areas. For example, I
would make sure the SWAT team is in the correct area. I would lock down the schools and the
public library; I would ensure that the media is not in the area. Normally as a negotiator you are
fight the current because the average crisis negotiation teams takes 45 minutes to one hour to
respond to a scene. So for that first hour we would be rely on the first responding officer to be
handling all negotiation which could of put me as the oncoming negotiator in the middle of a really
bad conversation.
There are normally four choices for a hostage negotiators or police supervisors at a hostage
situation. The first response is to send in a large number of officers and to use force (whether
physical or gunfire). The second option is to use a sniper to take a clean shot at the hostage taker.

The Iran Hostage Crisis
The late 20th century was a very turbulent time in American history. In 1976, Jimmy Carter was
elected to the presidency, and he had many goals to help better America. However, on November
4th, 1979, a group of radical students seized the United States' embassy in Tehran, Iran. This
completely altered the course of American history and relations with the Middle East. This crisis
had many impacts on the United States. It caused the Energy Crisis which in turn caused the
Recession of 1979. The Iran Hostage Crisis also had political consequences for President Carter. It
was a major factor that contributed to him losing the election of 1980 to Ronald Reagan.
Additionally, this crisis led to many instances of racial discrimination toward ... Show more content
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Carter responded to the seizure of the embassy and the taking of hostages by applying diplomatic
and economic sanctions on Iran. Ten days after the start of the crisis, President Carter froze about $8
billion of Iranian assets. However, this did not rattle Khomeini, it empowered him. It was at this
point that it was realized that a solution to this crisis would be harder than anticipated. Ayatollah
Khomeini issued a set of demands in exchange for the hostages. First, the Shah must be returned to
Iran to be put on trial. Second, the U.S. needed to issue an apology for previous American actions,
and third the U.S. had to promise not to interfere in Iranian politics in the future. As expected, Carter
did not comply with these demands. He tried to work out diplomatic negotiations with Iran using a
third party, but those negotiations fell through (The Associated Press). President Carter was
criticized heavily for not doing more to resolve the Hostage Crisis. Since Carter saw that a
diplomatic solution was not going to come soon, he decided that the only way to solve the situation
was by force. He employed a secret operation known as Operation Eagle Claw. The plan was to land
helicopters and planes outside of Tehran, and then they would make their way to the embassy to
rescue the hostages. However, the mission was a complete failure; a dust storm caused a helicopter
to crash into one of the planes, killing eight service members.

Analysis Of Taken Hostage By David Farber
November 4, 1979, seizure of the United States embassy in Tehran and the hostage of four hundred
and forty–four days following, were the first steps leading up to the perpetual War on Terror. In the
book Taken Hostage by David Farber informs about the Iran Hostage Crisis and the First Encounter
with Radical Islam. United States and Iran got into conflict, leading to the Iranians holding
American Embassy members hostage as revenge for them feeling betrayed by the United States. It
also informs us about other events that occurred in a decade that caused the United States many
problems. Farber believes the failure of American policymakers and more specifically from
President Carter, to identify the severity of the crisis made for the prolonged crisis. The sheer
ineptitude of the Carter administration was the cost of the US to lose it's way economically,
culturally, politically and even military. Carter struggled to respond to the impulses of Islamic
fundamentalism within the prevailing Cold War paradigm. They saw the real problem as against
modernism and they knew that the US was the major force spreading this belief throughout the
world. The media misrepresentations of the struggle and mass media manipulation of Americans
played on the peoples emotions. Although Carter was popular at the beginning of his presidency,
this began to change when he was unable to solve economic problems and was unsuccessful in
negotiating the release of the American hostages in Iran. Operations by

Research Paper On Iran Hostage Crisis
Iran Hostage Crisis
On November 4th, 1979, a group of enraged of Islamic revolutionists invaded the United States
Embassy in Tehran. They had taken 60 Americans hostage for 444 days until President Ronald
Reagan had taken Oath of office. It was nearly minutes after Reagan had taken office that they were
released. Ayatollah Khomeini enforced an anti–Western Islamic theocracy, overrode the pro–
Western monarchy of the Shah of Iran. Iran had felt that the United States was interfering with their
internal affairs. They feared that they would return the Shah to power. The Shah had fled to mexico
and the doctors there had uncovered that he was suffering an aggressive cancer. With this recent
discovery they pushed the Shah to be admitted into a

Essay On Iran Hostage Crisis
The Iran Hostage Crisis, the beginning of United States interactions with Islamic extremists and
economic reform in the middle east lasted from 1979 to 1981. The birth of these extremists lies in
the economic policies of the United States and the middle east. The Shah, who was the supreme
leader of the nation of Iran, was an ally of the United States for several decades. Despite his support
from the U.S. government, he was known as a brutal leader who used excessive force and torture of
his people, mostly Iranian students who spoke out against him. After decades of death, torture,
abuse and other heinous crimes against humanity, the people of Iran began supporting Ayatollah
Khomeini, a fundamentalist. To force events to transpire quicker, students took action by attacking
the United States embassy and capturing hostages. These protestors saw the embassy as a physical
representation of support for the Shah and his oppressive and cruel regime. The Americans who
were working in the embassy on that day were taken hostage. What was suspected as being a
relatively short hostage situation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
backed coup, his relationship to the U.S. became an even greater source of disapproval with the
Iranian people. Many Iranian began to echo the thoughts of the exiled Khomeini, who preached that
that reliance on the U.S. or any other foreign nation was devastating Iran. He pointed to the benefits
the British and the Americans were getting from Iranian oil while thousands of people were dying
because of the Shah. For several decades the U.S. would support the Shah's economic development
and regional leadership plans. These plans would be paid for fully by exporting the country's
enormous oil wealth. The Shah would use also billions of dollars from the exporting of his oil
reserves to purchase modern and more deadly weapons developed within the United States.
Weapons he would use on his own people and as a deterrent for other nations to become involved in
Iranian

The Iran Hostage Crisis and the United States
The American public was so captivated by the Iran Hostage Crisis because they were blindsided by
this radical action and their knowledge of America's involvement in Iran was limited. The media
played a major role in influencing their emotions and they already had trouble trusting the American
government. This unknown involvement began in 1943 when President Roosevelt, Prime Minister
Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin met in Tehran to discuss how to remove the British and Soviet
military forces from Iran because Iran wanted to be its own nation. The United States aided the
young Shah, the ruler of Iran, and his government with military weapons and loans. Over time,
Prime Minister Mossadegh, of Iran, gained more and more power until he was the true ruler of Iran
and the Shah was just a figurehead. The United States, fearing the spread of communism, devised a
secret plan for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), to over throw Prime Minister Mossadegh.
After the successful overthrow of Prime Minister Mossadegh, the Shah was back in control of Iran
and was supported by the United States, even though he was extremely brutal to his citizens. The
Shah used United States military trained Iranian police force, called SAVAK, to carry out his orders.
This caused a strong dislike for the Shah by the citizens of Iran and a strong Islamic uprising. This
uprising ended with the Shah being exiled from his country and the radical Muslim Ayatollah
Khomeini gaining power over

The Iranian Hostage Crisis
On November 4, 1979 the Iranians had had enough with the United States. Thousands of protesters
gathered around the United States embassy, yelling anti–American slogans. At about 10 that
morning approximately three thousand people started to climb over the 10–foot wall that surrounded
the embassy, forcing their way into the chancery building. The guards were ordered not to fire at the
crowd in case it should start a war, but use tear gas. The tear gas was unsuccessful however and the
protesters captured the marine guards, military officials and the embassy workers, totaling 66 men
and women blindfolded and tied up. It was unclear if Khomeini helped plan the hostage crisis, but
he did little to prevent it. Khomeini saw how popular the hostage

The Moscow Theatre Hostage Crisis
The coverage of Moscow theatre hostage crisis by the Russian media demonstrated how media
coverage of terrorism can lead to government censorship and manipulation of the media. In the case
of the Moscow theatre crisis, this censorship and manipulation included the shutdown of various
independent media outlets, the creation of legislature that further diminished the possibility for a
free and independent press in Russia, and the outright travel embargoes for journalists. These
restrictions, created during and immediately following the hostage crisis, not only changed the state
of the media in Russia to a "dictatorship of the law", but also changed the perception of Russia's
control of the press around the world as well.
The Moscow theatre hostage crisis, also known as the 2002 Nord–Ost siege was the takeover of the
Dubrovka Theatre by 40 to 50 Chechens on the evening of the 23rd of October. The attackers were
led by Movsar Barayev, a 23 year–old Chechen who claimed allegiance to the Islamist militant
separatist movement in Chechnya, a republic situated in the southernmost part of Eastern Europe.
Barayev's and his followers' motivation for the attacks laid in their demands for the withdrawal of
Russian forces from Chechnya and an end to the Second Chechen War. The three day long hostage
crisis involved 850 hostages and ended with the death of at least 170 people, after the Russian
Special Forces unit pumped an undisclosed chemical gas into the theatre's ventilation system.

Essay On Iran Hostage Crisis
As an American, imagine 444 days in captivity in a country were your not liked simply because you
are an "American". Imagine 444 days not knowing if you are going to make it back home in one
piece. Imagine being rampaged by a radical group on foreign land thinking you were safe within the
walls of a federal building, the US Embassy. Well, this was the case for 66 US Embassy employees
during the "Iran hostage crises".
On November 4, 1979, 66 Americans were taken hostage by a group of militant Iranian students
who took over the US Embassy in Tehran, Iran. Thirteen days later Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
orders the release of 13 US hostages (women and African–Americans) and another for medical
reasons, leaving a total of 52 hostages. The "Iran hostage crisis" was a tough situation for the US
government because it showed a sign of weakness within our government and our country. With
events that took place prior to the situation, could this hostage crisis have been avoided? With
decades of bad blood already brewing between the United States and Iran, it could have.
For instance, in August of 1953 with the help of the US, Iran's prime minister was overturned and
replaced with Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (The Shah), a brutal and very hated dictator.
Mohammad Reza was westernizing Iran and its people. He had little knowledge of where he came
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On the day of the attack, this group of militant Iranians where protesting outside the U.S. Embassy
causing a major disturbance that quickly escalated to the capture of 66 Americans. The group of
militant Iranians was protesting for the return of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi because he was in
the U.S. seeking medical attention. It was also a dramatic way for the student revolutionaries to
declare a break with Iran's past and an end to American interference in its

Iranian Hostage Crisis In Argo
In 1979, the Iranian hostage crisis occurred. After the Iranian people revolted, 52 Americans that
worked within the United States Embassy were taken hostage, while six escaped. The six who
escaped found refuge in the home of the Canadian Ambassador, Ken Taylor. The task of getting the
six who had escaped back home was given to Tony Mendez, a CIA operative. Ben Affleck's 2012
film, Argo, chronicles the work of Mendez as he works to create a credible disguise to free the six
Americans from Iran without tipping off the Iranian government (Freeman). Argo tells a thrilling
story that keeps you on the edge of your seat most of the film. Affleck's character, Tony Mendez,
struggles to prepare, plan, and execute one of the most extravagant escape plans in history. After the
beginning of the Iranian hostage crisis, the film accounts the CIA operative as he tries to convince
the Intelligence Agency to agree to his plan, a plan that had not been done before. Mendez has the
idea to use his connections in Hollywood to create a fake film company, a fake sci–fi film, fake
directors and producers, and a fake crew. He will use this fake "film" as a disguise for the six
refugees, in order to smuggle them out of the country. This becomes an extremely elaborate plan, as
The film creates an idea that the United States of America is the one who should be held responsible
for the rescue and safe return of the refugees. However, the Canadian Ambassador did an immense
amount to help keep the refugees safe and see that they returned to America safely. The Canadians
were the ones who offered them refuge, supplies, food, and a place to sleep for a long period of
time. Ultimately, they kept them safe until the Americans could find a way to get them home.
Historically, the Canadians have been seen as the ones who saved the six refugees and this film
seems like it seeks to change

U.s. The Iranian Hostage Crisis
Not only did the American public hope to be able to rely on and trust their federal government, but
they also desired strong management of foreign affairs. During the Presidency of Jimmy Carter,
America faced many blunders overseas. One particular high–profile issue was the Iranian Hostage
Crisis where, "Iranian students stormed the U.S embassy in Tehran and took 53 Americans hostage,"
and the attempted rescue of said hostages which resulted in a collision between two helicopters and
eight dead marines (Davidson, et al 937). The Carter Administration's handle on foreign affairs
proved to be disastrous. As a result, the Republican party's platform for the election of 1980, in
which Carter was running for reelection, focused heavily on ... Show more content on
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President Lyndon Johnson had championed the liberal movements of the late twentieth century and
continued the work of Franklin Roosevelt in an attempt to build a "great society". He pushed
through Congress countless pieces of legislation, more than the New Deal, designed to create
equality in America including the Medicare and Medicaid Acts, the Elementary and Secondary
School Act, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Davidson, et al 873). The American public seemed to
accept Johnson's programs as a drastic yet positive step for the nation. However, as time passed,
many middle class Americans began to view Johnson's steps as relaxed liberal policies that allowed
lawbreakers and members of the lower class to live off of their hard work. The feeling that they
were being taken advantage of led many Americans to question the effectiveness and legitimacy of
Johnson's "great society". One of these middle class Americans wrote a letter to Nelson Rockefeller,
the Republican governor of New York, stating that she was "discriminated against in favor of dope
addicts and welfare cheats" (Document 3). The feelings in her letter exemplify the anger of the
middle class when dealing with Johnson's "great society" and more broadly, the failure of the liberal
state to bring about real change or equality. Additionally, the programs that Johnson set in place,
while they did lower the unemployment rate initially, eventually left

Summary Of Taken Hostage By David Farber
A Time to Remember People think that the 1970s were a time when everyone would party and just
enjoy themselves. That is not the case, according to the book Taken Hostage: The Iran Hostage
crisis and Americans first encounter with the Radical Islam. Hostage Taken was written by David
Farber, who is an historian at Temple University and an authority on the 1960s, who has written and
edited many respected books such as The Age of dreams: America in the 1960s, The Sixties: From
Memory to History, Chicago 68, and The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s and the
presenting book that represents the hostage crisis. This book discusses how long the hostages were
held by Iran radicals, what was affected during the time that they were being held hostage, and how
it truly affected the political parties involved. Hostage Taken gives a detailed account of what did
happen by David Farber. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this time, the people of this time became stricken with unprecedented gasoline and energy
shortages and lost their jobs. Despite the previous political issues between Iran and the United States
intelligence came up with plans to rescue 52 Americans from the United States embassy in Tehran,
Iran. The Americans were taken by Iranian radicals in the attempt to enforce the patriotism and the
release of assets. This not only caused economic hardship, military, and presidential conflict
between the United States and Iran. It also brought forth the leadership of calling rescue mission by
Jimmy Carter and the legacy Jimmy Carter and the legacy of the military officials fearlessness of
negotiation and a surge of patriotism throughout the United States the legacy Jimmy Carter and the
legacy of the military officials fearlessness of negotiation and a surge of patriotism throughout the
United

Iran Hostage Crisis Essay
Iranian hostility of United States can be traced back to the 1950s. The United States supported any
regime that was not communist, even though they would be considered very unpopular with the
people of their country. Because of this, Iran became an anti–communist country and the Shah
became an ally of the United States. In 1950 the Shah left Iran when Mohammed Mossadegh was
elected Prime Minister. After Mossadegh election, he used his authority and nationalized the oil
industry in the country. This incident generated fear in the United States. The state department felt
that communists could abuse this anarchy and Iran could turn against the United States. The Shah,
who had been removed from power, contacted the United States and the Central ... Show more
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Ronald Reagan won 47 states and Jimmy Carter only 37 states. President Carter worked till the end
of his presidency trying to negotiate with Iran. A few days before Ronald Reagan took the
presidency oath, President Carter received word the hostages would be released. "The day of
President Reagan's inauguration, the United States released almost $8 billion in Iranian assets and
the hostages were freed after 444 days in Iranian detention; the agreement gave Iran immunity from
lawsuits arising from the incident". Once Ronald Reagan actually became President, the hostages
stepped foot and walked on U.S. grounds and were finally

Hostage or Non-Hostage
Nicky Shepard
September 19, 2013
CJ 407
Midterm
Dan Terry
PART 1 In this scenario 26 year old Bradley has involved his self in a non–hostage situation. This is
considered non–hostage because of his emotions. He thinks his wife is having an affair with her
college professor. Bradley is in the Pre–contemplation Stage in which he sees no reason to change
and is likely to resist suggestions that he change. Validating Bradley's lack of readiness to change by
making his resistance normal; supporting his effort to re–evaluate his behavior and situation; and
using reassurance, empathy, sharing commonalities, humor, being non–judgmental, and active
listening during this stage. Kelln and McMurtry (2007) suggest that during the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In considering Bradley's demands I don't think I would provide him with alcohol, because things
could go wrong or maybe even deadly if he was under the influence of alcohol. I would have to
consider the safety of the hostages and would explain to Bradley that I need for him to have a clear
mind and don't want him to cloud thinking by drinking alcohol. I would suggest he ask for
something else to replace the alcohol.
PART 3 I do not think it would be wise for the tactical team to assault the classroom, because the
longer a hostage situation lasts, the more likely that it will end peacefully. Nobody is hurt and it may
just take a little more time to talk Bradley down and he may release everyone without anyone being
harmed. If the tactical team go in there might be some people killed and I don't think that is
necessary to harm innocent people because it's been three hours. I would communicate the
importance of utilizing more time to talk Bradley down. The more time that is allowed the most

President Jimmy Carter And The Iran Hostage Crisis
Mere minutes after President Jimmy Carter was out of office, the Iran Hostage Crisis, for which his
presidency is most remembered, was over. Behind him was a disjointed foreign and confused
domestic policy. When he left office, Carter's approval rating was 34 percent, and his disapproval
rating nearly twice that (Roper Center). Today, it seems that he is a better ex–President than he was
a president, as evidenced in his founding of the Carter Center, his cultivation of his presidential
library, his contributions to Habitat for Humanity, and his numerous other humanitarian efforts.
During his term, he had a poor relationship with Congress, a low approval rating with the American
people, and a lack of cohesive international or domestic policy. I believe his two greatest failures are
also the two which marked his entire presidency and caused the drop in his approval ratings: the
confused and faltering domestic and international policies which lasted throughout his presidency
and the Iran Hostage Crisis.
Jimmy Carter was a one–term president who won on a campaign of being "not Washington" and
"not Gerald Ford" (Hargrove, 1988). Shortly after entering office, his refusal to trade political favors
with members of Congress, unwillingness to learn the rules of Washington politics and play by
them, and the general lack of communication between his administration and Congress stalled any
possible working relationship. This cannot be seen as a failure on the part of Congress, who

The Iran Hostage Crisis Of 1979 Essay
In the late 20th century, the government of the United States was going through a difficult time.
Having just came out of World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States were in a state of
political and military tension known as the Cold War. Little attention did the government of the
United States give to the other issues at hand. While, in the Middle East there was a storm forming,
the citizens of Iran were undergoing an evolution into a democratic government; breaking apart
from it monarchical rule. During this extremely crucial phase for Iran, the U.S. and United Kingdom
stepped in to overthrow this democratic development to strengthen their own agendas. In response
to this corruption that caused oppression amongst the Iranian people, they rose up against the U.S.
and held our citizen's hostage. This was known as the Iran Hostage Crisis of 1979. In this essay we
will discuss how the evolving decisions and events that built up to the Iranian Hostage Crisis were
due to a shortsightedness and lack of the understanding of people. Iran a country once ruled over by
a monarch had begun its democratic transformation and had elected their first officials and prime
minister. Mohammad Mosaddegh, democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until
1953. When Mohammad Mosaddegh came into power, he pushed to nationalize their countries oil
industry which has been under British control since 1913 through the Anglo–Persian Oil Company.
Though, it would seem the U.K.

The Study of Hostage Drama in Quirino Grandstand
THE STUDY OF HOSTAGE DRAMA IN QUIRINO GRANDSTAND
CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The aim of the dissertation is to research the diplomatic negotiating style of the Filipino law
enforcement by analyzing the events in its diplomatic history, namely the bilateral negotiations with
the Philippines during august 23, 2010.
For the past few days since the embarrassing hostage crisis that has brought international shame
again to our country, it has been reflecting on how we as a Filipino people can collectively move
forward from this incident. In cyberspace, many people continue to express anger, rage,
disappointment, frustration and sadness about how our government particularly the Philippine
National Police (PNP) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Believe that majority of our police force are good and well–meaning Filipino public servants who
went into the service to help our country. If the political leaders for the past 5 years only used our
funds properly instead of putting it in their own pockets then that would have been able to develop
an elite police force that would be able to handle any type of crisis situation in a very effective
manner. Making no excuses for the Aquino administration because like said, they should've been in
full control the moment the hostage crisis started but in reality they are also inheriting a poorly
trained and equipped PNP from the previous administration. Don't forget that Aquino has been in
power for barely two months while Robredo was just appointed as DILG chief in the middle of July.
It is with this reason that really appalled by the way two very staunch supporters of former President
Gloria Macapagal–Arroyo, Senator Miguel Zubiri and Albay's Rep. Edcel Lagman, are now trying
their darndest best to play hero and pin all the blame on Aquino and Robredo. If they are really
serious that they want to help our country and improve our image in the international community,
then perhaps they can begin by probing and supporting an investigation on all the anomalies and
corruption that happened during their boss' term.
Now, what can do to finally move forward? The greater challenge for us Filipinos is to understand

1991 Sacramento Hostage Crisis
The United States had its largest hostage rescue operation in its entire history, during the 1991
Sacramento hostage crisis. Four Vietnamese men, aged between 17 and 21, with legally acquired
firearms purchased by the leader of the group, entered into a Good Guys! Electronics store with the
intention to hold hostages until the four gunmen would receive (as ransom) "$4 million, four bullet–
proof vests, a helicopter, and a 1,000–year–old ginger plant" (Gross, p. 10). "The gunmen had told
negotiators and hostages that they were dissatisfied with their lives in the United States, frustrated
by the difficulty of finding jobs and eager to be "movie stars" during the televised hostage crisis"
(Gross, p. 8). These men wanted notoriety, and they wanted to return to their country of origin,
Vietnam, using the helicopter they demanded in the ransom. Despite threatening the hostages,
shooting several of them with the intent to injure them, and making wild ransom requests, the
Vietnamese men made little headway. After they realized their ransom offers were not going to be
met, they pushed the negotiators to give bulletproof vests in exchange for several women and
children. After successfully delivering one vest, "...(SED Sniper Jeff Boyes) had received
permission to fire on any subject he could obtain a clear line of sight on" (Sumner, p. 11). An
opportunity arose, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"'Petitioner (Nguyen) contends that the trial court denied him due process by excluding the
testimony of an expert in Southeast Asian culture and an expert in hostage negotiations.' NGUYEN
v. GALAZA, (N.D. Cal. 2001), No. C 99–3782 MMC (PR) (N.D. Cal. May. 24, 2001)" (Maxine
M.Chesney, p. 8). He also claimed the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right of
confrontation by limiting cross–examination with two of the officer/negotiators present at the
incident. All requests to be given additional trial to Nguyen were

The Hostage Crisis : The Cause Of The Iranian Hostageage...
November 4, 1979, the United States was in a state of panic, as roughly 60 Americans working at
the US embassy in Tehran were captured by Iranian students. While the cause of this event is not
singular, many believe it was primarily due to President Carter's decision to allow displaced leader
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi into the United States for medical treatment. Iran was enraged and had
had enough of the US interfering with their internal affairs. So, they did what they believed would
send the most impactful message, and the Iranian hostage crisis began.
Upon discovering the situation, President Carter tried and failed to resolve the issue diplomatically.
He rejected all oil imports from Iran, froze roughly 8 billion dollars worth of Iranian assets, and
even expelled Iranians from the United States; for fear of them being in direct contact with Iran.
Diplomacy failed, and Carter attempted to negotiate with Iran. United States citizens were becoming
concerned with the state of the hostages as it had been nearly six months since the hostages were
captured. The external pressures were building, and Carter was running out of options. After quick,
yet careful consideration and planning, he decided military was the only option and ordered
Operation Eagle Claw.
The plan was to rescue the hostages through the use of transport planes. It was extremely detailed,
and if one aspect went wrong, the plan would fail. Military helicopters would carry the rescue team
to their prearranged

Effects of Iranian Hostage Crisis
How Has the Iranian Hostage Crisis Affected the United States?
For most Americans, the story begins in 1979 with the Iranian Hostage Crisis, when a group of
revolutionary university students took over the American Embassy in Tehran, Iran, and held 52
American diplomats, intelligence officers and Marines hostage for 444 days. But for most Iranians,
and to fully understand the repercussions of this aforementioned event, the story begins almost three
decades prior, in 1953. This was the year that the United States overthrew the recently established
democracy in Iran, led by Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh. He had become very popular in
the country for having the ambition to finally take advantage of the wealth that Iran needed to grow
However, at that time to the American people the crisis invoked a feeling of national inferiority; for
one of the first times, the US had been manipulated by a foreign country and could do nothing about
it. However, the Iranian Hostage Crisis proved to be more than just an embarrassment for the
country. It's evident 33 years later that the Iranian Hostage Crisis had other significant effects on the
political environment of the United States, including the negative influence on the 1980 presidential
election, complete destruction of diplomatic US– Iran relations, and the establishment of a
precedent for foreign, anti–American terrorism as an effective strategy against the US. It's debatable
whether President Jimmy Carter would have won the election of 1980 if the Iranian Hostage Crisis
never happened. However, even the most profound of historians know that the conflict with Iran did
indeed spark the beginning of the Ronald Reagan era and put Jimmy Carter in company with only a
select number of presidents to not be re–elected to a second term. President Carter's inability to
resolve the problem made him look like a weak and ineffectual leader. Perhaps the most
demonstrative example of the president's inadequacy was an ill–advised executive decision that he
made in April of 1980, the same year of the election. With lagging and inauspicious diplomacy talks
ongoing with Iran, Carter grew frustrated. Not backed by his most important advisors, the president
made the call to

Iran Hostage Crisis Research Paper
The Iranian hostage crisis occurred on November 4, 1979. This crisis was a diplomatic standoff
between the United States and Iran, which lasted 444 days. A group of Iranian students from the
Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line took over the United States embassy in the capital
city of Tehran. This crisis is known as the longest hostage situation in recorded history. A total of 52
diplomats and citizens were held hostages within the U.S embassy. In Iran, this crisis was widely
viewed as an attack against the United States and its influence within Iranian borders. During this
crisis, the United States also granted asylum to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi after he was overthrown in
1979. The people of Iran demanded that the United States return

The Process of Hostage Negotiation Essay
What is hostage negotiation?
Hostage negotiation can be defined as "a negotiation between law enforcement agencies, diplomatic
or other government representatives for the release of persons held hostage against their will by
criminal, terrorist or other elements" (www.negotiations.com). When hostages are taking, it puts the
lives of the hostages, police officers, and people who are around the vicinity of the incident into
danger. It can also be harmful in the aspect of being both emotional and psychological. Dwayne
Fuselier who is associated with the Special Operations and Research Unit of the FBI Academy
states that most articles give three or four types of hostage takers. These types are the crimina, the
political activist or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this incident the 42– year old man has already murdered his neighbor, so he is capable of
committing a killing again. In addition, the area of the incident consists of a middle school and
public library putting those in danger also this scenario can be a high–level crisis class, which must
be handled with great care with caution to ensure safety of all involved.
Which category this hostage–taker falls into:
Since there are three to four, different types of hostage takers this particular scenario would fall into
the category of a mentally disturbed person who may also have substance abuse since a case of beer
was one of his demands. Maher (1977) considered the mentally disturbed hostage taker the hardest
to handle and poses as a greater threat. A mentally disturbed person takes hostages for many
different reasons. This hostage taker can also fall into the category of the criminal hostage taker. We
know that the male committed a crime of murdering his next–door neighbor, majorities of criminal
hostage takers are trying to escape a crime they have committed in this case the murder. By taking
his wife, son and family friend he is using these people as hostages to ensure his own safety the
demands are unusual for a criminal taker they usually demand much more than a case of beer and
fast food this would probably fall under the category again of a mentally disturbed person.
Your optimal role in the situation:
A role of the police psychologist is to work as a

The Hostage Crisis
Iran hostage crisis
The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. Fifty–two US
citizens were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981, after a group
of Islamic students and militants took over the Embassy of the United States in support of the
Iranian Revolution. Sixty–six Americans were taken captive when Iranian militants seized the U.S.
Embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979, including three who were at the Iranian Foreign Ministry.
Six more Americans escaped and of the 66 who were taken hostage, 13 were released on November
19 and 20, 1979; one was released on July 11, 1980. Start 1953 coup In February 1979, less than a
year before the hostage crisis, Mohammad Reza ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He consulted with the heads of the Islamic associations of Tehran's main universities, including the
University of Tehran, Sharif University of Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology
(Polytechnic of Tehran) and Iran University of Science and Technology. Their group was named
Muslim Student Followers of the Imam 's Line. "Our aim was to object against the American
government by going to their embassy and occupying it for several hours," Asgharzadeh said.
"Announcing our objections from within the occupied compound would carry our message to the
world in a much more firm and effective way." Mirdamadi told an interviewer, "we intended to
detain the diplomats for a few days, maybe one week, but no more." [29] Masoumeh Ebtekar,
spokeswoman for the Iranian students during the crisis, said that those who rejected Asgharzadeh 's
plan did not participate in the subsequent events. According to the group and other sources
Khomeini did not know of the plan beforehand. The Islamist students had wanted to inform him but
according to author Mark Bowden, Ayatollah Musavi Khoeyniha persuaded them not to. Khoeyniha
feared the government would use police to expel the Islamist students as they had the last occupiers
in February. The provisional government had been appointed by Khomeini and

Hostage Crisis Case Study
One of the earliest incidents involving hostages was the Romans use of them to further their agenda.
A lot has changed since then and so have the tactics over the years. The hostage crisis that really
changed everything was in Munich in 1972. As a result of the incident the NYPD created tactics,
techniques, and procedures (TTPs) for resolving those types of conflicts while minimizing the loss
of life. "Shortly afterward, the FBI developed a national training program for police officers who
wanted to learn about hostage negotiation" (McMains, J., Mullins, C, 2014, p G5). As the years have
changed so has the way that negotiators have dealt with the different scenarios which also require
different tactics. In this paper we will discuss a crisis incident that occurred in Chula Vista, CA on
May 28, 2015). We will then demonstrate how the reading coincides with the events that unfolded
there. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The suspect in question later identified as Michael got into an altercation with a next door neighbor
around 7:40 a.m. Michael had an AR–15 and shot his neighbor to death outside in the parking lot.
Michael then went inside his home where he barricaded himself, his wife and two children inside.
According to City News, (2015):
Police have yet to release a suspected motive for the shooting, but neighbor Oskar Vargas told
reporters the suspect and victim had a history of animosity, and the shooting may have stemmed
from the victim's girlfriend's daughter bullying the suspect's daughter because she and her parents
were little people.
The suspect would later release the hostages and proceed to take his own life after several attempts
by negotiators to have the man talk with

Hostage Situation In America
Similarly to terrorism, a hostage situation would also cause major issues for a study abroad group
and university. Hostage situations are the reason making sure students are all accounted for at all
times is important. Also having a good relationship with foreign government officials can help if a
situation like this would ever occur. In 2016, an american college student was held for 17 days in
North Korea. It is believed that he was severely tortured during that time. Shortly after his arrival
back home suffering from severe brain damage, he passed away (Grinberg, 2017). While further
action is being taken by the government, hostage situations still create a large crisis that colleges
need to have a plan for. Again, holding good relationships

Hostage Crisis Research Paper
What started as a hostage situation in Sydney, Australia, it ended up as a tragedy with two hostages
and a gunman dead 16 hours after the siege started. The hostage taker was later identified as Man
Haron Monis who U.S Law enforcement said he acted alone. It all happened early in the morning at
a café where 17 civilians were getting breakfast and Man Haron Monis decided to take them as a
hostages. After 16 long hours of negotiation, the Australia Special Force and the law enforcement
entered the building rescuing the hostages and killing the gunman.
This hostage situation can be considered a barricade–siege because the location of the hostages was
known to the authorities. Unlike hijack situations where the hostage taker takes over the
transportation,

Iran Hostage Crisis
The Iran Hostage Crisis was a discretionary standoff between Iran and the United States. In 1979, a
group of Iranian students went to the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American
hostages. Fifty–two hostages were held for 444 days, from November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981.
The reputation of Iran's leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, started to become awful as the Hostage Crisis
kept going. Ayatollah Khomeini was the Iranian Shia Muslim religious leader and politician and he
made several demands that needed to be met before the hostages were released. The Iran Hostage
Crisis caused the United States to cut ties with Iran and was an exemplary demonstration of
America's resolve to ensure the safe return of our citizens. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The government, and people tried everything they could to get the hostages released;Some other
hostages escaped. The hostages worked their way into the Canadian ambassador's house and they
stayed hiding their until they were rescued. While pretending to be the crew for a movie in Iran,
they were rescued. The hostages were given fake passports and identification. While people were
trying to get the hostages released, eight US servicemen were killed due to a a helicopter and a
transport plane colliding during a failed attempt to rescue the hostages. The hostages held were
mainly Americans and embassy workers. On November 19 and 20, Iran released 13 female and
African American hostages because they wanted to reveal the special status of women in Islamic
society. Also, some of the hostages were released because they were from other countries and had
medical conditions."Throughout the crisis there was a frightening uncertainty about their fate: The
hostages never knew whether they were going to be tortured, murdered or set free."

The Effects of the Iranian Hostage Crisis
The Iranian hostage crisis was one of the most dramatic events in a series of problems that took
place during President Jimmy Carter's term. The crisis, beginning in November of 1979, received
the most coverage of any major event since World War II. It was one of many problems faced in
light of the United State's complex relationship with Iran. The effects on both the US and Iran were
astronomical, especially politically as well as economically and socially. It took a heavy toll on
American relations with the Middle East and changed the way we engage in foreign affairs. In light
of this crisis, Iran started an international war that we are still fighting thirty–two years later. The
complexity of America's relationship with Iran increased steadily beginning in 1908, when Iran
struck oil. The Shah, the king or emperor of Iran, after taking the place of his young predecessor
Reza Shah Pahlavi with the help of the CIA, led Iran into a period of extreme wealth and prosperity,
the likes of which the Iranian people had never experienced. However, with the growth of wealth in
Iran came the growth of Iranian resentment towards the West, specifically the United States. The
Iranian's resented the uneven distribution of wealth that they felt existed and the United State's
influence in "westernizing" their society. In 1963, this growing hatred led to a conflict with the
Islamic clergy. The conflict was quickly settled by the Shah, but he was unaware that this dispute
was the beginning

The Tragedy Of The Iranian Hostage Crisis
There was once time of prosperity and hope in this great nation. A time where it seemed that nothing
could go wrong and a time that America seemed to be on top of the world as a powerhouse;
however, by the late 1970's, that time was no more. America went from an economic powerhouse to
a country struggling to survive. America went from the land of the free and the home of the brave to
citizens having no identity of patriotism following the Vietnam War. America went from doing the
attacking and righting the wrong in the world, to being harassed and taken advantage of. This
harassment is told through David Farber's novel, Taken Hostage, which details the hostage takeover
that involved sixty–six American citizens who had to endure 444 agonizing days of being taken
hostage because America was no longer in control. During the time of the Iranian hostage crisis,
Americans were held back by the tragedy for numerous reasons, many of which stem from the
immediate reaction of combined shock and frustration towards the United States Government and
President Carter, a lack of knowledge of the ongoing strained relationship between the two
countries, and finally, the surprising tension and ineffectiveness of the Carter Administration's
foreign policy.
In the months leading up to the hostage crisis, the morale and patriotism expressed by the American
people was gloom and not promising for the nation; "Especially in the last years of the decade, it
was mainly just hard times" (Farber, 10).

Jimmy Carter: The Iran Hostage Crisis
During Jimmy Carter's presidency, from 1977 to 1981, the Iran hostage crisis took place. In 1979,
young Islamic revolutionaries took more than 60 Americans hostage at the U.S. embassy in Tehran.
The built up tensions were due the oil interest from western countries especially America after 1953.
After the United States feared that the Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh would be getting
closer to Moscow, the United States, or more specifically the CIA, overthrew him and put the Shah
in his place. The Shah tried using his powers to start economic and social reforms to transform and
westernize Iran. There was much disagreement and conflict with Iranian citizens due to the
westernizing influence, and an uneven distribution of wealth after 1963.

The Iran Hostage Crisis Essay
In January 1979, Iranians opposed to the Shah's rule invaded the American embassy in Tehran and
held a group of 52 American diplomats and other hostages for 444 days. The Shah left Iran and the
victorious Ayatollah Khomeini returned that February. Of the approximately 90 people inside the
embassy, 52 remained in captivity until the end of the crisis. The reputation of the Ayatollah
Khomeini and the hostage taking was further enhanced with the failure of a hostage rescue attempt
that cost lives. The Ayatollah Khomeini set forth several demands to be met prior to the release of
the hostages. The US had options of their own; however, the risk to the hostages required the utmost
consideration. In order to secure their freedom, outgoing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Furthermore, the Shah purchased billions of dollars worth of weapons of security from the US. In
1979 the realm was overthrown by extreme Islam's that were followers of Ayatollah Khomeini. The
intention of the Iranian students was to display their displeasure against the Shah. Their demand was
the return of the Shah for a trial followed by his death. In addition, they asked that the US stay out
of their country's affairs. Carter's approach required the safeguarding of American hostages but also
guaranteed an alliance with Iran. Carter's tactics on the situation had devastating effects on his run
for re–election (Hamilton, 1982).
The holding of hostages continued for month's event after the death of the Shah. Throughout their
captivity, the hostages were paraded in front of the media. Though the hostage takers were not
members of the Iranian government or military, their allegiance to Khomeini and the Islamic
government shaped a worldwide crisis. Wikipedia, Hector Villalon and Christian Bourget began the
initial negotiations for the release of the hostages. They "delivered a formal request to Panama for
extradition of the Shah" which was "a pretext to cover secret negotiations to free the American
hostages." This happened as the Soviets invaded Iran's neighbor Afghanistan an event America
hoped would "illustrate the threat" of its superpower neighbor and need for better relations with the

Hostage Negotiation
Hostage and barricade incidents are amongst the most difficult, emotional, and sometimes
potentially lethal situations that a negotiator can be involved in. Often, the hostage taker shows
signs of mental illness, drug or alcohol intoxication, or personal disputes accompanied by a high
level of emotion. (Feldmann) These contributing factors lead to impulsive and often unpredictable
behavior on the part of the hostage taker. It is sometimes impossible for negotiators to anticipate
possible outcomes and complications that could arise from these incidents. Negotiators use a wide
variety of tools, information, and strategies to try and resolve whatever grievances and demands the
perpetrator is exhibiting. The main focus on the part of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The student expresses intense frustration with both the school and the oppressor. Revenge and
murder are his motivators and bystanders become the hostages.
What prompts a hostage taker? Many different situations can trigger an emotional outburst. For the
criminal, desperation is usually the motivator. Fear of going to jail either for the first time, or
returning, is the main reason for taking a hostage. (Fuselier) The situation itself is also a trigger. For
the person who takes either a family member or loved one, the motivation is different. Loss of a
family life and fear of change often take over emotionally. If a spouse is awarded custody of kids,
possessions, and sometimes money, the subject experiences an emotional breakdown, which leads to
irrational behavior. (Fuselier) Anger and jealousy are often the most common emotions felt by the
hostage taker. The risk to these hostages is much greater due to the emotions involved. Also, the
hostages have not bee taken as a mean to satisfy demands, but rather because the subject intends to
murder them. (Fuselier) The disgruntled worker and the student often feel oppressed in some way
either from peers or management. They are often looking to fill a void in their life, which ids usually
lack of respect. They believe that by resorting to violence, they can gain the respect that they lack.
(VanZandt) Also, many employees feel that they do not have a voice in the company and that
management does not care about their

The Resolution Of The Hostages On The Basis Of...
Initially, the President's response was to appeal for the release of the hostages on the basis of
humanitarian grounds, but this was ineffective against the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's
Line because their main goal was to bring the Shah and the United States to justice, and taking
hostages was just a means to do so. Since there were so many hostages taken, the United States had
to tread carefully with their diplomacy. They were the ones against odds with everything to lose.
The United States should have given an ultimatum earlier on in the hostage crisis, when the motives
and end goals of the Muslim Students were not fully determined (Harris, 54). The hostage crisis also
paved the way for an increase of political power among Muslim extremist groups such as the
Irainian Mujahedin; which would then split into two groups known today as Al–Qaeda and ISIS
(Cold War Museum). Many of theses extremist groups saw the hostage crisis as a war to end
American imperialism. The Muslim Students that took hostages decided early on that their quarrel
was with American diplomats, so the militants released thirteen women and African Americans just
weeks into the hostage crisis. And finally, one hostage, Richard Queen, was released during July of
1980 when he was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Contrary to common belief, the hostages were
actually moved from the embassy to prisons in Tehran by August of 1980 (Baqr, 97). President
Jimmy Carter was in the midst of his first term,

History Of The Iranian Hostage Crisis
There are many important events that have occurred in this world. To the United States, Iran was
important. This is because Iran gave oil to the industrial West. In this case, the United States wanted
to keep Iran independent and stable. Though, the relations between the two countries soon became
broken. One major event was between the United States of America and Iran, which was the Iranian
Hostage Crisis.
On President Jimmy Carter's third year as president, the shah of Iran was in deep trouble. Iran had
brutal and unpopular policies that many people did not agree with. Revolution broke out in the
January of 1979, because many Iranians didn't agree with the shah's ruling. The shah had no support
due to his "secret police" that would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The crisis made the relations between the united States and Iran very bitter. The Iranians also
developed strong and contempt feelings toward President Jimmy Carter. Carter failed at attempting
to secure the hostages' freedoms and that decreased his popularity. This crisis caused the Iranian
Revolution to get moved along and become a bigger problem. An oil conflict also resulted because
the United States then had trouble getting oil from Iran. After the hostage crisis, the U.S. then
looked at Iranians as terrorists and did not have

The Crisis Of The Iranian Hostage Crisis
Because the Iranian hostage crisis primarily stemmed from the Iranians' desire to prevent a counter–
revolution by the Americans, President Carter had few viable options for negotiating. The Iranian
students made demands they fully expected the United States to reject and would not have accepted
anything else that Carter could have realistically offered them (Glad, 1989). This unwillingness to
negotiate effectively removed many of the peaceful options that President Carter might have
undertaken and drastically restrained his ability to effectively respond to the crisis. Despite the
severity of the situation facing the American hostages, the U.S. government did not act quickly or
decisively to solve the crisis. While the delayed timing of the hostage crisis did initially catch the
Americans off guard, (they had admitted the shah for medical treatment almost two weeks earlier)
the quick resolve the government showed in creating a Special Coordinating Committee soon
diminished (Houghton, 2001). Many senior government officials imagined that the crisis would not
last very long, and thus didn't expect rapid action would prove necessary. While ultimately
incorrect, American officials did have an earlier precedent to validate their belief in a swift
resolution to the crisis. Earlier that year, on February 19, a similar event occurred in Iran; a group of
Iranians belonging to a Marxist faction stormed the United States embassy and held hostages for a
short period of time until the

The Iran Hostage Crisis : The Causes Of The Iran Hostage...
The Iran Hostage Crisis
November 4, 1979, is remembered by lots of people, probably because it was in their lifetime that it
happened, it's when sixty–six people were taken hostage at the U.S Embassy in Tehran, this was
called The Iran Hostage Crisis, and it was only the start. The Iran Hostage Crisis was truly a tragedy,
people didn't know if they would come home, would they see their families again, would they get
out of this alive, and if they did, when would they be released. The tragedy happened while Jimmy
Carter was in presidency. Which as some people say caused him to lose the election.
It all started November 4, 1979, in the U.S Embassy. Iranian students rushed into the U.S Embassy
taking sixty–three people hostage and later three more people were captured at the Iranian foreign
ministry and taken hostage. Thus sixty–six people were taken hostage that day. Thirteen days later
Ayatollah ordered them to release thirteen out of the sixty–six hostages to be freed, and one person
got released because of a medical condition, which left fifty–two people to be held hostage. Instead
of moving the location of where they were being held they all stayed hostage at the U.S Embassy.
Six people were able to escape from being held, hostage. Robert Anders, Mark J. Lijek, Cora A.
Lijek, Henry L. Schatz, Joseph D. Stafford, and Kathleen F. Stafford were all the escapees. They
were able to escape because of a Canadian diplomat John Sheardown, who let them hide out in his
home, under

The Iran Hostage Crisis And The United States
I. Introduction
"WELCOME BACK TO FREEDOM," a sign is held up as the remaining hostages climb out of the
plane on American soil. The Iran Hostage Crisis included Iranian students holding Americans
hostage. Fifty–two American hostages were held in the United States Embassy in Tehran for 444
days. The 444 day hostage crisis lasted from November 1979 to January 1981. There are different
reasons why the Iran Hostage Crisis could have happened. The actions and inactions of the United
States' government are to blame for the Iran Hostage Crisis because the United States allowed the
Shah to obtain medical treatment, President Carter's response to the crisis, and the U.S. involvement
with Iran before the crisis. The Shah's medical treatment in the United States created great hatred
from Iranians toward the Shah and the United States. Many of President Carter's decisions angered
Iranians and is a cause of the Iran Hostage Crisis. There were many problems before the Iran
Hostage Crisis between the United States and Iran. There was the Iran Revolution, the overthrowing
of the Shah, and the political right that were sent to the Shah.
II. Background
The Iran Hostage Crisis began on November 4, 1979, and ended on January 20 1981, a span of 444
days. A total of sixty–six hostages were taken in the American Embassy in Iran. After a short period
of time the Iranian students released fifteen hostages ("Iran Hostage Crisis" United). The hostages
were kept in the American Embassy located in

"On November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking
more than 60 American hostages."(Iran Hostage Crisis). This happened when the pro–american
monarchy, the Shah, was overthrown in a revolution. The 6o Americans were held for 443 days and
released on the 444th day of being captured. During this time, Carter's foreign policy team seemed
weak because it took so long for the hostages to be released. However, the plan was executed
correctly. It was executed correctly in a sense that no more Americans were killed in this extensive
year and a half long crisis. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was admitted into an American hospital for
treatment because Pahlavi had recently developed cancer. In return, the new power

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