Cold War & Civil Rights

1. The Cold War & Civil
Rights
SSUSH20 & SSUSH21

6. The Cold War (SSUSH20a)
▶ In 1945, one major war ended and another began.
▶ The Cold War lasted about 45 years. There were no
direct military campaigns between the two main
antagonists, the United States and the Soviet Union.
▶ Yet billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost in
the fight.

7. Document Analysis
“the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union
must be that of a long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of
Russian expansive tendencies.”
George Kennan on U.S. foreign policy of Containment

8. Cold War Foreign Policy (SSUSH20a)
▶ Containment (SSUSH20a)
▶ U.S. foreign policy to stop the spread of
communism
▶ U.S. scared that Soviet Union was tried to spread
communism throughout the world

11. Cold War Foreign Policy (SSUSH20a)
▶ The Marshall Plan (SSUSH20a)
▶ America’s foreign aid program to rebuild Western Europe and
opposing communism after World War II.
▶ From 1947 to 1951, the United States spent $13 billion on
economic and technical assistance for Western European
countries that had been nearly destroyed during World War II.
▶ The plan offered foreign aid to the Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe if they made political reforms and accept certain outside
controls; however, the Soviets rejected this proposal.

13. Cold War Foreign Policy (SSUSH20a)
▶ The Truman Doctrine (SSUSH20a)
▶ Foreign policy named after President Harry S. Truman
▶ The plan said the United States would supply any nation with
economic and military aid to prevent its falling under the
Soviet sphere of influence.
▶ Truman called upon the United States to “support free
peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressures (Soviet Union).”

15. Cold War Foreign Policy (SSUSH20a)
▶ The Korean War (SSUSH20a)
▶ In 1950, the U.S. and South Korean went to war against the
communist government of North Korea and China
▶ The U.S. used the containment policy to justify its attempt to
stop the spread of communism in Korea
▶ Result: Neither side could gain control of the Korean
peninsula, North and South Korea was created with the 38th
parallel as the border between the nations.

16. Review Questions
1. What was the significance of the Cold War?
2. What was the significance of the Containment Policy?
3. What was the significance of the Marshall Plan?
4. What was the significance of the Truman Doctrine?
5. What was the significance of the Korean War?
6. What was the geographic significance of the Korean
War?

18. Major Domestic Issues (SSUSH20b)
▶ The G.I Bill (SSUSH20b)
▶ The G.I. Bill of Rights was passed by Congress to protect and
reward returning servicemen.
▶ The provisions included giving low interest loans for homes and
starting new businesses to former soldiers.
▶ Financial grants were also given to the returning soldiers who
wanted to attend college.
▶ The stimulus of money into housing caused a housing boom
characterized by the development of the first suburban housing
developments, such as Levittown, New York.

20. Major Domestic Issues (SSUSH20b)
▶ Truman’s Integration Policies (SSUSH20b)
▶ President Truman issued an executive order to
integrate the U.S. armed forces and to end
discrimination in the hiring of U.S. government
employees.

21. Document Analysis
“…we find ourselves in a position of impotency because of the traitorous
actions of those who have been treated so well by this Nation. It has not
been the less fortunate…. But rather those who have had all the benefits
that the wealthiest Nation on earth has had to offer.
I have here in my hand a list of 205… a list of names that were made
known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist
Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the
State Department…”
Source: Joseph McCarthy, Enemies from Within speech, February
9, 1950, Wheeling, WV.

23. Major Domestic Issues (SSUSH20b)
▶ McCarthyism (SSUSH20b)
▶ Senator Joseph McCarthy’s wanted to stop the spread of communism
in the U.S.
▶ McCarthy made statements about alleged communist infiltration of the
U.S. government and U.S. Army
▶ Ultimately McCarthy’s statements violated the rights of many U.S.
citizens (even communists) and many of his accusations were wrong.
▶ McCarthyism is when someone makes unfair accusations of guilt but he
or she uses improper investigative practices to prove the guilt.

25. Major Domestic Issues (SSUSH20b)
▶ National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (SSUSH20b)
▶ The baby boom and Levittowns led to a need for more cars and
roads.
▶ Congress passed the Interstate Highway Act, authorizing the
construction of a national network of highways to connect every
major city in America.
▶ In all, 41,000 miles of new expressways, or freeways, were built.
▶ It was also create as a system of highways for strategic
transportation of troops and supplies.

26. Review Questions
1. How did the G. I. Bill impact Americans?
2. How President Truman impact the Civil Rights
Movement?
3. How did Joseph McCarthy impact the Cold War?
4. Define: McCarthyism
5. What was the significance of the National Interstate
and Defense Highways Act?

29. Major Domestic Issues (SSUSH20b)
▶ Brown v. Board of Education (SSUSH20b)
▶ U.S. Supreme Court declared that state laws establishing
“separate but equal” public schools denied African American
students the equal education
▶ The decision reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896.

30. Major Domestic Issues (SSUSH20b)
▶ The governor of Arkansas refused to follow the
decision and ordered the National Guard to keep
nine African American students from attending
Little Rock’s Central High School
▶ President Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little
Rock to force the high school to integrate

32. The Influence of Sputnik
(SSUSH20c)
▶ In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite called
Sputnik.
▶ Americans believed the United States had “fallen behind” the Soviet
Union in terms of understanding science and the uses of technology.
▶ Americans also feared that the Soviet Union could use rockets to
launch nuclear weapons
▶ U.S. government increases spending on education, especially in
mathematics and science, and on national military defense programs

33. Review Questions
1. What was the significance of Brown v. Board of
Education?
2. What court case was overruled by Brown v. Board of
Education?
3. What was Sputnik?
4. How did Sputnik impact American Society?

34. JFK AND JOHNSON
ADMINISTRATIONS

36. Document Analysis
Secondly, it is clear that this Nation… must take an even closer and
more realistic look at the menace of external Communist
intervention…in Cuba. The American people are not complacent
about Iron Curtain tanks and planes less than 90 miles from our
shores…. We and our Latin friends will have to face the fact that we
cannot postpone any longer the real issue of the survival of freedom
in the hemisphere itself….
Source: Speech delivered by President Kennedy before the
American Society of Newspapers Editors at Washington, D.C., April
20, 1961

37. The Cold War Continued
(SSUSH21a)
■ U.S. Involvement in Cuba (SSUSH21a)
– With U.S. support, Fidel Castro led the Cuban
Revolution in 1956
– Later, Castro allied himself and Cuba with the Soviet
Union (communism)
– The U.S. used it’s containment policy to stop the
spread of communism in Cuba (90 miles for America)

38. The Cold War Continued
(SSUSH21a)
■ Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba
– Cuban exiles trained by the U.S attempt to invade
communist Cuba
– Biggest failure of President Kennedy
– Invasion fails because Kennedy would not us the U.S.
military
– The United States was forced to give $53 million
worth of food and supplies to Cuba for release of the
1,200 captives.

40. The Cold War Continued (SSUSH21a)
■ Cuban Missile Crisis
– To stop future invasion of Cuba, the Soviet Union build
military missile launch sites in Cuba.
– American spy planes take photos of a Soviet missile
site in Cuba and Kennedy immediately began planning
a response.
– Soviet missiles 90 miles from the U.S. posed a serious
threat to American security.

41. The Cold War Continued
(SSUSH21a)
■ Cuban Missile Crisis
– Kennedy’s plan was to create a blockade of Cuba
and threatened to invade unless the Soviets
promised to withdraw from Cuba.
– Soviets agree to remove missiles if the U.S.
removed its nuclear missiles from Turkey.

44. The Cold War Continued
(SSUSH21a)
■ The War in Vietnam (SSUSH21a)
– In early August 1964, two U.S. destroyers stationed in
the Gulf of Tonkin in Vietnam radioed that they had been
fired upon by North Vietnamese forces.
– In response to these reported incidents, President Lyndon
B. Johnson requested permission from the U.S. Congress
to increase the U.S. military presence in Indochina.

45. The Cold War Continued
(SSUSH21a)
– On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to
take any measures he believed were necessary to
retaliate and to promote the maintenance of
international peace and security in Southeast Asia.
– This resolution became the legal basis for the
Johnson and Nixon Administrations prosecution of the
Vietnam War.

48. The Cold War Continued
(SSUSH21a)
■ Tet-Offensive (1968)
– The largest Vietcong campaign of the war (8 months)
– Tet Offensive fails to drive American out of Vietnam
– It did inspire Vietnam protesters to question why the
U.S. was in the war and if we were winning the war.
– Most protesters favored ending the draft and
removing all American troops from Vietnam.

49. Review Questions
1. What political dictator started a revolution in Cuba that
led to the country becoming Communist?
2. What was the significance of the Bay of Pigs Invasion?
3. What was the significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
4. What did the Soviet Union agree to do as a result of the
Cuban Missile Crisis?
5. What did the United States agree to do as a result of
the Cuban Missile Crisis?
6. Why did the United States participate the Vietnam War?
7. What was the significance of the Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution?

53. Impact of John F. Kennedy’s
Assassination (SSUSH21d)
■ President Kennedy was Assassinated in Dallas,
Texas, in November 1963
– Showed Americans just how strong gov’t was
because, although the president could be killed, the
U.S. gov’t would live on. (Chain of Command)
– The assassination gave the new president, Lyndon
Johnson, the political capital to force three domestic
legislative package through Congress.

55. Document Analysis
“Our society will never be great until our cities are great… where….
we begin to build the Great Society is in our countryside. We have
always prided ourselves on being…America the beautiful. Today that
beauty is in danger. The water we drink. The food we eat, the very
air that we breathe, are threatened… A third place to build the Great
Society is in the classrooms of America…. Our society will not be
great until every young mind is set free to scan the farthest reaches
of thought and imagination. We are still far from that goal.
Source: President Lyndon B. Johnson, Great Society speech,
(Commencement address to the University of Michigan, May 22,
1964)

57. Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society
(SSUSH21d)
■ A series of laws and programs that would later be called
President Johnson’s “Great Society”
■ The Great Society programs were designed to improve
Americans standard of living and give citizens greater
opportunities regardless of their background.
■ Three Great Society laws
– Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (War on Poverty)
– Civil Rights Act of 1964
– Medicare: federal funding for the medical cost of the
elderly

60. Impact of Television (SSUSH21c)
■ Kennedy/Nixon Presidential Debates (SSUSH21c)
– First televised presidential debate.
– Seventy million people watch the 1960 debate
– Nixon seems more knowledgeable about foreign
policy and other topics, but he looked sick
– Kennedy was coached on how to look and speak
during the debate by television producers
– Kennedy’s performance on T.V. helped him win the
presidency.

62. Impact of Television (SSUSH21c)
■ The Civil Rights Movement (SSUSH21c)
– In the 1960’s, T.V. gave all American the chance to
see civil rights demonstration
– American witnessed African Americans being hit by
high pressure fire hoses and attacked by police dogs.
– Attacks encourage Americans and Kennedy to
demand new civil rights laws. (Civil Rights Act of 1964
and Voting Rights Act of 1965)

64. Impact of Television (SSUSH21c)
■ War in Vietnam (SSUSH21c)
– In the 1960’s, T.V. gave all American the chance to
see the Vietnam War.
– The show of the Vietnam War on T.V. led to protests
against the war.

65. Review Questions
1. What was the political result of the John F. Kennedy
Assassination?
2. What was the purpose of Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great
Society?
3. List 3 social programs that were part of Johnson’s
Great Society?
4. List three events that were impacted by the creation of
the Television?

66. Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a
tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from
the bondage of myths and half truths to the unfettered
realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal, so
must we see the need for nonviolent gadflies to create
the kind of tension in society that will help men rise
from the dark depths of prejudice and racism to the
majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood.
The purpose of our direct action program is to create
a situation so crisis packed that it will inevitably open
the door to negotiation. I therefore concur with you in
your call for negotiation. Too long has our beloved
Southland been bogged down in a tragic effort to live
in monologue rather than dialogue.”
Source from Dr. King’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail,
1963

67. Martin Luther King Jr. (SSUSH21d)
■ Letter From Birmingham Jail” (letter)
– MLK was arrested in Birmingham, Alabama, while
demonstrating against racial segregation.
– In Jail he wrote his “Letter from Birmingham Jail” to
address fears white religious leaders had that he was
moving too fast toward desegregation.
– King explained why victims of segregation, violent
attacks, and murder found it difficult to wait for those
injustices to end.

68. Document Analysis
“I have a dream that one day this
nation will rise up and live out the true
meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these
truths to be self-evident; that all men
are created equal.’”
Source Martin Luther King, Jr.
Washington, D.C., 1963, March on
Washington

69. Martin Luther King Jr. (SSUSH21d)
■ “I Have a Dream” (Speech)
– MLK’s most famous speech
– He spoke to over 250,000 people at the Lincoln
Memorial in Washington, D.C.
– In this speech, King asked for peace and racial
harmony.

71. Two Civil Rights Groups
(SSUSH21d)
■ The Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC)
– Founder: MLK Jr.
– Goal: to carry on nonviolent crusades against African
Americans
– Tactics: marches and protests

72. Two Civil Rights Groups
(SSUSH21d)
■ The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC)
– Founder: African American college students (Shaw
University)
– Goal: speed up the changes mandated by Brown v.
Board of Education.
– Tactics: Sit-ins, Freedom rides, registering African
Americans to votes, later used violence

74. Cesar Chavez and the United Farm
Workers (UFW) (SSUSH21d)
■ César Chávez and his United Farm Workers movement,
protested for equal rights in the work place.
■ Chávez believed in nonviolent methods to achieve his goals.
■ In 1965, he started a nationwide boycott of California grapes,
forcing grape growers to negotiate a contract with the United
Farm Workers in 1970.
■ This contract gave farm workers higher wages and other
benefits for which they had been protesting through the sixties.

75. Review Questions
1. List two tactics used by Civil Rights groups?
2. What was the significance of Martin Luther King Jr.’s
Letter from a Birmingham Jail?
3. What was the significance of Martin Luther King Jr.’s I
Have a Dream Speech?
4. What was the significance of Cesar Chavez?

77. Social and Political Turmoil of 1968
(SSUSH21e)
■ Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (SSUSH21e)
– Caused riots in over 100 cities across America
– One week after King’s death, Congress passed the
Civil Rights Act of 1968, which prevented
discrimination in housing.

79. Social and Political Turmoil of 1968
(SSUSH21e)
■ Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy (SSUSH21e)
– Robert Kennedy was running for president
– He wanted new social reforms and he opposed the
Vietnam War

81. Social and Political
Turmoil of 1968
(SSUSH21e)
■ The Tet Offensive
(SSUSH21e)
– Surprise attack against
American Forces
– Many Americans turned
against the Vietnam War
and against the Johnson
administration, which had
claimed the enemy was
near defeat.

82. Document Analysis
I’m sick of crime everywhere. I’m sick of riots. I’m sick of “poor”
people demonstrations (black, white, red, yellow, purple, green or any
other color!)… I’m sick of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling for the good
of a very small part rather than the whole of our society… I’m sick of
the lack of law enforcement… But most of all, I’m sick of the
constantly being kicked in the teeth for staying home, minding my
own business, working steadily, paying my bills and taxes, raising my
children to be decent citizens, managing my financial affairs so I will
not become a ward of the City, County, or States, and footing the bill
for the minuses mentioned herein.
Source: Letter from private citizen to Senator Sam Ervin of North
Carolina, June 18, 1968.

84. Social and Political Turmoil of 1968
(SSUSH21e)
■ The Presidential Election of 1968 (SSUSH21e)
– President Johnson decides not to run due to Vietnam
War
– Robert Kennedy was assassinated while running for
President
– Richard Nixon wins Presidency because he runs on
the return of law and order.

85. Review Questions
1. List 4 social and political problems of 1968?
2. What was the significance of the Tet-Offensive of 1968?
3. What was the significance of the 1968 Presidential
Election?