GIVES YOU RELEVANT INFORMATION ON HYPER 1

1. HYPERSENSITIVITY I
GROUP SEVEN
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2. GROUP MEMBERS
• MICHAEL MENSAH
• DEKYI REUBEN
• NYARKO PRINCE
• EDEM KOJO JOHN
• BUABENG ISAAC KOJO
• CARR JEREMIAH
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3. OBJECTIVES
• Facts and what hypersensitivity I is.
• What is its pathophysiology or mode of work?
• Who is susceptible to the disease ?
• Treatment and prognosis.
• Examples of diseases under hypersensitivity I.
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4. FACTS ON HYPERSENSITIVITY I
• Hypersensitivity I has no cure, but can be managed.
• The cost of treatment and management of hypersensitive
patients costs over $18 billion dollars annually.
• With food allergy treatment alone costing about $25 billion
dollars annually.
• In the US, 50 million people experience various types of
allergies under hypersensitivity I each year.
• It is also known as immediate hypersensitivity.
• It is an immune allergic response.
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5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERSENSITIVITY
I
• The difference between hypersensitivity I and other
immune response is the production of IGE instead of
IGM, IGG or IGA.
• In hypersensitivity I or immediate hypersensitivity,
there is an antibody-antigen reaction where B-cells are
made to produce immunoglobulin-E (IGE) antibodies
by CD4+ and TH2 cells.
• In this antibody-antigen reaction, Immunoglobulin-E
antibodies bind to FCᵋRI receptors on the surface of
tissue mast cells and blood basophils.
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6. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERSENSITIVITY
I
• Antigens found in this particular
reaction are known as Allergens.
• These allergens may enter the body by
injection, ingestion, inhalation or
through direct contact or exposure.
• After these allergens have binded to the
receptors, the body becomes ‘sensitized’
upon the first exposure.
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7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERSENSITIVITY
I
• Upon second exposure after sensitization has occurred,
there is the cross-linking of the IGE bounded on the
sensitized cells and the resulting effect being
anaphylactic degranulation.
• Where pre-formed active mediators from storage
granules are released immediately and explosively.
• There is the concurrent synthesis of lipid mediators
from arachidonic acid.
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8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERSENSITIVITY
I
• The release of these mediators are to cause smooth-
muscle contraction and vasodilation.
• They include histamine, leukotriene (LTD4, LTB4 and
LTC4) and prostaglandin ( which acts on proteins
located in surrounding tissue)
• Hypersensitivity I is classified into two phases of
response being the immediate phase and late phase.
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9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERSENSITIVITY
I
• The Immediate phase being the release of vasoactive
amines and lipid mediators within a matter of minutes
or seconds.
• And the late phase being the release of the mediators as
well as cytokines within 2-4 hours.
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10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERSENSITIVITY
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11. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DISEASE CONDITION
• There is actually no age limit for susceptibility for
hypersensitivity I.
• It is estimated that children between the ages of 0-4
years are more prone to developing diseases involving
hypersensitivity I.
• It also estimated that elderly people or persons are also
susceptible to diseases involving hypersensitivity I.
• Generally persons with somewhat weak immunologic
response are susceptible to developing such disease
conditions.
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12. TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
• The treatment or otherwise management of the
condition includes the use of
corticosteroids,antihistamine and adrenaline in
controlled doses.
• In prognosis, hypersensitivity can lead the body to
reactive negatively to certain actions and substances. It
can lead to severe allergic reactions in a form of
response. Such responses include,
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13. ASTHMA 13

14. ALLERGIC CONJUCVITIS 14

15. ANGIOEDEMA 15

16. OTHER ALLERGIC RESPONSES 16

17. OTHER ALLERGIC RESPONSES 17

18. REFERENCES
• 2011, Shiv Pillai MD, Abdul K. Abbas MBBS; Andrew Wilson.
“Cellular and Molecular Immunology: with STUDENT
CONSULT online access. Philadelphia
• 2018, Article- CDC National Centre for Health Statistics.
FastStats: Allergies and Hay fever.
• GETTY IMAGES
• 2018, Article- American College of Allergy, Asthma and
Immunology. Allergy Facts.
• immunology-kuby, pg. 20, introduction.
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