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Forensic anthropology
- 1. Forensic Anthropology Subject Matter on Criminalistics MSC-101 Foreword By ______________________ Garcia Aljhoney To be submitted to Prof. Alain S. Acuña, MSCRIM, FBS
- 2. Scope Of my Topic • Definition of Forensic anthropology • History • Modern uses or Application • The growth of forensic anthropology • Methods • Subfields • Recommendation • Conclusion • References
- 3. Definition of Forensic anthropology What is Forensic Anthropology? - Generally speaking forensic anthropology is the examination of human skeletal remains for law enforcement agencies to help with the recovery of human remains, determine the identity of unidentified human remains. - Forensic anthropology is the application of anthropological research and techniques to the resolution of medico legal issues, The critical distinction between a forensic anthropologist and a general anthropologist is the former’s focus on human identification while later focus on all aspects. -Further definition of the term is necessary to understand the scope and basis of forensic Anthropology alone is the study of man and it subsides with archaeology, Taphonomy and osteology. - is the application of the anatomical science of anthropology and its various subfields, including forensic archaeology and forensic taphonomy in a legal setting. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated or otherwise unrecognizable, as might happen in a plane crash.
- 4. Forensic anthropologists are also instrumental to the investigation and documentation of genocide and mass graves. -using physical markers present on a skeleton, a forensic anthropologist can potentially determine a victim's age, sex, stature, and ancestry. Forensic Anthropologist - Forensic anthropologists are commonly portrayed in the media as forensic scientists and/or crime scene technicians, but this is not accurate. - they work with law enforcement agencies and assist in processing skeletal evidence. They study bones, a field known as osteology, and profile research subjects by gathering information used to determine the individual's age at death, sex and physical condition.
- 5. History - in 18th- and 19th-century is the precursors of modern anthropology. The term anthropology itself, innovated as a New Latin scientific word during the Renaissance, has always meant "the study (or science) of man" - The use of anthropology in the forensic investigation of remains grew out of the recognition of anthropology as a distinct scientific discipline and the growth of physical anthropology. The field of anthropology began in the United States and struggled to obtain recognition as a legitimate science during the early years of the twentieth century. Earnest Hooton -pioneered the field of physical anthropology and became the first physical anthropologist to hold a full-time teaching position in the United States Hooton was a proponent of criminal anthropology Now considered a pseudoscience, Exhumed bodies of victims of the 1995 Srebrenica Genocide in a mass grave found in 2007. July 1995 genocide of more than 8,000 Muslim Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica during the Bosnian War. Idea that modern humans evolved in East Africa 200,000 years ago challenged by extraordinary discovery of 300,000-year-old remains in Moroccan mine The fossil is an upper jawbone with several teeth; stone tools were also found nearby. Dating places the tools and jaw as being between 177,000 and 194,000 years old. Misliya cave Sir Earnest Hooton
- 6. Pseudoscience -pseudoscience is derived from the Greek root pseudo meaning false and the English word science, from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge". - consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual, but are incompatible with the scientific method. (Ex. Zodiac sign) Criminal anthropologists believed that phrenology and physiognomy could link a person's behavior to specific physical characteristics The use of criminal anthropology to try to explain certain criminal behaviors arose out of the eugenics movement, EUGENICS – a Greek word eugenes means Well born from good well, also a Self direction of Human Evolution, It was coined by Francis Galton in 1883
- 7. • Phrenology • - (from Ancient Greek (phrēn), meaning 'mind', and (logos), meaning 'knowledge' • -primarily focused on measurements of the human skull. • -phrenologists believe that the human mind has a set of various mental faculties, each one represented in a different area of the brain. For example, the faculty of "philoprogenitiveness", from the Greek for "love of offspring", was located centrally at the back of the head (see illustration of the chart from Webster's Academic Dictionary). • Physiognomy- • -(from the Greek physis meaning "nature" and gnomon meaning "judge" or "interpreter") is a practice of assessing a person's character or personality from their outer appearance especially the face
- 8. Modern Use • -forensic anthropology Today, is a well-established discipline within the forensic field. Anthropologists are called upon to investigate remains and to help identify individuals from bones when other physical characteristics which could be used to identify a body no longer exist • Forensic anthropologists can provide physical characteristics of the person to input into missing person databases such as that of the National Crime Information Center in the US or INTERPOL's yellow notice database. • If the victim is not found for a lengthy period of time or has been eaten by scavengers, flesh markers used for identification would be destroyed, making normal identification difficult if not impossible. • Applied anthropologists use anthropological methods and tools of research and data retrieval as professional consultants to solve real world problems and issues. Applied anthropology involves applying the study of human culture, behavior, language, and biology. Anthropologist’s help humans using observation, ethnography, and collecting research and data.
- 9. • • The growth of forensic anthropology • During the 1940s, Krogman was the first anthropologist to actively publicize anthropologists' potential forensic value. • This period saw the first official use of anthropologists by federal agencies including the FBI. • During the 1950s, time that forensic anthropology officially began and it was the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps employed forensic anthropologists in the identification of war casualties during the Korean War. • The professionalization of the field began soon after, during the 1950s and 1960s • First forensic anthropology research facility opened by William M. Bass • A body farm is a research facility where decomposition can be studied in a variety of settings. • They were invented by anthropologist William Marvin Bass III in 1981,
- 10. • Franz Uri Boas a German-Americananthropologist considered both the founder of modern anthropology And who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology. • Biggest body farm Texas State University's Forensic Anthropology Centre in the US. It's the largest body farm in the world, and it exists to help forensic scientists piece together the mysterious circumstances that human remains are found in during police work. • The first research facility of this kind was started at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville in 1981 by forensic anthropologist Bill Bass
- 11. Determination of sex Depending on which bones are present, sex can be determined by looking for distinctive sexual dimorphisms. Sexual dimorphisms. - is a term for the phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species. Male thick color and big while female is smaller than male and light color distinction. Male pelvis. Note narrow pubic arch and longer sacrum. Female pelvis. Note wide pubic arch and shorter, pushed back sacrum
- 12. • DETERMINATION OF AGE • The determination of an individual's age by anthropologists depends on whether or not the individual was an adult or a child. The determination of the age of children, under the age of 21, is usually performed by examining the teeth. • When teeth are not available, children can be aged based on which growth plates are sealed. The tibia plate seals around age 16 or 17 in girls and around 18 or 19 in boys. • The three bones that are used are the femur, the tibia, and the fibula. • In addition to the leg bones, the bones of the arm, the humerus, ulna, and radius can be used. • Shafts-midsection of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat) • Age Estimation: 18 to 25 • Fusion of epiphysis of the long bones with their Respective shafts. • Shafts the rounded end of a long bone Example Diagram
- 13. Application By Sample Diagram White Female Stature estimation And its formula 2.534 x Humerus +86.62 +/- 5.32 Estimated Stature - is 27.22 Formula well be equal 2.534 x 27.2+86.62+/-53.32 Then = 155.54 +/- 5.32 Then = to 150.22 on (-) And 160.86 on (+) Victim Height 5’0 to 5’2
- 14. SUB FIELDS • There are 3 subfields of forensic anthropology are: • Forensic osteology • Forensic archeology • Forensic Taphonomy • Forensic Osteology is the study of the skeleton. • Forensic Archeology involves the controlled collection and excavation of human remains and other evidence from the scene. • Taphonomy is the study of changes occurring to human remains at the time of and after death, including trauma, decomposition, and environmental modification.
- 15. • Recommendation • I want to recommend to all Criminology school to have a subject matter about forensic anthropology to determine certain age and Sex of certain cadaver, it is a need for such criminologist to have a little background about forensic anthropology in such way we can apply certain knowledge on case basis, we have to accept that there are Only few schools that offer such course due to lack of facility like what they in TEXAS. • Also I want to recommend to the government to have one of this facility to let students Learn The Actual form and aspects of what to study and well not base it on theory and pictures only, it well also help the Subfields in learning more about this certain scientific study.
- 16. In conclusion Forensic anthropologist is one of the subfields in criminalistics that need more attention for such big help, on our police officers in determining sex and age of certain bodies, for me forensic anthropology is one of the best way of determining age and sex of certain artifacts that is already uncertain due to a lot of factors. If we well be more focus in studying this matter we will learn a lot about bone studies , different factors that affect in such identification of certain cadaver how to identify difference between man and woman cadaver .