Stem Cells and their Therapeutic applications
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Stem Cells and their Therapeutic applications
- 2. Gold medalist in medicine Has felicitated by national and International awards for the outstanding work in the field of Regenerative Medicine Recently felicitated by Ohio State University and was invited for the advanced training in organ development at US He has several research and scientific publications on his name A well transplant surgeon in the field of regenerative medicine, treated more than 2000 patients with cellular medicine Has represented several National and International conference as a chief guest & chief Achievements
- 3. • Introduction of Stem cells as the building blocks • Stem cells – types • Practical Experience • Future - Drug Discovery in a dish - Organ Shop- fiction or reality? - Organ Development – 3D printing technology - Organ Development – Minimal Invasive Technique - Silicon chip technology • A paradigm shift from traditional medicine to cellular medicine – New dimensions • Revamping of complete Regenerative Medicine
- 4. 1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human embryos 1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers 2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research 2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International creates $20 million fund-raising effort to support stem-cell research 2002 - California ok stem cell research 2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos using private funding 2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells Stem Cell HistoryStem Cell History
- 5. Stem Cell – Definition A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues
- 7. Stages of Embryogenesis blastocyst Blastocyst inner mass cells 8-cell stagecleavage
- 9. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC): received from: Embryos created in vitro fertilization Aborted embryos Adult Stem Cells (ASC): can be received from: Limited tissues (bone marrow, muscle, brain) Discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury or disease. • IPSC’s reprogrammed cells
- 10. This cell Can form the Embryo and placenta This cell Can just form the embryo Fully mature
- 12. • Skin • Fat Cells • Bone marrow • Brain • Many other organs & tissues Adult Stem Cells An undifferentiated cells found among specialized or differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth
- 14. Bone Marrow Found in spongy bone where blood cells form Used to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells. treat patients diagnosed with leukemia, aplastic anemia, and lymphomas Need a greater histological immunocompatibility
- 15. Umbilical cord stem cells Also Known as Wharton’s Jelly Adult stem cells of infant origin Less invasive than bone marrow Greater compatibility Less expensive
- 16. Factors known to affect stem cells Low stress levels Regular exercise Enriching experiences Learning new information Healthy diets: rich in antioxidants Avoid excessive drinking
- 17. Dynamic world ; Communication and information Inside our body their is a microscopic world busy and complex like the world around us. This world is maintained by stem cells
- 18. Signals to Stem Cells Other Cells Matrix Molecules Self-Renewal Soluble Factors Differentiation Little, et al. Chemical Reviews (2008).
- 19. Health Crisis : Escalating Cost Research Longevity of life Limitations in treatments Auto Immune disease Organ Failures Genetic disease Cancer Degenerative / Development / Congenital
- 20. INDIA SPENDS US $ 22.7 BILLION ON HEALTHCARE 5.2% of GDP Total Healthcare Pharma Healthcare delivery
- 21. THAILAND INDIA Heart Surgery Auto Immune Disease Organ Failure Knee Replacement Cosmetic Surgery 7,500 ------- ------- 8,000 3,500 6,000 26,000 69,000 6,000 2,000 40,000 2,50,000 3,00,000 20,000 20,000 UK 23,000 1,50,000 2,00,000 12,000 10,000 Global Cost COST (US$)PROCEDURE US
- 22. Innovations are required… new treatment therapies are required……….. “We can’t solve the problem by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them” - Albert Einstein Regenerative Medicine
- 23. Tissue Injury Hemorrhage & Clotting Inflammatory Cell Infiltrate Cell Death, Fibroblast Migration, Debris Removal New Host ECM deposition ECM Organization & Scarring TISSUE REPAIR Rehab Series of actions & reactions, Proliferation, Differentiation, Migration, Cytokines/ Chemokines & ECM
- 25. Injection in organs directly. Transplantation of differentiated cells (in vitro) in organs. Injections in circulation. Endogenous cells mobilations by repair cytokines , endogenous, growth hormones and growth factors Heart & brain Very Slow Proliferation Skin & Liver Fast Proliferation Cellular genetic and nano molecular therapies Tissue engineering in vitro and in vivo
- 26. Autologous Cellular Therapy for… Skin burns, skin wounds, ulcers… Elephantiasis Orthopedic conditions ( AVN, Arthritis, Bony Fractures and many more) Diabetes Mellitus and other Autoimmune Conditions COPD, OCD, Cardiac Ischemia etc…
- 27. Wound (Before) Wound (After)
- 30. Before After
- 31. Ankylosing Spondylitis (After Treatment Results)
- 32. Diabetes Type 1 0.78 3.07
- 35. Osteoarthritis
- 36. After Before
- 37. 1 Orthopedic Conditions ( AVN, OA, Bony fractures, sport injuries) 2 Neuro degenerative and developmental 3 Autoimmune Conditions (MS,AS,RA,DB1, AA etc) 4 Skeleto Muscular (DMD,LGMD, BMD 5 Burns, venous ulcers and non healing wounds 6 Diabetic gangrene wounds 7 Cosmetics 8 Others (Liver Cirrohosis, Elephantiasis, COPD, OCD, ED etc)
- 39. “I have thought a lot about stem cells , and I am sure that when the historians will look back at the 20th century…the greatest scientific achievement will not be from the field of space technology or computer technology but will be from the tissue engineering and genetic medicine.” -Michael Goulian -ABC Scientific News Reporter, 29-9-1999.
- 40. It takesatornado to clear the air RegenerativeMedicine in the Midst of the collapsing Health Care asatropical storm
- 41. Visualize the future of medicine in next 100 years
- 42. Invention of IPSC’s – Reprogramming of somatic skin cells, Embryonic Transcription factors : Oct4, Sox2, KLF4, Cmyc Developing all 220 types of cells. “ Its not a science fiction . Its stem cells research led to never before in the history of medical science. Such a gift received to humans – Stem Cells- which can regenerate the cells to tissue to the organs”
- 45. More than 2000 patients treated One of the leader in therapeutic applications of stem cells Full equipped facility for sample processing, research and quality control Trained laboratory and clinical personnel Conducting PhD/ M.Sc courses in Stem cells in collaboration with ITM Currently working on several research projects covering mostly clinical disorder in human being
- 49. “We live in a time where the words impossible and unsolvable are no longer part of scientific community’s vocabulary. Each day we move closer to trials that will not just minimize the symptoms of diseases and injury but eliminates them” -Christopher Reeve
- 50. Stem cells therapy & anti ageing center at 7 Hills hospital, Andheri, Mumbai Stem cells therapy center at Rabale, Navi Mumbai
- 53. Dr.P V Mahajan at AICRACM discussion with ex-President of India smt. Pratibha patil discussion with first Ayush cabinet minister Shripad Naik
- 54. in Technical discussion with Luc Montagnier (2008 Nobel laureate) Dr. P V Mahajan at H3C Conference with Prof. K Chandan Sen, Executive Director,Ohio State University
- 55. Union Minister Dr. JP Nadda in the conference Dr. P V Mahajan at H3C Conference
- 57. Dr. P V Mahajan Invited by Ohio State University, USA for Advanced Tissue Culture Training with Wound healing specialist Dr.Scott Scrape, Director, Transfusion Medicine, Ohio State University with Dr.Serber, Regenerative Medicine, Ohio State University
- 60. “ You carry your own repairing kits in your body”
Editor's Notes
- Stem cells are different from other cells of the body in that they have the ability to differentiate into other cell/tissue types. This ability allows them to replace cells that have died. With this ability, they have been used to replace defective cells/tissues in patients who have certain diseases or defects.
- The early stages of embryogenesis are the point at which embryonic stem cell lines are derived. The fertilized egg (day 1) undergoes cell division to form a 2-cell embryo, followed by 4-cell, etc. until a ball of cells is formed by the fourth day. The ball becomes hollow, forming the blastocyst. This is the stage at which pluripotent embryonic stem cell lines are generated. Following the blastocyst stage, the tissues of the embryo start to form and the cells become multipotent.
- CLICK! This diagram will eventually show the entire range of development, from fertilized egg to mature cell types in the body. Each cell in the 8-cell embryo, here in red, can generate every cell in the embryo as well as the placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. These cells are called CLICK! TOTIPOTENT stem cells. Why are they called totipotent? (wait for answers) Because one red cell can potentially make all necessary tissues for development. CLICK! During In Vitro Fertilization, can parents choose whether their baby is going to be a boy or a girl? (wait) Yes, there is a widely-practiced procedure called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, where one cell is removed from the 8-cell embryo and its DNA is examined. What might you look for when trying to identify the embryo’s sex? (wait) If there’s an X and Y chromosome it’s a boy and if there are two X’s it’s a girl. The parents can decide whether to implant it. Also parents with a genetic disease might want to see if their baby has any identifiable genetic disorders and decide whether to implant based on this information. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis doesn’t destroy the embryo. Scientists are attempting to adapt this pre-implantation genetic diagnosis procedure and use it to create a stem cell line from one single TOTIPOTENT cell, without destroying the embryo. The embryonic stem cells inside the blastocyst, here in purple, can generate every cell in the body except placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. These are called CLICK! PLURIPOTENT stem cells…why? (wait for answers) Because they can differentiate into all the 200+ cell types in the body, but they do not form the placenta. CLICK! Pluripotent stem cells can be isolated and grown in culture, or left to develop into more specialized cells in the body. CLICK! Adult stem cells or tissue-specific stem cells have restricted lineages. Adult stem cells show up when the three distinct layers form in the 14-day-old embryo, and are present in the fetus, baby, child, and so forth. Adult just means they’ve gone further down their lineage pathway than the initial stem cells in the embryo. They are called CLICK! MULTIPOTENT stem cells because they will only become mature cells from the tissue in which they reside. Adult stem cells are present throughout your life and replace fully mature CLICK!, yet damaged and dying cells. So to review (if time): TOTIPOTENT stem cells come from embryos that are less than 3 days old. These cells can make the TOTAL human being because they can form the placenta and all other tissues. PLURIPOTENT stem cells come from embryos that are 5-14 days old. Embryos and fetuses that are older than 14 days DO NOT contain pluripotent cells. These cells can form every cell type in the body but not the placenta. MULTIPOTENT stem cells are also called adult stem cells and these appear in the 14 day old embryo and beyond. At this point these stem cells will continue down certain lineages and CANNOT naturally turn back into pluripotent cells or switch lineages.
- 1990s that scientists agreed that the adult brain does contain stem cells that are able to generate the brain's three major cell types—astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which are non-neuronal cells, and neurons, or nerve cells. A. Where are adult stem cells found, and what do they normally do? Adult stem cells have been identified in many organs and tissues, including brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver, ovarian epithelium, and testis. They are thought to reside in a specific area of each tissue (called a "stem cell niche"). In many tissues, current evidence suggests that some types of stem cells are pericytes, cells that compose the outermost layer of small blood vessels. Stem cells may remain quiescent (non-dividing) for long periods of time until they are activated by a normal need for more cells to maintain tissues, or by disease or tissue injury. Typically, there is a very small number of stem cells in each tissue, and once removed from the body, their capacity to divide is limited, making generation of large quantities of stem cells difficult. Scientists in many laboratories are trying to find better ways to grow large quantities of adult stem cells in cell culture and to manipulate them to generate specific cell types so they can be used to treat injury or disease. Some examples of potential treatments include regenerating bone using cells derived from bone marrow stroma, developing insulin-producing cells for type 1 diabetes, and repairing damaged heart muscle following a heart attack with cardiac muscle cells. B. What tests are used for identifying adult stem cells? Scientists often use one or more of the following methods to identify adult stem cells: (1) label the cells in a living tissue with molecular markers and then determine the specialized cell types they generate; (2) remove the cells from a living animal, label them in cell culture, and transplant them back into another animal to determine whether the cells replace (or "repopulate") their tissue of origin. Importantly, it must be demonstrated that a single adult stem cell can generate a line of genetically identical cells that then gives rise to all the appropriate differentiated cell types of the tissue. To confirm experimentally that a putative adult stem cell is indeed a stem cell, scientists tend to show either that the cell can give rise to these genetically identical cells in culture, and/or that a purified population of these candidate stem cells can repopulate or reform the tissue after transplant into an animal.
- So if growth factors and hormones affect stem cell functions, then our lifestyles…. our experiences and behaviors…. are also likely to influence homeostatic stem-cell related processes—for example, regular cell turnover in blood and skin, wound healing throughout the body, and even our sensory and cognitive abilities when it comes to adult stem cells in the brain. So not surprisingly, what is good for your body (point to bullets) is good for your stem cells…. and so, what’s good for your stem cells is also good for your body. Why? Because the regulation of stem cells not only plays a really important role in various disease states but also these proliferative cells actively participate in maintaining our overall health. If you’re good to your stem cells, they’ll be good to you. (This is a single mouse embryonic stem cell on silicon nanotubes.)
- Cells stick and respond to molecules embedded in their extracellular environment (top left). They also respond to chemicals or molecules floating around in the liquid surrounding them (middle left). Cells can feel and communicate with each other (bottom left), and also can respond to forces. How might an embryonic stem cell respond if it touches a bunch of muscle cells? (wait for answers) It might differentiate into a muscle fiber. How do you think that same stem cell would respond to culture with a bunch of neurons? (wait) It’ll turn into a neuron. Here, this stem cell is going to make a decision to self-renew or differentiate based on the individual components and combinations of these factors in the extracellular environment.