Comparing The Ideas Of Locke And Freire

Comparing the Ideas of Locke and Freire
Synopsis/Lesson Plan This lesson plan introduces students to three philosophers from three different
time periods who came to define educational theories of their time. Class: Middle Secondary
Objective: Students will gain an understanding of the educational contributions of three different
philosophers/theorists with ideas that are hotly contested and are often at cross purposes. Students
will be able to distinguish between Associationism and Critical Pedagogy and how the former
contributed to the latter. Students will be able to comprehend and state the contrast and comparison
of the ideas of Locke and Freire. Prerequisite Skills: High School reading comprehension Course
work/Reading: Locke, Spencer and Freire The first of these is the English philosopher–polymath
John Locke (1632–1704), widely hailed as father of classical liberalism and modern secular society.
Locke's ideas had a profound effect on the coming of age of enlightenment and no less a figure than
Thomas Jefferson attributed to Locke many of the ideas that became the bedrock of American
democracy. John Locke came up with a natural rights theory to explain what existed prior to the
existence of civil governments; the state of nature. For Locke, reason is the bridge between ideas; it
fills in the gap that exists between separate ideas. For Locke reason is the cement which binds
concepts together. Reason itself can lead to new knowledge, as is the case of demonstration, or lead
us
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Modernisation Of The United States
Modernisation, on the other hand, is a "conceptual framework that articulated a common set of
assumptions about the nature of American society and its ability to transform a world perceived as
both materially and culturally deficient" (Latham, 2000). Specifically, modernisation theorists
posited a sharp distinction between traditional and modern societies. They took for granted that
economic development, from traditional to modern, proceeded along a single straight, unambiguous
line. Finally, modernisation advocates expected that contact with vital modern societies would
accelerate progress in stagnant traditional societies.
The prevailing view of modernisation was that for poor countries to achieve capital formation,
productivity and consumption, comparable to those in developed countries, it was necessary to
duplicate the cultural institutions of the latter. Ethnocentric 'growth' and development theories and
the establishment of a number of global development institutions such as the World Bank and
International Monetary Fund propelled one another as part of the Cold War.
One of the more strongly argued positions that poor nations must emulate rich nations, was that of
Rostow (1960), who later argued vociferously for intervention in Vietnam. The general proposition
taken by Rostow, and others, was that in order to produce and consume like the wealthy, one had to
change "traditional" cultural attributes and proceed in orderly fashion to achieve a "take–off" into
sustained

Alevels Sociology
CHAPTER 1: 1. 'Social order may be the product of consensus or coercion, depending on which
sociological perspective is adopted.' Explain and discuss. Ans: Social order is the product of
consensus in terms of functionalism Social order is the product of coercion in terms of conflict
theory in reality; society may be a combination of both – that is there is human free will which is
also limited by social structure example institutions, laws Functionalist Theory and consensus: The
functionalist school is linked with sociologists such as Talcott Parsons, Kingsley Davis, Wilbert
Moore, and Emile Durkheim (see Farley, 2000:72). 1. Durkheim: Durkheim 's (1964) early
paradigm of social stratification, which likened society to an ... Show more content on
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3. Consensus is Artificial When a consensus appears in a society, it is usually artificial and is
unlikely to persist over the long run. A Functionalist might argue that consensus is "necessary" and
is, therefore, automatically something desired by all concerned. The conflict theorist contends that a
consensus in a society is either based on coercion and/or repression by the dominant group. 4.
Conflict in Society is Desirable Conflict is desirable because it makes possible social change which
may lead to more equitable distribution of wealth and power (Farley, 2000:74). 5. Ideology A central
assumption of Marxist theory is that the distribution of wealth by and large determines other aspects
of society, such as the political system and the characteristics of culture. This includes the norms,
values, and beliefs of the culture. The norms, values, and beliefs of the culture are such that they
legitimize the control of wealth. Everyone, the rich and poor alike, accept the cultural beliefs as just
and correct. Another term for these beliefs is IDEOLOGY. a. False Consciousness A consensus can
also be achieved when a minority group accepts an ideology that is not in its self interest. This is
false consciousness. It can occur because the dominant group exerts disproportionate control over
the sources of influence and public opinion. It might

The Causes Of Anastasio Somoza's Revolution?
Anastasio Somoza would rule Nicaragua until 1956 when he was assassinated by a young college
student. Upon the death of the elder Somoza, his two sons would take control of the country (Walker
1981). Luis Somoza would take control of the Presidency and his brother Anastasio Somoza
Debayle would control the National Guard (Walker 1981). The policies of Luis would line the
pockets of the wealthy and ignore the poor, while Anastasio would use the National Guard to
brutally quell any uprising or political opponents (Walker 1981). After Luis became ill, Anastasio
would take control of the presidency and command of the National Guard. 1960's Nicaragua was a
country mostly void of a middle class, there was the upper class who were close to the regime and
then was the poor working class who had no voice in the government. The majority of the country
was fertile farmland where those who worked the fields were poor farmers who could not own the
fields that they worked. The mountains around the Honduran border were populated with poor
villages who, like the farmers, had no say in the government. The education system was poor and
there was a high illiteracy rate. With no way to have their voices heard, most of the population had
some discontent with the Somoza government. Because of the oppressive government there many
citizens who were unhappy and many uprisings were attempted (Walker 1981). One such uprising
was the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) who was more commonly

To What Extent Can Social Work Be Adequately Conceptually...
SCW 541 Contemporary Social Work Theory and Issues Module Leader: Student Number: Word
Count 1999 Assignment Title To what extent can social work be adequately conceptually understood
in terms of a position at the interface between social exclusion and social inclusion? To what extent
can social work be adequately conceptually understood in terms of a position at the interface
between social exclusion and social inclusion? According to the International Federation of Social
Workers (IFSW) the social work profession 'promotes the empowerment and liberation of people to
enhance wellbeing. Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work
intervenes at the points where people interact with their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
, However, as Marxist theory distillates on class division, and is concentrated on the macro level
only, this view of Social Work's position at the interface of exclusion and inclusion is not
conclusive. The Social Worker would be seen as working more in line with the 'lumpenproletariat'
and not providing services to the 'proletariat' and certainly not the 'bourgeoisie', therefore places
social work at the heart of the excluded and not the included. Moreover as social work from the
Marxist perspective, is placed firmly within the macro level, the individualism and person centred
approach that the social worker aims to provide the client cannot be fulfilled, as to do so would
mean to be working at the micro level which the Marxist view discounts. The Functionalist stance
referencing the concept of social exclusion is to describe a group, or groups, of people who are
excluded from the normal activities of their society in multiple ways, thus deviating from their
societies 'norms' of behaviour (Sheppard, 2006). A functionalist perspective of social exclusion is,
therefore, focussed upon the excluded persons being deviant and non– conforming to social norms.
However, unlike the Marxist perspective, the Functionalist would concentrate on the social worker
operational on the macro and the micro level, working with the individual,

The Art Scab George Grosz, Berlin Dada, and the Spartacus...
The Art Scab George Grosz, Berlin Dada, and the Spartacus League I. Introduction A. Topic During
post World War I Germany, the Weimar Republic was established as bourgeois capitalistic
democracy. However, the period was plagued with income inequality, corruption, and
authoritarianism. At the start of this period, the German Revolution spread around the country. In
Berlin, the Spartacus League, founded as a communist alternative to the Socialist Democrats of
Germany party, was pushing for a workers revolution to put in place a Communist system. The
Spartacus League's radical message, as spoken through their leader Rosa Luxemburg, would inspire
the art of a young Dada artist George Grosz. A former soldier in WWI, he was an anti–war ... Show
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George Grosz showed, via his political art, the decay of society and the absurd reality vis a vi his
art. Luxemburg and the Spartacists pushed for a spontaneous revolution because it would exploit the
internal weaknesses of German society and thus create an opportunity for the masses to overthrow
the government.Luxemburg stated in The Mass Stritke, the Politcial Party, and the Trade Unions that
"The revolution is not an open field of maneuver of the proletariat, even if the proletariat was social
democracy at its head plays the leading role, but it is a struggle in the middle of incessant
movement, the creaking, crumbling and displacement of all social foundations. In short, the element
of spontaneity plays such a supreme role in the mass strikes in Russia, not because the Russian
proletariat is "unschooled," but because revolutions are not subject to schoolmastering."[2]
However, what separated the Spartacists from the Bolsheviks is that instead of a party lead
government, perpetual revolution would have kept the leaders checked by the people. This anti–
authoritarian brand of Marxism would have appealed to Grosz, not just because of his penchant for
his disdainful depictions of authority figures, but also because of his disdain for authority itself.
Grosz's Early Life and Military Service George Grosz was born Georg Ehrenfried Grosz ( he would
later Anglicize his name in

The Pros And Cons Of Doping In Sports
Ethical reflection is deemed as being very important in the world of sport. Doping for instance,
although athletes resort to this. It has many ethical objections and is portrayed negatively as
numerous faults are argued about this case.
Doping in sport, is arguably, the most talked about and controversial issue today, with very little
change on it. Although, there has been a substantial increase in the use of it, (Dimeo, 2013) states
Anti–doping regulations were only established in the 1960's, and serves as a useful reminder of an
important but neglected fact about drug use. There is a consistent dispute against doping as, it
fluctuates through all sports and have been demonised by society as it is considered as unethical.
The International Association of Athletics (IAAF) was the first international sports federation, in
1928, to ban performance–enhancing drugs (IAAF, 2003). Followed by the World Anti–Doping
Agency (WADA) and The International Olympic Committee (IOC). An athletes' engagement in
competing is very important. It is their desire to gain any possible advantage to have an edge on
their opponents and will do anything in their power to be the best. Doping is discriminated due to,
being an unequal playing field and being harmful. This study explores the strengths and weaknesses
of these ethical objections and the sociological theories on the use of drugs in sport.
A common argument against doping in sport shifts from the concept that, there should be a level
playing field for athletes and competition. A connection between doping and wrongness is
noticeable as, it is argued that doping is banned because it is cheating or unfair (Meller, Waddington
and Hoberman, 2015). In some cases, doping in sports is 'cheating' because the athlete is breaking
their contractual obligations, in sports that it is prohibited. (Green, 2004 and Schermer, 2006) define
cheating as being the intentional violation of a rule, that is used in common language as an
indication to many different forms of deception, and fraud that are intended to gain some benefit for
oneself. Cheating essentially involves the intent to gain an unfair advantage (Feezell, 2010). Unfair
in the sense that the athlete has gained themselves a greater

Global Capitalism And Its Impact On The United States
It is not just the arbitrary concepts of capitalism which have a tendency to expand, under the Marxist
understanding of the state, capitalist states will make foreign policy decisions for the benefit of
global capitalism. The increased intervention by western states in the Marxist view is about the sole
purpose of the expansion of capitalism in the search of profit for the companies, using the state as a
mobiliser for action towards such an end. Mark Rupert brought forward a case study of such
"imperialism" in action, in the case of the US. Global capitalist activities require huge amounts of
energy, and the cheapest or most efficient form is petroleum. Despite not being a democracy and not
practising equality, or respecting human rights, all core values to the US, Saudi Arabia remains one
of the US's closest allies. If the actions of the US abroad primarily concerned democracy promotion,
human rights and core liberal values, this alliance does not make sense, but when you use a Marxist
lens, and consider that alliances are about capitalism, you quickly understand why Saudi Arabia, a
large producer of oil is a huge geopolitical ally of the US. This also applies to explaining enemies,
for example Cuba and Qaddafi's Libya. Cuba on the one hand is one of the few countries which still
ideologically rejects capitalism as a form of organising society, which has resulted in a ban on all
trade with Cuba. Alternatively, Qaddafi, who was the leader of an oil rich Libya for many years

Criminality: Criminology and Extra Y Chromosome
Criminality has been sociologically defined as a form of deviant behavior from the norm and the
acceptable rules of society. A more generic definition of criminality is a behavioral predisposition
that disproportionately favors criminal activity. It is based on the premise that the act or acts
committed by an individual violates the natural rights that are given to the person by birth and or by
right. The statement "Are criminals born, or made?" is wide reaching and still the subject of many
debates.
Each year when Crime in the United States is published, many entities–news media, tourism
agencies, and other groups with an interest in crime in our Nation–use reported Crime Index figures
to compile rankings of cities and counties. These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1901, Enrico Ferri, one of the fathers of positivist criminology, was invited to deliver a series of
lectures at the University of Naples. Ferri used the occasion to admonish classical criminologists
and to advance the principles of positivism. (2)
He approached the study of criminals from a sociological perspec¬tive, that is, by studying the
criminal's relationship to society rather than the criminal's individual personality or physical traits.
He also recommended that society focus on the preven¬tion rather than the punishment of crime.
William Sheldon had similar ideas, however these were mainly based around body types. He
described three basic body types and different temperaments that corresponded with them. These
were: Endomorphs who would be soft and round with relaxed personalities; Mesomorphs who were
athletic and tended to be aggressive; and finally Ectomorphs who were thin frail and introverted.
Sheldon rated these physical attributes in any given individual, and gave ratings of 1 – 7 to indicate
the degree of each body type they possessed then the person would be given a three–digit rating
showing his or her possession of these characteristics. Sheldon compared these ratings between a
group of 200 male delinquents, against 200 non–delinquent students. He found that the delinquents
were significantly higher in mesomorphy and lower in ectomorphy. He concluded that a Mesomorph

Popular political Ideologies in the 20th Century: A brief...
POLITICAL SCIENCE 101
Popular political Ideologies in the 20th Century
A brief Study of popular 20th Century political trends.
[Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of
the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of
the contents of the document.]
Political ideologies (P.I) have existed since the dawn of human Civilization; they have been fought
over, discredited, re–approached, and fought over again. Many exist and have been tried over
thousands of years. Still the question that plagues humanity is, how best do we manage
governmental affairs? It is best to understand that different political ideologies ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main thrust of the theory is that everyone was to work to their abilities, and everyone would
receive to their needs. The linchpin of this theory, however; was that it must occur in an already well
industrialized nation. Leninism/Stalinism takes the Marxist model and adjusts it slightly to take a
non–industrialized nation into modernity while simultaneously creating the "workers eutopia" Lenin
and Stalin did this mainly by force but Lenin also achieved this by using a quasi–capitalism called
"The new economic policy". Classic liberalism/Capitalism finds its roots with the age of
enlightenment and the emergence of the United States of America. The economic driving force
behind Classic liberalism is capitalism. The idea that economies grow and nations become powerful
with minimal government involvement. Central to this theme is the idea of free trade between
private parties. Classic liberalism relies also heavily individual rights and freedoms, an individual
free to live as they please with minimal government involvement. Progressivism/Socialism is an
attempt to lightly combine the idea's of Marxism and classic liberalism. With heavy reliance on
government regulation the idea is to manage a capitalist economy in order to evenly distribute goods
and service's equally to a nation's populace. There is also a strong tendency for socialist nation to be
very liberal in the social sense as well. Many types of deviant behaviors are considered to be be
more

Difference Between Gramsci And Marxism
Antonio Gramsci was a leading figure in Marxism in Europe in the first half of the 20th century his
work has played a significant role in how Marxists and political sociologists interrupt the structures
of capitalist society. Marxist thought prior to Gramsci focused on the inevitable contradictions of
capitalism that would spell its destruction. As Marx famously stated the end of the first chapter of
the communist manifesto :
'The essential conditions for the existence and for the sway of the bourgeois class is the formation
and augmentation of capital; the condition for capital is wage–labour. Wage–labour rests exclusively
on competition between the labourers. The advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the
bourgeoisie, replaces ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It remains it a prolonged economic crisis but has no active completion internationally since the fall
of the berlin wall. While Marxism is seeing a renewed interest by society. The media and other
spheres of culture speak of Marxism as not being a viable alternative but a source for examining the
wrongs of capitalism through the analysis of Marx and by this synthesis a desirable form of
capitalism can be formed. This idea, is a form of concession, the admittance of an error of the
international markets in lieu of making any systematic criticisms. These arguments get an echo in
society where people call for the jailing of bankers and a regulation of the markets but don't ask any
serious questions that trouble the establishment. Marxists economists like the late Andrew Glyn
argue that the recession was a result of an unsolved crisis of capitalism from the 1970s where
profitability declined and capital had to be shifted from industry to finance. The way capitalism
sought to recover was to introduce neo–liberal policies which inflicted savage austerity cuts on
labour in a move to squeeze more profitability from workers. While in crises again the problem of
the tendency of the rate of profit wasn't dealt with and with the markets failing, austerity measure
had to be reintroduced. This analysis of the economic crisis tells us we are facing a future of shorter
booms and much longer recessions and that capitalism is fundamentally incapable of

Heart Of Darkness And Robinson Crusoe Essay
This paper attempts to offer a Marxist reading of Conrad 's Heart of Darkness and Defoe's Robinson
Crusoe. Specifically , this paper highlights how the concept of commodification helps us to
understand the struggles and the dialectic between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat which are both
considered the products of their socioeconomic and material circumstance with an emergent
capitalist culture.
Hence capitalist culture promotes the accumulation of capital and the sale of commodities where the
individual is defined by his relationship to business and market and encouraged to commodify
things or humans. In Robinson Crusoe (1719) the protagonist Robinson leads himself into believing
that he masters nature through the reason of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kurtz in Heart of Darkness and Robinson in Robinson Crusoe commodify human beings and
everything around them normally or as it is presented in Robinson Crusoe spontaneously through a
capitalist culture which encourages the individuals to exploit any surrounding for achieving the
profit by which these are smoothly implemented by the acceptance of the ideology of the dominants
which is called 'interpellation'. It's obvious that both protagonists Mr. Kurtz and Robinson in the two
novellas share the same characteristics of being capitalist and economic men by focusing on these
similarities , both are males; that Marxists believe that the economical world belongs to males , both
are colonizers and capitalists who travelled for financial reasons , both are traders ; they commodify
everything to accumulate capital , both have changed the values of objects and transformed them
into commodities to gain wealth .And finally both are English ,they believe in expansion of
colonizations to exploit the unknown part of the world by carrying their Englishness to the colonies
to achieve their immense ecconomical plans. I believe that a Marxist reading is the most efficient to
interpret the two novellas by elaborating how commodification , capitalism and interpellation offer a
direct and an emergent interpretation of Robinson , Kurtz and Marlow 's actions and behaviours in
the two

The Current Hostilities Between Yemen And Saudi Arabia Today
What are the underlying factors, cultural differences, and outside intervention leading up to the
current hostilities between Yemen and Saudi Arabia today? To answer some of these fundamental
questions, I will use the relevant aspects of the five core ideas about the social conflict which are
championed by Louis Kriesberg and Bruce Dayton's book "Constructive Conflicts." Kriesberg and
Dayton posit that that social conflicts are universal, and can be beneficial; social conflicts are waged
with varying destructiveness; social conflicts entail contested social constructions; social conflicts
can be transformed, and that social conflicts are dynamic and tend to move through stages.
In order for us to be able to understand the dispute, we must ... Show more content on
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The roots of the current conflict between Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Yemen stems from
sectarian, social political, and ideological differences which are identified as contested social
constructions in the core ideas. Moreover, these social constructions are moving in stages and are
vital to the accurate assessment as to what has led to the original cause of the conflict. Ideological
differences tainted with sectarianism seem to be one of the driving factors for conflict. The newly
unified Republic of Yemen kept its Ba'athist loyalties, and it 's somewhat tempered Marxist leanings
in its governance. One of the presumed crucial trigger points for the ongoing conflict between
Yemen and Saudi Arabia is the 1990 Gulf War. On August 2, 1990, the state of Iraq invaded the
small state of Kuwait and claimed it as their 19th province. This is taken, and not without
unfounded rationalization, as only a small stepping stone for Iraq to directly attack the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia and its expansive oil fields to the south. Saudi Arabia claimed that Iraq's actions posed
a serious threat to its national security and sovereignty and asked the international community for
assistance. The international community quickly responded with an immediate session of the United
Nations Security Council (UNSC) and issued UNSC Resolution 660, which condemned the
invasion and demanded the

How Did The Russian Marxism Movement Evolve In The Period
How did the Russian Marxism movement evolve in the period 1880–1905?
Alexandra Los
HIS2501Y
TA: Natalia Zajac
February 1, 2017
Marxism was a social movement that aimed to overcome all forms of domination and exploitation.
Roots of Marxism were drawn from the three main sources: German idealist philosophy, British
political economy, and French socialism. Adopting ideas of German philosophers such as Kant and
Hegel, Marx took a deeper look into the nature of social reality. He researched how social interest,
which was expressed in mode of thinking and following actions, connected to real day–to–day life
of people. According to Marx, human history was defined by class struggle which was caused by
antagonism between the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the revolt was crashed by Nicholas I, and police control became even tougher, spreading
progressive ideas among educated intellectually advances people of the time was the main
consequence of Decembrist uprising. Post–selfdom period featured the emergence of critical–
minded and enlightened young intellectuals, and who were willing to devote their lives to the
transformation of the society. Learning from Decembrists' failure, they considered the necessity of
cooperation with the peasantry. However, the idea of creating the system of village communal land
ownership was meaningless for the peasants, who were still loyal to the Tsar and saw him as father
of people. The attempt to initiate a peasant self–awakening by "going to people" ended in bitter
disappointment. Peasant conservatism and government prosecution drove the Narodniki to
underground activity. With industrial development and emergence of urban proletariat in the 1880s,
the populists' attention shifted to workers. Among those who supported a socialist propaganda was
Georgi Plekhanov who is considered a "father" of Russian Marxism.
The foundation of Group for the Liberty of Labour in Geneva (1883) manifested the beginning of
Russian Marxist movement. It was developing in the interaction with socialist movements in other

Communism Essay
I Introduction
Communism: A theory and system of social and political organization that was a major force in
world politics for much of the 20th century. As a political movement, communism sought to
overthrow capitalism through a workers' revolution and establish a system in which property is
owned by the community as a whole rather than by individuals. In theory, communism would create
a classless society of abundance and freedom, in which all people enjoy equal social and economic
status. In practice, communist regimes have taken the form of coercive, authoritarian governments
that cared little for the plight of the working class and sought above all else to preserve their own ...
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Lenin's successor, Joseph Stalin, turned the Soviet Union into a dictatorship based on total state
control of the economy and the suppression of any form of opposition. As a result of Lenin's and
Stalin's policies, many people came to associate the term communism with undemocratic or
totalitarian governments that claimed allegiance to Marxist–Leninist ideals. The term Marxism–
Leninism refers to Marx's theories as amended and put into practice by Lenin.
After World War II (1939–1945), regimes calling themselves communist took power in China,
Eastern Europe, and other regions. The spread of communism marked the beginning of the Cold
War, in which the Soviet Union and the United States, and their respective allies, competed for
political and military supremacy. By the early 1980s, almost one–third of the world's population
lived under communist regimes. These regimes shared certain basic features: an embrace of
Marxism–Leninism, a rejection of private property and capitalism, state domination of economic
activity, and absolute control of the government by one party, the communist party. The party's
influence in society was pervasive and often repressive. It controlled and censored the mass media,
restricted religious worship, and silenced political dissent.
Communist societies encountered dramatic change in the late

Evolution Of Development Policy And Its Impact On Region...
Evolution of Development Policy and its Impact on Region Disparity in India since 1980: In Search
of Convergence of Real Per Capita Incomes
Md. Mofidul Hassan
M Phil Scholar, Department of Economics
Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014
(Abstract)
After three decades of quantitative control regime, development policy in India had a liberalized
mold in the 1980s. Unleashing of full–fledged reform process since 1991 was followed by
significant step–up in the rate of economic growth in the country. But as the evidence of unequal
distribution of gains of higher growth started surfacing, the development strategy was further
modified to make the growth process more inclusive. The present paper is motivated by the question
whether regional disparities in development attainment in India tended to increase or decrease
during these three phases of development policy in the period since 1980. The analysis has been
carried out in terms of beta convergence of real per capita income of states of India. The results
suggest divergence in the early years but a moderation of the divergent tendencies in the subsequent
period. However a convergence process has yet to be set in motion. Key words: Regional disparity,
Convergence, Divergence, Development attainments.
1. INTRODUCTION:
In a vast country like India regional disparities in development attainments can be naturally present.
However persistent and widening regional disparities are

Summary Of The American Pageant By Howard Zinn
After reading a chapter of The American Pageant by David Kennedy, and a chapter of A People's
History of the United States by Howard Zinn, both discuss the beginning of the revolution in the
colonies. Zinn approaches the information with great detail and analysis of the colonial revolution.
Kennedy does not succeed in this, he often contradicts himself, and lacks detail and analysis. Zinn
does a terrific job of giving analysis and detail into the positive and negative effects of the
Revolution. Zinn has the greater chapter, detailing the beginning of the revolution. Zinn's chapter
gives a detailed view of the beginning of the revolution, through the struggle to begin the revolution,
explaining "no taxation without representation", and the struggle between rich and poor. Kennedy
and Zinn cover the struggle to begin the revolution. However, Zinn goes into much greater detail, he
says, "But as the conflict with Britain intensified, the colonial leaders of the movement for
independence, aware of the tendency of poor tenants to side with the British in their anger against
the rich, adopted policies to win over people in the countryside" (Zinn 63). Zinn exemplifies the
way the colonial leaders persuaded the farmers to join the revolution. Zinn gives a more detailed
view of what it took to put together a militia against the British. Kennedy says, "In a broad sense,
America was a revolutionary force form the day of its discovery by Europeans" (Kennedy, 113).
Kennedy claims

Analyzing Two Theories of Business Power
Two Theories of Business Power Introduction The Dominance and the Pluralist Theories led to the
development of socialism and liberalism respectively. The two theories had notable differences,
almost contrasting one another. For us to analyze and contrast the two theories, it is notable to
understand the fundamental perceptions of Dominance and the Pluralism. Connolly and Connolly
(2010) argue that we can define the dominance theory as the theory of Marxist, advanced by Karl
Max. This theory has been clearly outlined in the manifesto of the communist. The theory of
dominance argues that social divisions based on class result in ruling class community, who control
all the production means. Marxism notes that if the proletariat is abused, it favors the interests of the
bourgeoisie. This is commonly referred to as the elite theory drawn from Marxist because it
suggests a disproportionate control over a privileged minority. Nevertheless, in this case, the control
appears to be over the state mechanisms. Therefore, we can believe that the elites only have the
ability to influence but not to control the production means. Perhaps, this could be an underlying
reason why advocates of this theory are more contented with its continued application compared to
other colleagues of Marxist (Tang, 2008). Pluralism is fundamentally a theory favoring equal
distribution of power amongst people instead of one individual holding all the power. This theory
supports having multiple institutions

Marshall Plan Essay
This paper will analyze the Marshall Plan from both the international political economic (IPE)
liberal and IPE critical theorist philosophies and what a theorist from each belief would say about
the Marshall Plan in regards to its economic and political implications. The essay will do this first
with an explanation of the IPE liberal theory; followed by an explanation of the IPE critical theory.
Next, the essay will describe the background of the Marshall Plan aid and what the Marshall Plan
hoped to accomplish in Europe, specifically Western Europe, following the end of the Second World
War. The essay will then compare and contrast how an IPE liberal and IPE critical theorist would
evaluate the Marshall Plan aid in Europe.
Liberalism in the international political economy is a theory that arose together with the Industrial
Revolution in Britain. Adam Smith and David Ricardo are two major theorists who promoted the
idea that free trade and open markets are beneficial to all states and that they can generate wealth for
all parties involved. (O'Brien and Williams, 2013, pg.13–14) Within liberalism the important actor,
the basic unit of analysis, is the individual, who is thought of as being able to analyze different
choices and select the best approach. The individual seeks to foster growth for themselves and their
business, which in turn, according to liberal theorists would create positive advancement for the
entire economy. This belief follows the thought that exchange and

Stalin vs. Trotsky Essay
Stalin vs. Trotsky
I. Dzhugashvili and Bronstein
Joseph Stalin, born Dzhugashvili, and Leon Trotsky, born Bronstein, were the same age, and both
had been from early youth members of the Russian Social Democratic party. As dedicated
Communists, they had common basic outlook: they were philosophical materialists, committed to
the unity of theory and practice and bent upon spreading Communism throughout the whole world.
While Lenin was alive (at any rate until 1922) both men had a secure place in his favor and
therefore in the party as a whole. Since 1917, at least, Trotsky had supported Lenin on the main
issues and seemed to have more of his candor and flexibility than Stalin. However, as ... Show more
Young Joseph joined a Marxist society known as Mesame–Dasi while a student at the seminary, but
it is not clear whether this had anything to do with his expulsion in 1899. During the next two years
his Marxism crystallized, and his first Marxist essays appeared in a Georgian newspaper in 1901. At
that time he was already an enthusiastic defender of Lenin and the other orthodox Marxist exiles
who published the newspaper Iskra. His literary style was not then distinguished; in fact, it never got
much better.
Stalin was active in the revolutionary movement in Tiflis, Batum, and elsewhere, not as
Dzhugashvili, nor yet "Stalin," but as "Koba." This meant something like "courageous" in Turkish,
and it was also the name of a labeled Georgian freebooter. It is uncertain which the nickname first
signified. Later he was called, indeed, practically dubbed himself, the "Lenin of the Cauccasus."
However, he was not necessarily the most outstanding leader of the Caucasian Social Democrats,
nor even of the Georgian Bolsheviks after the party split in 1903. The great majority of the Marxists
in Georgia became and stayed Menshevik. Among the Bolsheviks Stalin was prominent, but that did
not mean a great deal. Very soon after the news of the London Congress of 1903 reached the
Caucasus, he took a firmly pro–Bolshevik stand, and he continued to

The Growth And Development Of A Free Market
INTRODUCTION
'What development means depends on how the rich nations feel, 'Environment' is no exception to
this rule'. (Sachs, 1992, p.26)
Ever since the 1970s, capitalism has entered into the era of neoliberal development. Simply put,
capitalism is an economic system that propagates private and or corporate ownership trough
investments. Private decisions, prices, production and distribution of goods are determined by the
competition in a free market. All of this in turn decides the path of aforementioned investments.
Neoliberalism is the academic theory behind the development model being currently pursued for
economic growth and development. This model of development propagates economic policies that
promote a free flow of trade and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is then followed by of analyzing the efforts made by international agencies and governments to
address environmental issues. The analysis of these international/global projects will help in
answering whether so far capitalism has been successful in addressing environmental concerns or
not. Taking a Marxist perspective, the essay emphasizes that while awareness has been raised
exponentially about the dangers of environmental deterioration, capitalism has a long way to go
before it can be called 'green'. On a spectrum of black to bright green, capitalism is currently
swimming in the murky depths of brown. For an environmentally sound world, capitalism itself may
need to be replaced with a different economic system.
THERE IS NO ONE PERSPECTIVE TO ENVIRONEMTAL CRISES
Core ideologies dominating the environmental debate revolve around neoliberalism, Marxism and
environmentalism. All of these ideologies are umbrella terms for they bifurcate into many sub–
categories or approaches to environmental crises.
While many believe that Marx and later on Engels, had nothing useful to say about the environment
since their critique of capitalism was believed to be limited to class struggle and exploitation of
labour under a capitalist class. However, Marx (1964, 1970, 1977, 1981) and Engels (1973, 1979)
have, perhaps, the longest historical connection to environmentalism. For the longest time,
environmental socialist did not derive any clear arguments from Marxist

Sociology and Social Change
SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE "The air does not cease to have weight," writes Durkheim,
"although we no longer feel that weight."(1) The point is, of course, how do we know that there is
that thing called "air" out there if we do not feel its presence? What Durkheim was interested to
show, indeed, was that those elements of reality that he came to call social facts(2) were out there,
regardless of whether the individuals felt their presence or not. Actually, the individuals are almost
never aware of the compelling presence of those social facts, which they have a tendency to take for
granted. Sometimes, however, social facts appear unmistakably to the individual who is not even
trained sociologically to discover that which is not so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before long, society ceased to be the main object of study of American sociology, and its place was
successfully claimed by community studies and analyses of small groups. When microsociology
finally dominated the scene, there was little room left for the analysis of social change –a
macrosociological concern. Interestingly, the propositions formulated by American microsociology
were meant to be true in any human society, regardless of the level of development. Humans being
human, this microsociological perspective seemed to propose, one needs to describe human nature
to be able to predict and explain the process of human interaction. To the extent that human nature
was assumed to be immutable and universal, the logic went on, its study can be successfully
completed within the boundaries of the well–analyzed American society. There was thus little need
for cross cultural or international studies. These tendencies of the American sociology were part of
the American culture's isolationist orientation that was prevalent between the 20th Century's two
World Wars. The role that the United States was to perform at the end of World War II, however,
brought an end to the isolationist tendencies of the American culture. Not only did Americans have
to acknowledge the existence of a World outside their borders, but their country was supposed to
lead the capitalist world into the Cold War and beyond. Within sociology, this necessary

The Current Governing Schools Of Thought For Nations
The early 21st century, in all of its rising cultural globality, is the first period of stagnating economic
and political globalization since the end of the Second World War. The world has become more
closely knit as a single cultural entity due to the rise of social media, the expansion of transnational
business, and the strengthening of the internet as an equal ground for all people. Cooperative
cultural events such as Olympic competitions, FIFA World Cups and even international eSport
competitions have brought individuals within nations closer together, benefiting transnational
corporations, while nations themselves have become more politically and economically divided. The
current governing schools of thought for nations are a reaction to the fading power of the nation
states as the dominant entity of international politics.
The three schools of international political economics, liberalism, nationalism, and marxism, all
appear in national policies around the world from liberal blocs of free market economies like the
European Union to isolationist policies practiced by nations like North Korea which is related to the
"benign" mercantilism of economic nationalism (Gilpin, 1987). Liberal policies favor idealized
conditions for markets, and economies in general, which results in cooperative policies relating to
international trade such as the establishment of free markets and the reduction of trade barriers. The
driving idea behind the liberal school of thought is the

Realist Lens
Under a Realist lens, World War I can be described as a conflict between independent, unitary actors
in an anarchic international system. A fundamental principle in Realism Theory is that world politics
and the laws that goes along with it are inherently objective. In a Realist's perspective, the world is
anarchic with no visible system that restrains people from deferring to their baser, animalistic
instinct. In such an environment, it's kill or be killed, and under Realism, rationalism takes
precedent over morals or ideals as the way to avoid self–destruction (Morgenthau 1967). Unitary
states ultimately seek self survival in this anarchic world, and in the words of John J. Mearshimer,
"States fear each other [and] regard each other with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead, constructivists argue that the most important aspect in deciphering international relations is
ideas and how they are interpreted. The Great War can thus be view from a number of perspectives.
Under a Marxist view it can be seen as a conflict perpetuated by capitalistic tendencies of
competition among the bourgeois among Europe and fought by the oppressed proletariat. (Marx 13).
It can be just as likely to interpreted its outbreak as a family feud among the grand children of
Queen Victoria. For Constructivist Theory, ideas and norms dictate how states behave and are only
important when states deem it as important. Constructivism as a result is based on much more
abstract ideals than the other theories. Such can include economics, as is the case for Marxism; it
could also be based socially, such as the claim that the European powers chose to go to war with
each other in order to quell unrest among their own populations, which at that time is becoming
more and more politically fragmented. As Alexander Wendt states in his article "Anarchy is what
States Make of It", "All theories of international relations are based on social theories of the
relationship between agency, process, and social structure. Social theories do not determine the
content of our international theorizing, but they do structure the questions we ask about world
politics and our approaches to answering those questions." (Wendt 1992) This approach in short
focuses on social constructs humans project and how they relate to the way interactions take place.
Because of the interpretive flexibilities inherent in Constructivist Theory, WWI could be interpreted
a number of ways through Constructivist

Human Struggle In The Tokyo Story
In Ozu's film, the Tokyo Story, has many scenes that define the human struggle, such as the struggle
to make a living, aging and death of loved ones, and the way children eventually fall apart from
their parents when they get older. The one human struggle from Ozu's film that influenced the most
empathy is the inevitable truth of life that the struggle for survival in society eventually drifts
individuals apart such as parents and they're children when they begin to live independently and
become to take care for only themselves because of their daily busy lives.
From this film, Ozu introduces a few scenes to compare the similarities of different generations in
the relationship between children and parents. The first scene that begins this comparison is when
Koichi's son, Minoru, had high hopes of going sightseeing with his parents and grandparents, but
when suddenly Koichi had to go see his sick patient and the plans got cancelled, Minoru was very
disappointed and angry with his parents because he mentions that they always say they will go next
time, but they never seem to keep their words. Ozu includes this scene to show how often parents
never seem to keep their promises with their children because they're constantly busy with their own
things and not have enough free time to spend time with them. It's just like in reality where parents
that struggle financially tend to spend more time at work than at home, thus they never seem to have
the time or use their precious time to take their children out because it always involves money. We
can understand from both sides of perspective, as the parent and as the child. Many of us as a child
have surely experienced the samething atleast one time in our life when our parents never kept
they're words and seemed too busy to play with us. If it were from a wealthy family the parents
wouldn't have to worry about spending they're money and consume most of their time at work. They
would most likely go out more often with their children and take them to places like Disneyland or
Legoland such as most families today. When Ozu included the scene when right before they were
ready to go out for sightseeing and the patient comes in to see Koichi, shows us that this family is

The Misunderstandings of Socialism
Quotes like Winston Churchill's have become part of the political rhetoric when leaders discuss the
idea of socialism. In current events you can see the exact same argumentation being used against
legislation such as the Affordable Health Care Act. Conservative talking heads such as Bill O'Reilly
equate it to socialism because, as Mr. O'Reilly says himself, "[i]n order to provide for the have nots,
the far left wants the federal government to seize the assets of solvent Americans. That's what
ObamaCare [the Affordable Health Care Act] is all about – taking from those who can afford health
care to provide for those who cannot" (O'Reilly). This simplification of socialism does not do justice
to the actual paradigm itself. Instead, in this paper I will try to refute our current idea of socialism
because of a lack of understanding. The explanations and descriptions by Michael W. Doyle in his
chapters on Marxist and Leninist socialism paints a picture that allows one to see how socialism
could be beneficial to the common man while also critiquing the negative myths held by modern
society. Initially we shall examine the concept of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels view of Socialism
as described by Michael W. Doyle. At the very beginning of the chapter he states that "[Marx and
Engels] are perhaps best known for the materialist conception of history in which the conditions of
production shape all other areas of society – institutions, laws, ideas and morality" (Doyle 322).
Both of

Sociology and Social Change
SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE "The air does not cease to have weight," writes Durkheim,
"although we no longer feel that weight."(1) The point is, of course, how do we know that there is
that thing called "air" out there if we do not feel its presence? What Durkheim was interested to
show, indeed, was that those elements of reality that he came to call social facts(2) were out there,
regardless of whether the individuals felt their presence or not. Actually, the individuals are almost
never aware of the compelling presence of those social facts, which they have a tendency to take for
granted. Sometimes, however, social facts appear unmistakably to the individual who is not even
trained sociologically to discover that which is not so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The object of Weber's study of history has been the tracing of the process of rationalization of
human life. His model of social change entails a multidimensional triumph of reason, which slowly
came to pervade every area of social life in the Occident and which has led to the disenchantment of
the World, the fall from grace of magic, tradition, charisma, and affectivity in the legitimation of
authority and wisdom. Social change, thus, was at the core of the foundation of sociology as a
discipline. The preoccupation with social change, moreover, prompted the early sociologists to
conceive of developmental schemes to account for the transformation of society. We should bear in
mind that the impressive advances of biology during the 19th Century, coupled with the impact of
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, must have paved the way for the conception of society as an
entity that goes through a succession of developmental stages. For a while, the developmental
approach to the study of social change was circumscribed to the analysis of the Western European
nations in which sociology was founded –namely, Germany, France, and England. Later on,
however, development studies also came to mean the contrasting analyses of

Marxism Isn't Dead Essay
ABSTRACT: I defend the continued viability of Marx's critique of capitalism against Ronald
Aronson's recent claim that because Marxists are 'unable to point to a social class or movement'
away from capitalism, Marxism is 'over' 'as a project of historical transformation.' First, Marx's
account of the forced extraction of surplus labor remains true. It constitutes an indictment of the
process of capital accumulation because defenses of capitalism's right to profit based on productive
contribution are weak. If generalized, the current cooperative movement, well advanced in many
nations, can displace capitalism and thus counts as the movement Aronson challenges Marxists to
point to. It will do this, I argue, by stopping capitalist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since Marxists are "unable to point to a social class or a movement" embodying change away from
capitalism, Ronald Aronson, still a Marxist, concludes Marxism is "over" at least "as a project of
historical transformation." (5) He opposes capitalism but seeks change in movements like feminism
and anti–racism, especially as informed by postmodernism.
Both of these proclamations of Marxism's demise focus on Marx's political strategy for moving
toward socialism. Yet Marx's enduring pertinence lies instead in his indictment of capitalism.
Capitalism is fully alive. Over the past twenty years the United States particularly merits Marx's
indictment for its aggravations of class divisions. As the rich get richer and the poor poorer, we are
all pitted against each other, millions in the third world are killed each year by humanly reproduced
poverty, environmental despoilation proceeds out of control, and handy advantages of race, gender
or nationality are used to exclude our neighbors. Thus, since capitalism isn't dead, neither is the
heart of Marxism.
I find two errors in Aronson's views: first, there are large anti–capitalist movements afoot meriting
Marxists' support. Secondly, socialists work not for Marxism, which is a theory, but for socialism,
which is a future non–capitalist state of affairs. (6) What is

Class Struggle in Robert Frost's Poem Out, Out Essay
Class Struggle in Robert Frost's Poem Out, Out–
Robert Frost's poem "Out, Out–" is developed around a clear and unquestionable moment: a
horrifying accident in which a young boy is mutilated by a buzz saw. Frost's underlying message,
however, isn't nearly as straightforward. As the poem develops, two clear levels of interpretation
seem to surface. While on the basic level the poem would seem to be a simple metaphor for man's
struggles with nature, a more careful analysis suggests a level of interpretation far more relevant to
humanity as a whole.
On the most basic level, Frost's "Out, Out–" begins by establishing the primary character – the
dominant voice – in the form of a buzz saw. When the narrator writes that "The buzz saw ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the conflict between man and nature is expanded into a conflict between man's destructive
qualities and his innocent acceptance of the natural world.
At the climax of "Out, Out–" Frost clearly reveals the horrible nature of the conflict within man.
When "the saw, / As if to prove saws knew what supper meant, / Leaped out at the boy's hand, or
seemed to leap," the boy is horribly mutilated both as an individual and as a representation of
mankind's innocence towards nature. The saw, as an embodiment of the destructive qualities of man,
takes the boys hand and, with it, the boy's innocence. When Frost writes that the boy "swung toward
them holding up the hand, / Half in appeal, but half as if to keep / The life from spilling" he seems to
be presenting the boys final appeal to remain innocent and free of corruption before nature. His
appeal, however, is clearly denied when the boy's life and innocence fades into "Little –– Less ––
Nothing!" Thus, Frost's "Out, Out–" would seem, on the outward level, to be a representation of
man's struggle both with himself and with nature.
It would not be surprising, given Frost's affinity for nature, to assume that "Out, Out–" is, indeed,
merely a poem born out of Frost's

Why Has Marxism Been Neglected For International Relations?
Why has Marxism been neglected in International Relations?
One of the major reasons why Marxism has generally been neglected in International Relations is
due to the scarcity of Marxist writing that is specifically focused on this subject. However, it can be
argued that due to this paucity of material, Marxist theory has nothing of substantial value to offer
with regards to international relations. Non– Marxists argue that the concepts in Marx's analysis of
capitalist production; class, labor, exchange value, surplus value, are not relevant to international
relations where the basic subject of analysis is the state. Even the work that is being done in political
science that aims to reassess the relationship between class and state, fails to offer a convincing link
between internal developments and external structures. Much of the debate in Marxism has been
conducted in epistemology and has a tendency to veer towards inaccessibility.
The question arises as to what critical historical materialism means for world politics today:
realistically, can its ideas from nearly a century and half ago, be applied to the partly conceived
apolitical globalized world of today?3 Some writers have greatly criticized historical materialism in
IR,6 with the perception of it being deterministic, reductionist, a version of historical teleology or
simply Eurocentric. Even more serious are the charges that see historical materialism as being
inherently inept to prescribe for the contemporary

Heart Of Darkness And Robinson Crusoe Analysis
This paper attempts to offer a Marxist reading of Conrad 's Heart of Darkness (1899) and Defoe's
The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) . Specifically , this paper
highlights how the concept of commodification helps us to understand the dialectic struggle
between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat which are both considered the products of their
socioeconomic and material circumstance with an emergent capitalist culture. By depicting how
capitalists in the two novellas commodify objects or humans and by investigating the struggles
between the 'haves' and the 'haves–not' . With regard to Edward Said's version of theory
'contexuality' , he noted that the literary text must be put in its context ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Heart of Darkness wildly reinforce imperialist and capitalist values through commodifying the
Africans for their ivory , hence capitalists have the power to do so; to achieve the goals of the
wealthy company. Capitalist culture exists in Heart of Darkness since sending Mr. Kurtz 'the
bourgeoisie and the first class agent' of a trade company to the Congo ; to exploit its natural bounties
and people to accumulate capital without regarding the proletariat who are forced to work restlessly
and to subject themselves to the capitalist system without giving them their rights of payment or
even enough food to eat. In its obvious practice , Kurtz's controlling value consists essentially of
exploiting the natives until they die and then replacing them with other proletariats with low price to
earn high profit by more working hands and hours. Marlow narrates " with that complete, deathlike
indifference of unhappy savages." (Conrad 23). Also he narrates " they had given them every week
three pieces of brass wire,..... unless they swallowed the wire itself, or made loops of it to snare the
fishes with, I don't see what good their extravagant salary could be to them. I must say it was paid
with a regularity worthy of a large and honourable trading company." (p. 67) Marlow also shows the
exchange commodities in the market as every

Marxism and Communism Christian Communism
Introduction
Communism is a social structure in which classes are abolished and property is commonly
controlled, as well as a political philosophy and social movement that advocates and aims to create
such a society.Karl Marx, the father of communist thought, posited that communism would be the
final stage in society, which would be achieved through a proletarian revolution and only possible
after a socialist stage develops the productive forces, leading to a superabundance of goods and
services.
"Pure communism" in the Marxian sense refers to a classless, stateless and oppression–free society
where decisions on what to produce and what policies to pursue are made democratically, allowing
every member of society to participate in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other writers described by Marx as "utopian socialists" included Saint–Simon.
In its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement of 19th century Europe.
[citation needed] As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the
misery of the proletariat – a new class of urban factory workers who labored under often–hazardous
conditions. Foremost among these critics were the German philosopher Karl Marx and his associate
Friedrich Engels. In 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and
popularized the term in their famous pamphlet The Communist Manifesto.Engels, who lived in
Manchester, observed the organization of the Chartist movement (see History of British socialism),
while Marx departed from his university comrades to meet the proletariat in France and Germany.
Growth of modern communism
In the late 19th century, Russian Marxism developed a distinct character. The first major figure of
Russian Marxism was Georgi Plekhanov. Underlying the work of Plekhanov was the assumption
that Russia, less urbanized and industrialized than Western Europe, had many years to go before
society would be ready for

Essay Cold War Rhetoric of the Lysenko Era
The Cold War Rhetoric of the Lysenko Era
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union forced its biologists to support the theory of the inheritance
of acquired characteristics, which opposed the conventional theory of genetics accepted by the
scientists in America and most of the world. This theory that environmentally induced changes to an
organism's physical or biochemical traits could be passed on to its offspring was the main tenet in
Lamarck's work during the early 1800s. It was accepted by most biologists during Lamarck's time,
until the work of Darwin on evolution by natural selection in the mid–1800s and the discovery of
Mendel's work on heredity in the early 1900s lead most biologists to discount Lamarck's theory.
However, in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Soviet scientist, Medvedev, argues that the dominance of Lysenkoism in the Soviet Union was
caused by "the classification of science as bourgeois or proletarian, the government's aim to increase
agricultural production, the censorship in the press, the isolation of Soviet scientists, and the Soviet's
centralization of science" (247–252). Joravsky, an American scholar, discounts Medvedev's
argument on the influence of Marxist theory and emphasizes Lysenko's appeal to improving
collectivized agriculture (The Lysenko Affair 228). Soyfer, a recent Russian scientist, adds that
Lysenko's appeal to Stalin's personal interests and views may have caused his popularity with the
state (Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science 202). However, these scholars focus on the forces
operating within the Soviet Union, and give little consideration to the larger Cold War climate. The
rhetoric of Lysenko's speech and other texts produced during the time shows that the Cold War had a
profound influence on how ideas were interpreted. The Cold War environment may have motivated
the Soviet state to support Lysenko's theory because it conflicted at a fundamental level with the
biological theory accepted in America and promised to propagate nationalist pride by

Choose Freedom: The Future Of Democratic Socialism
Democratic socialism is defined as having a socialist economy in which the means of production are
socially and collectively owned or controlled alongside a politically democratic system of
government.
Some tendencies of democratic socialism advocate for revolution in order to transition to socialism,
distinguishing it from some forms of social democracy. For example, Peter Hain classifies
democratic socialism, along with libertarian socialism, as a form of anti–authoritarian "socialism
from below" (using the term popularised by Hal Draper), in contrast to Stalinism and social
democracy, variants of authoritarian state socialism. For Hain, this democratic/authoritarian divide
is more important than the revolutionary/reformist divide. In this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Honneth has put forward the view that political and economic ideologies have a social basis, that is,
they originate from intersubjective communication between members of a society. Honneth
criticises the liberal state because it assumes that principles of individual liberty and private property
are ahistorical and abstract, when, in fact, they evolved from a specific social discourse on human
activity. Contra liberal individualism, Honneth has emphasised the inter–subjective dependence
between humans; that is, our well–being depends on recognising others and being recognised by
them. Democratic socialism, with its emphasis on social collectivism, could be seen as a way of
safeguarding this

What Is The Difference Between Realism And Realism
Realism Realism in international relations theory is one of the dominant schools of thought in
international relations. Realism or political realism prioritizes national interests and security
concerns in addition to moral ideology and social reconstruction. The term is often associated with
political power. The term is often associated with political power.
Realism believes that the state is the main actor of the most important in determining the direction
of a country. This means there is no term mentioned as an International Organization but merely the
State. Realism also believes the State is deciding on the future of the people. In connection with it,
the state is certainly confident that whatever actions are correct and appropriate ... Show more
Constructivism Realism agree with the theory that says the world is in anarchy (chaos).
Constructivism also said that international relations can be established through conflict and
cooperation. So here assessed the importance of existing institutions namely through regulative and
constitutive. Each country needs to comply with the decree. If away, then there are various forms of
action to be taken such as military, economic supply restrictions and others. So countries need to
assess national interests whether to cooperate or not.
Constructivism also emphasizes the influence of culture in international relations. This is because
the relationship is true not only taking into account the political and ideological aspects alone, but
also the cultural aspects. For example if there are cultural similarities between actors will be more
likely to facilitate collaboration and no conflicts will occur. This can be seen through the
relationship between Malaysia and Indonesia that have similar culture, namely cultural and religious
expression of Islam. So any misunderstandings easily solved without involving big

Review Of Gramsci 's ' Political Thought ' The Prison...
AJ FAAS 3–4–08 A REVIEW OF GRAMSCI'S POLITICAL THOUGHT IN THE PRISON
NOTEBOOKS [DRAFT – DO NOT CITE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE
AUTHOR] Antonio Gramsci was an Italian communist scholar, journalist, and activist who served
as a deputy member of the Italian Parliament, representing the Italian Communist Party (PCI),
which he helped to establish in 1923. In the wake of the triumph of Mussolini and the Italian fascists
in 1926, Gramsci was sentenced to 20 years in prison in order to prevent his thought from spreading
(Crehan 2003:17). From 1926 to 1937, when he was released from prison only to die one week later,
Gramsci composed thirty–two notebooks (over 2,350 printed pages) which has come to be regarded
as his greatest work and an unfinished classic of Marxist thought (Simon 1991; Crehan 2002). The
fact that he composed these great works while he was in prison and during a time of political
turmoil that provoked him has particularly confounding effects on the reader. First, these notebooks
were hand written in prison and he frequently revisits or elaborates on earlier notes throughout the
journals. They are therefore not organized under coherent headings to facilitate a systematic
interpretation of his thoughts. Some editors organize the notes under their own themes, and Gramsci
himself at times inserts instructions that one passage should be tied to another, but some imposed
order is always inevitable. Second, Gramsci, though in prison, was very much informed, and

Marxist Theory Research
MIA > Archive > Mandel E. Germain The Marxist Theory of Imperialism and its Critics (August
1955) From Two Essays on Imperialism, New York 1966.
Transcribed by Joseph Auciello.
Marked up by Einde O'Callaghan for the Marxists' Internet Archive. Introduction Since the spring of
1916 when Lenin wrote his pamphlet Imperialism, that work has been a focal point of discussion by
both Marxists and non–Marxist political economists. Many critics have attempted to prove that
Lenin's analysis of contemporary capitalism is essentially incorrect; others that it is partially
incorrect, but not outdated. Lenin's "official" defenders in Moscow have tried to prove that every
word written in 1916 is still totally valid today, while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Engels added a more detailed elucidation to Marx's comments. In his last writings, especially in his
famous 1892 introduction to The Condition of the Working Class in England, he underlined other
structural phenomena to which the theoreticians of imperialism attached great importance. Engels
wrote that from the beginning of the industrial revolution until the 1870's, England exercised
practically an industrial monopoly over the world market. Thanks to that monopoly, in the second
half of the 19th century, at the time of the rise of craft unions, English capitalism could grant
important concessions to a section of the working class. But, towards the end of the 19th century the
German, French, and American competition made inroads into this English monopoly, and
inaugurated a period of sharp class struggle in Great Britain. The correctness of Engels' analysis was
borne out as early as the first years of the 20th century. The trade union movement grew not only
among the laborers and the masses of the unskilled, but also broke its half–century long alliance
with petty–bourgeois radicalism (the Liberal Party) and founded the Labor Party, the mass workers'
party. In two comments on the Third Volume of Capital, edited by Engels in 1894 (comments on the
31st and 32nd chapters), Engels emphasized how difficult it was going to be for capitalism to find a
new basis for expansion after the final

Essay on change
'If there is no struggle, there is no change'
To guarantee a wholesome, enriching experience of change in the individual it is vital to accept
struggle. Facing the struggle can test relationships, introduce unclear perception of ones identity and
produce unpredictable situations; though change must be able to transpire to truly create complete
development in the individual. Director Ron Howard discovers the unique mind that takes root
inside the individual, by overcoming the cruel affects schizophrenia causes and instead welcoming
positive change in his film 'A Beautiful Mind' (2001). Likewise S.E Hinton reveals the ability of
humankind to move forward within erratic moments, deal with rebellion in optimistic ways and
embrace new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The way we deal with this hopelessness shapes our characteristics, subsequently shaping how we
cope with struggle.
Change is a purely inevitable process that continuously affects all humankind. The way we deal
with this active process carves who we are as people; and how we accept different obstacles, in
either positive or negative methods. Hinton arouses a compelling sense of change through
investigation of the individual's identity, Ponyboy, who through visual imagery harmonized with the
dejected mood of the persona 'then there was Soda n' Darry, all the family I got' forms a bleak,
defenseless sensual image of a tense home life environment, where the unkindest struggle occurs,
trying to discover himself rather than being labeled. Extending on, analogy of 'the soc's sippin' on
drink' compared with 'greasers drippin' with blood' shows the comparison between the two social
classes, the rich soc's and the underprivileged greasers' and how being positioned in a category; just
as Howard has placed Nash is into university for the first time, separated by other students, leaving
both individuals feeling abandoned, unwelcomed and frail. The hunger to possess ones genuine
identity is dense and should be located by the

Fidel Castro, Cro, And Macro And The Cuban Revolution
Che wrote in his farewell letter to Castro in 1964 that his most sacred duty in life was, to fight
against imperialism wherever it may be. Che was successful in eradicating the presence of U.S.
imperialism in Cuba. Che's relationship with Fidel Castro began back when Fidel was exiled to
Mexico by General Batista the dictator of Cuba. Che when asked what his primary goals were
responded, "From the political point of view, the first thing we want is to be masters of our own
destiny, a country free from foreign interference, a country that seeks out its own system of
development". Che and Castro were united in the belief of freeing the world from oppression and
imperialism, especially U.S. imperialism.
In retrospect, the Cuban Revolution was more than a revolution of ideas, but a revolution of
transforming the entire Cuban economy and society. Through Che's idea of transforming the mind
of each Cuban citizen into the "New Man" and the Agrarian Land Reform in the early stages of the
revolution many were optimistic. Castro's regime believed in giving power back to the peasants and
in liberating the country from U.S. dominance. Many of these ideals seemed promising, but Castro
and Che neglected the fact that the Cuban economy depended so much on sugar as a staple product,
and the U.S. market. Castro, and Che lack what this paper will try to provide – hindsight. Through
the analysis of secondary sources Che's image, ideas, successes, and failures will be analyzed to
prove why the Cuban Revolution was successful due to Che's influence.
Che's Marxist beliefs transformed from his early days to being an active participant in the Cuban
revolution. The revolution itself allowed Che to truly understand the concept of Marxism not
through studying, but through individual action and putting the ideas of Marx into action. Che after
the Cuban Revolution put his belief into words stating, "Where one really learns is in a
revolutionary war; every mistake teaches you more than a million volumes of books". Truth through
action was the only way one could be a true Marxist. Because Che's foco theory exhibited success in
Cuba its doctrine was exported to numerous countries, and many were able to overthrow their
imperialist and

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