Here about SDLC has been very well explained by our group.

1. COMPUTER SOFTWARE
AND
ITS DEVELOPMENT
1Presented by: Group-E (The Anonymous)
Gagan Puri
Bimal Pradhan
Rabin BK
Bikram Bhurtel
Bikash Dhakal

2. Introduction to computer software
Introduction to software development
Programming languages
Operating systems
General features and trends
References
2
Contents

3.  Software is the set of instructions and associated data that direct the
computer to do a task
 Computer Instructions or data, anything that can be stored electronically is
Software
 Computer hardware is useless without software
 If There is a problem in the Software implies – Problem with program or data
 Example:- iOS, android, LibreOffice, Microsoft office, Avast anti-virus,
.NET frame work etc.
Introduction to computer software
3

4.  Operating system
 Utility software
 Language translators
 Compiler
 Interpreter
 Application software
Types of software
4

5. Software which manages and controls the hardware so that application
software can perform a task
Operating system
Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually work
 OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine hardware
 The OS organizes and controls the hardware
 Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.
System software
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6. Utility software
● Utility software is system software designed to help analyze, configure,
optimize or maintain a computer
● It is a type of system software, used to support the computer infrastructure
● Example:- anti-virus, archivers, network utilities, disk cleaner etc.
Language translators
• Compiler: A compiler is a program that reads a program in one
language – the source language and translates into an equivalent
program in another language – the target language
• An interpreter is a computer program that translates and executes
instructions written in a computer programming language line-by-line,
unit by unit etc.
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7.  An application program is a computer program designed to perform
a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit
of the user
 Example:- word processor, spreadsheet, accounting application,
web browser, media player etc.
Application software
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8. a programming language is a notational system intended to
facilitate human - machine interaction .
The notation is understood both by human and machine .
The programming language has syntax , and language
elements have semantics .
Introduction to programming language
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9. Machine language / first generation language
Assembly language / second generation language
Procedural language / third generation language
Problem-orientated language / fourth generation language
Natural language / fifth generation language
Different levels (or generation) of language
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10. The lowest level of language .
The language used to program the first computer .
The instructions in machine language are made of binary numbers ,
represented by 1s and 0s.
1s and 0s correspond to the on and off states of electrical switches .
Suitable for the understanding of the machine but very much difficult
to interpret and learn by the human programmer.
Machine language (1GL)
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11. low level language that allows a programmer to use abbreviations
or easily remembered words instead of numbers.
These observations are called Mnemonics . these Mnemonic are
opcode and operands .
for example: ADD AX,BX
MOV CX,BX
INC CX
Op-code; ADD,MOV,INC
Operands; AX,BX,CX
Assembly language (2GL)
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12. Programmer can write instruction faster but it is still not easy language
to learn .
Drawback : the language is specific to a particular processor family
and environment. (machine dependent language)
Assembler – a program the translates the assembly language program
into machine language .
Second Generation language (2GL)
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13. Procedure Oriented Programming Language
A high level language is an English like language.
It is a refinement of a second generation programming language .
It allowed users to write in familiar notation, rather than number or
observations.
Most high level languages are not machine dependent.
Translator for high level language is either a compiler or an interpreter.
Examples of high level languages:
-FORTRON
-COBOL
-BASIC
-C AND C++
High level language (3GL)
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14. Object oriented language(4GL)
 4 GL are much more user-oriented and allows programmer to develop
programs with fewer commands compared with 3GLs.
 Non-procedural language ; programmers don’t have to specify all the
programming logic , only tell the computer what they want done.
 Saves a lot of time.
 4GLs consist of report generators and interactive database management
system
 For example
-RGP III(report generator)
-SQL(structured query language)
-NOMAD and FOCUS (DBMS)
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15. Two types
 ordinary human language
Programming language that use human language to give people a more
natural connection with computers.
5GL are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without a
programmer.
Natural languages are part of the field of study known as artificial
intelligence.
-develop machine to emulate human like qualities such as learning
reasoning ,communicating , etc.
Natural language (5GL)
15

16. Compiler Interpreter
Scans the entire program and translate it as a
whole into machine code.
Translate program one statement at a time.
It takes large amount of time to analyze the
source code but the overall execution time is
comparatively faster.
It takes less amount of time to analyze the source
code but the overall execution time is slower.
Generates intermediate object code which further
requires linking , hence requires more memory.
No intermediate object code is generated , hence
are memory efficient.
It generates the error message only after scanning
the whole program hence debugging is
comparatively hard.
Continues translating the program until the first
error is met ,in which case it stops hence
debugging is easy.
Programming language like c , c + + ,use
compilers.
Programming language like python , ruby use
interpreters.
Compiler and interpreter
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17. It is a step by step process for developing a software product
Tools like algorithm and flowcharts are commonly used for
planning and development
It requires knowledge of programming language
Development of software undergoes a certain process termed as
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
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Software development

18. A period of time that begins when a software product is conceived and
ends when the software is no longer available for use
In other words, it is a framework that describes the activities performed at
each stage of a software development project.
Consists of different phases such as:
Concept
Analysis / Requirements gathering
Design
Implementation / coding
Testing
Deployment
Maintenance
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What is SDLC?

19. There are different SDLC models used for designing a software
Waterfall and V model are traditional
These models are of sequential type, i.e., next phase can only start
after the completion of first
Big Bang model is a random approach suitable only for small
projects
Agile model is the most popular
Introduces the concept of fast delivery to customers using prototype
approach and it is the backbone of this model
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Which model of SDLC?

20. Feedbacks and
Review
Agile model of SDLC
Analysis/Requir
ement gathering
Design
Implementation
or coding
Testing
Deployment
Maintenance
Initiate
projects and
define
requirements
Concept
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21. Manages and coordinates the functions performed by the
computer hardware
Vary in complexity
Most important program that runs on a computer
Example:- Linux, Windows, OS/2, Unix etc
21
Operating System

22. Job management
Batch Processing
ON-line Processing
Data Management
Virtual Storage
Input / Output Management
Functions of O.S.
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23. On the basis of their use:
Desktop Operating Systems
Server OS
Mainframe OS
Classification of O.S.
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24. On the basis of their capabilities and features:
Multiuser O.S.
Multiprocessing O.S.
Multitasking O.S.
Multithreading O.S.
Real-time O.S.
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25. Software is the instruction that the computer follows
A series of instruction that perform a particular task called a program
Two major software are
System Software : it is made up of control programs, including the
OS, communications software and data manager.
Application Software : it is the any program that processes data
for the user (payroll, spreadsheet, word processor, etc.)
General Software features and Trends
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26.  Ease of use
 Graphical User Interface(GUI)
 More features
 Requirement of more powerful hardware
 Multi-platform capability
 Network Capabilities
 Object Linked and Embedding
 Group work capabilities
 Mail enabling
 Web enabling
Some trends are listed below:
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27. System software application are becoming more and more easy to
use
The Software they develop are user-friendly than that of their
competitor’s products
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
 Software application and products provide users with graphical,
intuitive & easy to use interfaces
 Task can be accomplished just by a mouse click
Ease of Use
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28. Number of new software companies & the numbers of new
software products are increasing day by day
Software marketplace is witnessing a fierce battle for survival
Requirement of More Powerful Hardware
 As software vendors are incorporating more new features into their
products
 Software needs more powerful machines to run
More Features
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29. It support multiple platform i.e both hardware and software
platforms
Some platform software like MVS, Windows, AIX, UNIX, etc
Network Capabilities
 Network computers are becoming popular as
they can work with minimal memory, processor
power and disk storage
Multi-Platform Capability
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30. It enables us to create object with one application and
then embed or link them into second application
Group-work Capabilities
 Vendors are integrating collaboration into their
products
Object linked and Embedding
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31. Process which e-mail is gradually replacing many of the single
purpose application used on PCs
Web Enabling
 increasing popularity of internet and the amount of information
that is available on the net
Mail Enabling
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32. www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.tutorialspoint .com
Course book (Introduction to Information and Technology-
Alexis Leon and Mathew Leon)
Teachers note
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References

33. Queries
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