Evidence Of Current Nationalism Trends

Evidence Of Current Nationalism Trends
Evidence of Current Nationalism Trends:
As we have established globalisation was a geo–eco political phenomena, that among many other
aspects allowed the free moment of people. Migration of people for various reasons seems to be one
of the posters of the success of globalisation. however, the important aspect is not just the act of
migration– usually associated with diaspora, but also the discourses of the culture identities and
loyalties. As Arjun Appaduria (1996) argues in his book 'Modernity at Large', such
deterritorialization prospers on the need of the diaspora for the establishment of some sort of contact
with its homeland, as the homeland is partly invented and imagines within the deterritorialized
groups, the fantasy of an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These attributes of the Pro–Russian movements in Ukraine goes hand in hand and yet parallel with
the ethnic national sentiments as prescribed by Smith (1998). Global deterritorialization creates
designated ethnic groups that share ancestry myths, histories and cultural associations as a share of
common belief rather than an actual descendant. However other nationalist theories argue that such
ethnic nationalism is associated with the defined nation and its actual ancestral descendants
(Montserrat, 2007). The causation of national and transnational terrorism is quite evidently
highlighted within this realm of argumentation. Sutherland (2012), highlights the behaviour of the
Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, relating the cultural conditioning techniques of association to that of
ethnic and ancestral background. The notorious Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), even
though united under the ethnic history and nationalism, embarked on a mission in order to claim
territorial, economic and political power, however were rather branded terrorists as a way to
legitimise the war against their ethnic nationalism.
Similarly, transnational nationalism especially in events that followed the September 11 attacks, acts
as a very important ordeal of ethnic national. Even though the formation of nationalism
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The Outbreak of the Spanish Civil War Essay
The Outbreak of the Spanish Civil War
To this day the Spanish Civil War is still remembered as the single most pivotal moment in the
history of Spanish politics. The only way of understanding how 600,000 Spaniards were killed
between 1936 and 1939 is to ask ourselves why the civil war broke out in Spain in 1936. There were
a number of reasons which led to the civil war in Spain. The main and most significant being the
increased political polarization between the left and right wing parties.
This polarization primarily began within Spanish society, which had been characterized by its strong
religious beliefs and conservative values, as it remained a strict Roman Catholic country for many ...
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On the other hand, was the conservative nationalists represented by the Church, the army and many
large landowners and industrialists. Most of which wanted Spain to return to the Golden Ages of
sixteenth century Catholic Spain and were in favour of the Monarchy in order to remain an
authoritarian state. This division was highlighted further by a number of pronunciamientos[6] and
uprisings between the two sides adding to the increased political tension.
For the right, 'they saw the defence of religious interests as their fundamental political task.'[7]
Whereas, the liberals reflected the increasingly anti–Catholic feeling throughout Spain. Therefore, it
can be understood why the liberal views on the Church, and its policies within the second republic
to reduce the Church's power, angered the right wing parties enough for them to retaliate through a
number of uprisings throughout Spain. Especially during the declaration of the second republic
stating that Spain no longer possessed an official religion.
During the constitutional monarchy of Alfonso CIII, the left was frustrated by the farce of the
electoral system[8], which up until the second republic was formed on the 14th April 1931,
remained in favour of local bosses, also given

Animal Farm
On the surface, George Orwell's novel Animal Farm is about a group of neglected farm animals who
overthrow their owner and take control of the farm. However, under the surface this novel is an
allegory detailing the events of the Russian Revolution. Orwell wrote Animal Farm in response to
the events leading up to and occurring during the Russian Revolution. The author's use of
anthropomorphism and common diction lead us to believe he intended the novel to be read by the
"everyday man" or lay person. This novel is written as a warning to readers with its central theme
that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. The author uses a detached 3rd person
narrative point of view to describe the events as they unfold in the story. I ... Show more content on
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The main thing that prompted Orwell to create this piece, were the rising amounts of writers using
euphemisms and sometimes absolute vagueness to get their point across. Granted the fact that this
was published a year after his novel Animal Farm, the intended audience can be assumed to be those
who already read his works or those who are familiar with his political stance. Orwell wrote this
essay with the intentions of informing those reading that many people back then used a truly dry
form of the English language to persuade and essentially shape the reader's mind while warning
those who were intelligent enough to understand. Throughout this writing, Orwell spoke from a first
person perspective. The author used literary devices such as rhetoric several times in this essay;
using pathos more often than that of ethos or logos. For example in an excerpt from his essay, he
talked about how an English professor was defending Russian totalitarianism. The professor would
twist his words instead of sounding harsh and stating that he believed that killing off opponents is
acceptable if it is beneficial. The tone given by the author is a solely straightforward and serious
tone showing that his main

Spain Essay
Spain
Spain, a country occupying the greater part of the Iberian Peninsula, and bounded on the north by
the Bay of Biscay, France, and Andorra, and on the east by the Mediterranean Sea. The Balearic
Islands in the Mediterranean and the
Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa are governed as provinces of Spain.
Also, Spain administers two small exclaves in Morocco–Ceuta and Melilla. The area of Spain,
including the African and insular territories, is 194,885 sq mi. Madrid is the capital and largest city.
Population
The Spanish people are essentially a mixture of the indigenous peoples of the
Iberian Peninsula with the successive peoples who conquered the peninsula and occupied it for ...
Culture
Any consideration of Spanish culture must stress the tremendous importance of religion in the
history of the country and in the life of the individual. An index of the influence of Roman
Catholicism is provided by the fervent mystical element in the art and literature of Spain, the
impressive list of its saints, and the large number of religious congregations and orders. The
Catholic marriage is the basis of the family, which in turn is the foundation of Spanish society.
Economy
Spain has traditionally been an agricultural country and is still one of the largest producers of farm
commodities in Western Europe, but since the mid–1950s industrial growth has been rapid. A series
of development plans, initiated in
1964, helped the economy to expand, but in the later 1970s an economic slowdown was brought on
by rising oil costs and increased imports. Subsequently, the government emphasized the
development of the steel, shipbuilding, textile, and mining industries. Spain derives much income
from tourism. The annual budget in the early 1990s included revenues of about $97.7 billion and
expenditures of about $128 billion. On January 1, 1986, Spain became a full member of the
European Community (now the European Union, or EU).
Agriculture

Agriculture is a mainstay of the Spanish economy, employing, with forestry and fishing, about 10
percent of the labor force.

Analysis Of George Orwell's 'The Lion And The Unicorn'
It is made evident through his works other than The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the
English Genius, however, that George Orwell favors a power of the people rather than a specific
leader or leaders restricting personal freedoms. His anti–authoritarian viewpoint, which is evident in
a number of his writings, enforces this social belief. Evidence of this point of view first come to
light in his book Homage to Catalonia, which was originally published in 1938, around the same
time he joined the Independent Labour Party in England in an act of democratic socialism. Homage
to Catalonia is a personal account reflecting on the role that Orwell played in the Spanish Civil War.
In the book, Orwell recounts to readers that he joined the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Nineteen Eighty–Four is a dystopian novel set in the future from when Orwell wrote it, predicting
that without socialism, totalitarianism would take over the world. The novel depicts a society in
which the people are living under a completely totalitarian government in Airstrip One that, in an
abuse of power, rules every aspect of their lives, both private and public. The omnipresent Big
Brother watches and listens to its citizens (more specifically the Party, the lower–class Proles are not
deemed important enough to be monitored) at all times through devices called telescreens that are
carefully placed in order to capture one's every moment (though, through an architectural fluke in
his apartment, Winston is able to get around this for some time to write in his illegal journal). Big
Brother is not only attempting to control their citizen's actions and behavior through the telescreens,
however, they are trying to monitor their thoughts as well. It is against the law in Airstrip One to
even think something that goes against Big Brother or the Party. The crime labeled "thoughtcrime"
could get a person vaporized, in which they may be be killed, however, it is inevitable that all
records of them are erased and, therefore, they cease to exist whether or not they are alive or dead.
This punishment can also be appointed to people who even appear to be too intelligent, as Winston
suspects

The Causes And Consequences Of The Media
Catalonia was an interesting news story to cover, particularly because of its European implications.
"The Guardian" newspaper, "Sky News" channel and "Aljazeera.com" are three distinct platforms I
selected to monitor. This is mainly because of their reputation and political dissimilarities. These
UK–based media platforms were expected, in such a case of Catalonia, to report this story in depth.
My analysis of the coverage will follow the chronological order of these platforms, which is the
same historical appearance of newspapers, television and Internet. This may also facilitate how we
understand the strengths and weaknesses of each medium in covering this Spanish crisis. "The
Guardian" is centre–left and favoured among Labour Party ... Show more content on
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Even the space for his speech was very short (4th October). On the other hand, the Guardian
included a picture of a pro–Spain rally in Barcelona and quoted from Spanish leaders. Bias, if it was
so, can be also seen in attributing ordinary Catalan people, which were divided over independence.
Even when the correspondents quoted what a pro–Spain thinks in page 4 (2nd October), it was a
woman that changed her position to support the independence because she was pulled out by the
police. "Sky News", which is described as a pro–conservative according to the media blog (2010),
treated the event quite differently. For instance, the report in "Sky News at 10" (2nd October)
included a sound–bite of a pro–Spain Catalan to balance the news story. This may reflect
impartiality in this outlet coverage, but it is not easy to say so. In this report and others, the
correspondents insisted on the division of Catalans, which "The Guardian" ignored in the
background. The report reminded the viewers that although the Catalan authorities declared that
90% of voters supported the independence, only 40% voted in that referendum. This statement of an
interesting fact can communicate the story clearly to the audience. The focus of reports was on
protests and police violence; however, the Correspondent's report from Barcelona in "Sky News at
11" (3rd October) included a sound–bite of the Spanish king speech. Although

Gender Appropriateness Of Women 's Rights
Third, parties employee the notion of "gender appropriateness" both in vertical and horizontal
distribution of political responsibilities. Both direction of the power distribution are dominated by
men. When women exclusively focus on women issues within the parties they do not receive much
recognition and feel powerless as opposed to men whose scope of dealing with issues seem diverse.
This same practice is pervasive in parliamentary settings too. The authors identify five informal
practices that sustain women's subordination "men's power over women, and avert women's agency.
First, gendered rituals (excessive participation in party meetings without substantive points,
signifying men's contribution while downplaying women's, and thus pushing women to perform
subordinate roles like taking minutes). Second, super–surveillance (women carry the burden of
doubt since women's capacity is downplayed after implementation of quotas, their critical thinking
and assertiveness is discouraged). Third, gendered informal sanctions are used against women who
demonstrate assertiveness and ambition, which is perceived as a threat. Unconventional means such
as rumors of sexual favors are used to discourage ambitious women. Fourth, informal networking
(women's agency is weakened by their lack of expansive informal networking that take place,
sometimes, in bars and restaurants – something quotas cannot ensure). Fifth, the use of time (women
cannot dedicate much time to evening political

Political Style Of George Orwell
George Orwell is well–known for his writing focusing on political events throughout Europe. His
most popular novels sent warnings about totalitarianism to its readers, leaving that as his mark in
literature. However, a closer look at his writing shows his changing political views based on both
the political movements at the time and Orwell's experiences with those political movements. Eric
Arthur Blair, better known under the pseudonym George Orwell, based his writing on the political
climate during his time. Living from 1903 to 1950, Orwell found himself writing about the ever–
changing, politically–charged environment around him. As Orwell wrote, background information
must be included because one cannot "assess a writer's motives without knowing something of his
early development." His father, who Orwell was not close to, was a minor British official in the
Indian Civil Service, which would later influence his opinion on British imperialism in Burma. His
family was lower–middle–class, even though they had high social status. They returned to England,
where Orwell went to school at Eton on a scholarship (Baker vii). He was unhappy during his time
at school since his family made much less money than the other boys there. After Eton, he returned
to Burma as a member of the Imperial constabulary. He discovered that he was hated by the
Burmese since he was a symbol of British imperialism, which made him hate the work itself (viii).
His experiences lead to his writing, Burmese Days, and his return to England to live amongst the
beggars in the East End of London. His experiences both there and in the slums of Paris lead to
Down and Out in Paris and London and The Road to Wigan Pier. The latter ended with harsh
criticisms of the socialist movements of the time. His time in the Spanish Civil War, which included
nearly losing his life at the hands of communists who wanted to suppress their political opponents,
was detailed in Homage to Catalonia and left him with a lifelong dread of communism. This
experience could have been why his next writing, Coming Up for Air, showed a more conservative
side (Baker vii).
Nevertheless, his journalistic writing just a few years later combined patriotic sentiment with the

Essay on Spanish Cinema After the Dictatorship in 1975
Spanish cinema has gained much recognition since the end of the countries dictatorship in 1975.
One of the main reasons behind this recognition is due to creative control now being in the hands of
film makers, such as Pedro Almodóvar, Fernando Trueba and
Guillermo Del Toro in the late 20th century and early 21st century. These directors have created
films which dealt with themes of nationality and national history, such as Todo sobre mi madre
(Pedro Almodóvar, 1999) and Pan's Labyrinth (Guillermo Del Toro, 2006).
Although Spanish cinema only started to develop into a distinctive style later in the 20th century due
to the end of censorship and propaganda regimes, some film makers such as
Luis Brunel gained international ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sáenz de Heredia, 1942) under a pseudonym. Raza is a key example of government's involvement
within the film industry, with many films of the time being censored under the Franco regime meant
the film makers within Spain didn't have full creative control. Although the cinema of Spain was
dictated by the government, audiences within Spain distanced themselves from the early
Spanish films in the 1940's due to the historical significance of the films and that they did not
include modern traits such a fashion and setting. This has a lot of significance when discussing
contemporary Spanish cinema. After political censorship was lifted, many films, for instance, Todo
Sobre Mi Madre are set in modern Spain. Costume and set are hugely significant within the film.
The contrast of old against new again holds significance within the picture because it reflects the
country's history and how change can be good. Firstly the narrative of the film is could be a
reflection of the country's history due to narrative events and themes. Manuela, the main character,
shift from Barcelona to Madrid and vice versa can be viewed as a symbol which represents the
country's transition from the Second
Spanish Republic party to a dictatorship and now to a democratic government/ monarchy.
Secondly Manuela's decision to go back to her old life in Madrid could be an alternative look at
Spain's history and how the capital of Spain has been changed

Literary Analysis Animal Farm
Orwell struggles to blend his "political" and "artistic" purpose into one complete "whole" in his
short novel Animal Farm. The author uses allegory and satire to catch the reader's attention. I
believe that Orwell is criticizing the Russian Revolution. In addition, i think he is making fun of it
because the way he uses the animals the describe the humans like ways. In ¨why i write¨ Orwell
goes more in depth about himself and the purpose of his writing. He gives details about his life and
what lead him to be the famous writer he is today. Furthermore, The author wrote ¨politics and
language¨ to discuss about his view of politics and the way English should be written. George
Orwell's novel Animal Farm is about mistreated animals that overpower their farmers and took
control. However, it is also a political allegory of the Russian revolution.Orwell wrote animal farm
in response to what happen in the Russian revolution. He used many symbols that readers were able
to identify. The author use of anthropomorphism and common diction lead us to believe he intended
the novel to be read by the "everyday man" or "lay person". Orwell purpose for writing this novel is
to warn readers that power corrupts and absolute,power corrupts and absolute. The author uses a
detached 3rd person point of view to describe the events as they unfold in the story. While Orwell
uses many stylistic devices in Animal Farm the two that impacted the reader the most while
developing the message are symbolism and theory. Ultimately the tone in the narrative ships from
hope to despair as Orwell weaves his tragic tale on Animal Farm rebellion on manor farm.
George Orwell's autobiographical essay, "Why I Write," is about the significance of his writing, and
his past experiences that brought him to write various political novels. Perhaps, Orwell wrote this
essay in response to the fame he received from Animal Farm, which was published just one year
earlier and to explain where he started, and what led him to become the legendary writer that we
perceive him as today. He intended this piece to be read by his fans who want to know more about
him and to advise aspiring writers. Orwell wrote this essay to explain to his fans why he wrote

Slovenia Case Analysis
1. POLICY DECISION AND OBJECTIVES
Government of Republic of Slovenia has decided, that Slovenia will together, and in the framework
of NATO and EU, participate in deterrence to Russian involvement on West Balkan. A Government
of the Republic of Slovenia meeting has been scheduled for XX XXX XX to decide the form this
participation and assistance will take. The stated objectives of this policy are prevent Russian
involvement in Slovenia's internal politics and international relations, deter military aggression
against the Republic of Slovenia, their allies and partners, maintain national sovereignty, and project
peace and stability on West Balkan area. Given the previous and recent Russian activities on West
Balkan, the Government wants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Russian goal in the area is to preserve the geostrategic status quo, which is identified with
preventing that Western Balkan states to join NATO and EU, and stay dependent on Russia.
Montenegro has recently joined NATO, despite Russian pressure, but Bosnia and Hercegovina is
still in doubt, if it should ask for invitation, mostly because of its Serbian's part. Macedonia
(FYROM) is in kind of isolation, struggling with internal problems, and dispute with Greece about
its name. In Serbia and Kosovo, situation is currently stabile, but under constantly tension to go to
the worst scenario, in particular in the light of happenings in Catalonia, Spain. At the same time,
Russia ties our armed forces and other resources in West Balkan, and prevent their employment
elsewhere. We can see this activities in a light of Russia's desire for territorial buffer zone between
Russia and NATO. Russia is very interested to form a "belt of instability" in its own "near abroad",
because it believes, that unstable states cannot join alliance.
Slovenia's economy is depended from security situation on West Balkan. Higher influx of war
refugees or economic migrants will effect Slovenia's budget, because of the costs of their reception,
integration and other connected costs. Any terrorist attack in Slovenia or in neighboring countries
will severely damage our reputation as safe, peaceful, touristic destination for several years in
advance. Slovenian investment in the

The Pros And Cons Of Gun Control
The Best Defence
Another one. Another mass shooting. Another act of senseless murder. This happens too often. In
fact it's becoming normal.There's that many. And as always, whenever one of these tragedies occurs
there are calls for more gun control. However, as is the norm in American politics, nothing
meaningful ever happens. No change is made, no policy is introduced, and these horrible events
keep occurring. The argument seems plain as day. If these criminals are able to legally purchase
these weapons that are then used to slaughter innocent men, women and children, then it only makes
sense to ban these guns. So, why are no new gun control measures ever put in place? Because the
state has no right to disarm the people? Under no circumstances?
Let me start by saying, I detest the NRA. It is a hideous organisation that promotes violence and
panders to the casual racism of the white middle classes. I also find the gun culture in America to be
frankly, rather embarrassing, and the whole 'Murica!' rhetoric to be nothing more than nationalistic,
foolish, and unearned pride. However, and it pains me to say this, but the right are right when it
comes to gun control. (I use Left and Right loosely here, as both authoritarianism and libertarianism
play perhaps an even greater role in people's stance on gun control. Although, I do prefer anarchist
to libertarian. It's sexier). The Liberal Left, (not the real Left) really, really want to ban guns in
America. They say it'll stop gun crime, but this is not entirely true. For example in 1976,
Washington D.C. put a law in place that banned citizens from owning guns. Following this, annual
homicides rose from 188 in 1976 to 454 in 1993. Eventually the gun ban was removed, and
homicides went down to 88 per year in 2012. While, there may have been other factors at play, a
gun ban clearly didn't help.
The real issue here, however, is whether it is acceptable for the state to take away the guns of the
people, when the very reason they had these guns was to protect themselves against their oppressors
i.e. the government. It may have never crossed your mind, but perhaps the only reason the
government want to crack down on guns is so the people are defenceless? If the proletariat

Flirting With Federalism : Canada 's Calling
Flirting with Federalism: Canada's Calling
While Canada has been operating under the system of Parliamentarianism: "the principle that
parliament is the final arbiter in the choice of the head of government," the system of government
federalism can be a far superior and suitable system for Canada (Garner, Ferdinand,
Lawson, & MacDonald, 2009, p. 188). This point will be addressed as I answer the following
question: examine the benefits and drawbacks of governing Canada using the political system
federalism and argue why federalism is a core aspect of Canadian political life and more appropriate
across the board. From far and wide, Canada extends from the Pacific to the Atlantic
Ocean covering most of the northern part of North ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
170). With federalism, Canada can be organized with the activities of government divided, and the
levels of government can have formal authority over the people and land. This system of
government federalism simply is the idea that governmental powers are divided between the
government of Canada and the government of Canada's individual administrative divisions from
Prince Edward Island (PEI) all the way across the land to British Columbia. Because of federalism,
there will be power that belongs to the federal government and the provincial government who can
make laws and policies under the jurisdictions that authorities from the national government grant
and administer. In our country, Canada, "the federalism debate is primarily about region, language,
and
managing difference, national unity versus difference, 'province–building' versus 'nation–
building,' 'national standards' and common social citizenship versus provincial autonomy are the
fundamental preoccupations that shape the Canadian federal discourse" (Simeon & Radin, 2010,
p. 360). With over thirty–five million people, the federation of Canada consists of ten provinces and
three territories. Particularly, Quebec which is the largest province by area is predominately a
French–speaking population, and the only province to have the French language used within
government, advocates

Gender Inequality Within Developing Countries And Provide...
Furthermore, the IOC and bodies belonging to the movement reserves about 20% of its decision
making positions for women and it funds women especially from developing countries and offer
assistance programs for athletes, managers and coaches (IOC Factsheet, 2014). The IOC has
developed both educational and training programs targeted at women in Sports to empower them to
take up leadership positions within the administrative structures in the NOCs and National Sports
Federations (IOCs Factsheet, 2014). Despite all these interventions and modifications, organised
sports still remains the institution that perpetuates gender inequality (McDonagh and Pappano
2008:247) and a platform where inequality prospers (Zoonen 1994:150). Messner (1989) ... Show
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In Wacquant's (2004:16) view, one needs to acquire a set of ''bodily and mental schemata'' and also
to construct the ''theory of practice'' to effectively participate in sports (Bourdieu, 1997). Borrowing
from this approach, I will seek to understand and describe my lived experience through active
participation in sports. In this regard, my research will follow the dictates of Mauss, (1979) that, to
attain a disposition to do sports as in the case of any other technique of the body, the work done by
the individual will be for practical collective reason (that underlines accepted theories of social
action). In societies where athletes excel, the benefit is not for only the athlete but also the
community as Brownell (1995:15) explains in ''training the body for China''. Developing his ideas
further, Mauss (1979) posited that there are instances where a ''physio–psycho–sociological''
congregation of series of action may be habitual or ancient in the life of the individual and also in
the history of the society. The idea of a habitual "physio–psycho–sociological" comportment might
help account for why women do not participate in sports to the same degree as men – the larger
social habitus does not include a prominent role for women in sports participation. Nationalisation
Foucault (1977, 1978) theorized that understanding the global landscape of

How Far Does the Disaster of 1898 Account for the Growth...
How far does the disaster of 1898 account for the growth of Catalan and Basque nationalism?
The humiliating defeat of Spain to America during the Spanish–American War of 1898 dealt a
catastrophic blow to the Spanish nation. In the subsequent Treaty of Paris signed on December 10th
1898, Spain relinquished its remaining colonial territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The
disaster evoked heavy criticism of the Restoration government and its inherent corruption amongst
many groups within Spanish society and served as a catalyst for the emergence of new political
forces seeking to contest against the ruling oligarchy, most notably Catalan and Basque nationalism.
This essay will argue that the disaster of 1898 was largely accountable ... Show more content on
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As such, Catalonian regionalist demands tended to assume a subordinate position in relation to the
greater demands of Spain and its profitable empire. However, the crisis of 1898 engendered the
breaking down of Catalan acquiescence with the Restoration system. The loss of Spain's colonial
territories brought with it the loss of colonial markets that had existed as prime export outlets for
Catalan industry. In the last decade of the nineteenth century Spanish exports to its colonies had
more than doubled from 146.1 million pesatas in 1891 to 365.4 million in 1897, with the value of
Catalonian produce to the colonies reaching a peak of 124 million pesatas in 1895. For the region's
major textile industry, the markets of Cuba and Puerto Rico accounted for one–fifth of the entire
output of its cotton mills. In surrendering control, by 1902 the territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico and
the Philippines now received just 6.2% of Catalan textile produce, a decline from 22% in 1896.
Within Catalonia, a feeling that defeat had been caused by years of faulty centralism by a corrupt
administration ended any trust Catalan business had placed in the Restoration system to protect its
interests. In the spirit of the Regeneracionismo movement, Catalan business interests represented by
organisations such as the Fomento del Trabajo proposed a number of reforms designed to regenerate
the region in order to compensate for the loss of its vital export outlets. Yet, the

Salvador Dali Research Paper
Salvador Dali Salvador Dali was born on May 11, 1904 in a small town called Figueres in Spain
near the Pyrenees Mountains. This town was also near the French border in the principality of
Catalonia. Dali was from a rich family and his parents built his first studio for him when he was
only a young boy. He spent his summers in Cadaques where his studio was and he lived most of his
adult life in an extraordinary villa near Port Lligat. When Dali was just a young man when he went
to the Royal Academy of Fine Art. In 1922, Dali moved to the students' residence in Madrid and
studied Fine Arts at the San Fernando Academy. Dali got a lot of attention because of his eccentric
behavior and look. He had long hair and sideburns and wore a ... Show more content on
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Dali's museum in Florida Reynolds Morse and his wife Eleanor who were both Dali collectors
founded the museum in Florida, St. Petersburg in 1971. It hosts 95 oil paintings and 18 of Dali's
historical large–sized paintings. One of Dali's famous paintings was 'The last Supper' in which he
combined ideas of science and religion. This work shows Dali's desire to become classic in that he is
adhering to the rules of divine proportion. 'The Last Supper' Dali's museum in Figueres, Spain When
he was fourteen years old, it had shown his first public exhibition in the former Theatro Museo. Ever
since 1970, Dali worked hard and dedicated all his energy to transform the former Municipal
Theatre into a museum and art gallery. In 1974, the Theatro Museo Dali was officially opened.
Some of the paintings displayed there include 1925, The Smiling Venus, Barcelona Mannequin
1926, Rotting Bird, Galarina and many more. Portrait of my sister Later years in Catalonia From
1949 and onwards, Dali spent his time in Catalonia. Other artists criticized Dali for moving back to
Spain when it was still ruled by Franco. As a result, his later works after that time were probably
dismissed by some surrealists and art critics and this was related mainly to politics rather than
artistic talent. In 1959, an exhibit was organized by Andre Breton called 'Homage to Surrealism' and
this was celebrating the 40th anniversary of Surrealism. It contained works by Dali, Joan Miro,

The Sagrada Familia
"The Temple [of The Sagrada Família] grows slowly, but this has always been the case with
everything destined to have a long life. Hundred–year–old oak trees take many years to grow tall; on
the other hand, reeds grow quickly, but in autumn the wind knocks them down and there is no more
to be said"1. These words, spoken by Antoni Gaudi about his life–long work, Temple Expiatori de la
Sagrada Família, are a means to justify the extremely long time needed for the construction of the
Sagrada Família, while referencing the themes and structural concepts he borrowed from nature in
his designs. While this logical explanation may give comfort to some, others doubt the temple's
eventual completion, as its construction has just passed 123 years, ... Show more content on
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Urquinouna i Bidot, the Bishop of Vic, the Captain General and other authorities, the architect F.P.
de Villar, members of the Association of Followers of St. Joseph and various citizens and
contributors. On the first stone was inscribed the words, "Awaken indifferent hearts from their
slumber. Exalt the faith. Promote charity. Invoke the Lord to have mercy on this country, and
encourage by its Catholic roots to think, preach and practice virtue."1 The first architect of the
project, Francisco de Paula de Villar, originally designed the temple as a purely neo–gothic
structure. Less than a year into the project, the budget again played a role in the future of the
Sagrada Família, but this time it was clearly a change for the better. Del Villar wanted to use ashlar
columns in his design, a technique far more expensive than building up the interior with rubblework,
than covering them with ashlar. This started arguments with the Foundation, who criticized De Villar
for spending too much unnecessary money on the project. De Villar resigned because he was not
happy that his plans were not being followed, and the foundation chose 31 year old architect Antoni
Gaudi as successor. Although the Foundation and Gaudi were equally excited to be working together
on this project, neither party had any idea just how magnificent of a masterpiece they were destined
to create.
Gaudi's plans adapted the work begun by de Villar

What Conditions Explain The Creation Of The Westphalia Treaty
Part 1) What conditions explain the creation of the Westphalia treaty in 1648?
The Westphalia treaty of 1648 which ended the Thirty Years War, can be described as one of the
prominent milestones that shaped the principle of state sovereignty. These treaties, both signed in
the western cities of current day Münster and Osnabrück, Germany. This paper will describe the
conditions that made it necessary for a co–existing agreement in Europe at the time, which would
later become the basis of a state's self–determination and existence. It will also include the
implications that the treaty had upon Europe, and the world today. The many political principles
deriving from the Westphalian treaty would become apparent in modern–day society, whether
embraced fully or used as a stepping stone to considering other principles, it would influence the
way that international law, politics, and diplomacy would be determined. A state is defined as a legal
entity with a permanent population, a well–defined territory, and a government capable of exercising
sovereignty. The definition becomes important during this time period of the signing of the Peace
Treaty, and for the overall international law for years to come.
Gregory Raymond's 2005 Westphalia excerpt describes the events and characteristics of the 1648
Westphalia Treaty by stating that, "[U]nder the terms of the peace agreements, the power of the
Hapsburgs was weakened, with the Holy Roman Empire limited in its sphere of influence to

The Effects Of European Integration On The Regional...
We can have a long list of regions within EU that are seeking for independence: Scotland, the
Basque Country, Catalonia, Flanders, Venetian, Bavarian, Corsica and more is coming. Although
each case has its distinct story, they have some common reasons for separatism, for example, due to
long–term history tension, culture difference, different national identity perceived by people,
minority groups under representative and economic inequality. Besides, benefits such as regional
sovereign are both motivations and reasons for regions to secede. Many scholars also argue that the
integration of Europe is another spur of the independence movements. However, I will argue that the
effect of European integration on the regional independence is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Its prosperous development of economy also draws labours from the rest of the state. However,
Catalans do not have the control of their own wealth. Every year Catalonia is taxed for about €20
billion, about 10% of Catalonia's GDP, by the Spanish government and never return back as social
investments (Srmava, 2014). The Spanish government use that money to subsidise other poorer
regions. Staying in Spain now become a brake to the development of Catalonia's economics. The
hypothesis for partition of Belgium is based on the similar story. The state is divided by language
and history and economics inequality into Flanders and Wallonia. The case for Scotland is a bit
different as people use the same language and share the culture. The two major arguments are the oil
and currency. North Sea oil and gas reserves can help Scotland to become one of the richest
countries in the world after independence. Moreover, Scotland led by Salmond wants to join the
common currency union, while the London–based government does not. The former said "this is for
the good of everyone", because of removal obstacles for transaction within EU and increasing the
competitiveness. The Cameron government argued back that joining a currency union would reduce
the autonomy of economics, and the recent financial crisis showed the fragility of the euro system at
the moment. Although language and culture differences provide good reasons for separatism
literally, in

The Spanish Inquisition Essay
The Spanish Inquisition became an infamous event in history that would interest and shock people
for centuries to come. King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella of Spain started the Spanish Inquisition
in September of 1480; however, it was two years earlier in the November of 1478 that Pope Sixtus
IV actually authorized the two monarchs to set up and start the Inquisition. (The Spanish Inquisition,
n.d.) The Inquisition mostly dealt with the conversos, or "Jews who had converted either under
duress or out of social convenience, and were suspected of secretly practicing the Jewish faith."
(The Spanish Inquisition, n.d.) While this is given as a definition of conversos, some people believe
that the majority of conversos were excellent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
("The Spanish Inquisition:," n.d.) Isabella looked upon this removal of about 170,000 of her subjects
as a "pious duty". (The Spanish Inquisition, 2007) Under Torquemada's reign the Inquisition spread.
By about 1538 there were 19 courts in cities such as Seville, Cordova, Villareal, and Toledo. They
began in Seville and arrested conversos, where more than 700 were burned and 5,000 repented.
Trials, or tribunals were held in Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia. An "Inquisition Tribunal" was set
up in Toledo in 1485 and between the years 1486 and 1492, 25 auto–da–fés were held and 467
people were burned at the stake and more were imprisoned. (The Inquisition, 2007) When a person
was accused, they had a "term of grace" for thirty to forty days where they could voluntarily confess
their sin and atone for that sin. After that grace period was used up, they had a trial and if the judges
found the accused guilty of the offense, the person was imprisoned. The accused's trial occurred
only in the presence of two disinterested priests and the defense was in the hands of a lawyer.
Witnesses were sworn in and if one lied they would be seriously punished– death being a possibility.
(Blotzer, 1910) If a person was found guilty at the trial they could be burned at the stake. (Madden,
2003) These trials were called auto–da–fé, or Act of Faith, and would happen in a public place such
as the main square in a town. After

Autonomy Against Spain
In "Negotiating Spain and Catalonia: Competing Narratives of National Identity," author Fernando
Leon Solis examines the various motivational factors for Catalonia's push for autonomy within
Spain. The author makes a compelling case as to how and why Catalonia is attempting to gain
autonomy. Solis believes that the main motivation for Catalonian autonomy is the conflict over the
definition of Catalan identity, which, Catalans believe, can only fully be established under regional
autonomy. Solis argues that if the Catalan National political party, Convergencia I Unio, can come to
an agreement with the majority party in parliament, Partido Popular, then Catalonia may receive
regional autonomy. Additionally, Solis believes that the Catalans are not seeking national
independence, but rather they wish for a high level of autonomy within Spain. It is important to ...
Solis relies on journals, such as those found in La Vanguardia, to examine the positions of different
political currents. However, Solis's main flaw in his argument is that he does not provide readers
with enough information on the Spanish government structure. When addressing the importance of
the 2000 election, Solis mentions how the Partido Popular chose to form a coalition with
Convergencia I Unio, even though they did not have to form such a government in order to form a
majority in parliament. Without a working knowledge of how a coalition government works, why it
is formed and how it is beneficial, the average reader may not be able to fully grasp the importance
of the 2000 election. However, this is only a minor weakness. Ultimately, Solis is highly successful
in laying out a convincing argument and demonstrating why Catalonian people, who have a strong
attachment to their cultural identity, wish to gain autonomy within

Conflicting Opinions Over the Popular Front Government in...
After the ruling of the corrupt King Alfonso XIII and the horrible massacre the army faced when it
was sent to Spanish Morocco, the progressive Popular Front government was elected. In 1936, with
the promise of land reform, the conservative forces gathered to plan for resistance. The Spanish left
wing, on the other hand, celebrated the elections so joyfully that made the conservative military
officers, capitalists and churchman worried that a much broader reform would begin. Rumors of
plotting for a military coup led the Republicans to send high – ranking military officers to remote
postings in order to make communication and coordination between them more challenging.
However, it was not enough, the planning for a military uprising continued. When the military coup
failed to gain control of the entire country, the civil war started between the Nationalists and the
Republicans. The Nationalists received aid from Italy ( at the time, fascist and under the control of
*******) and from the Nazi Germany. The Republicans, however, received aid from the Soviet
Union and from the International Brigades (composed of volunteers from Europe and the United
States). The war was the result of the polarization of the Spanish life and politics that developed
over the previous decades since it's monarchic government. Roman Catholics, businessman and
landowners were the most notable components of the Nationalist side. At the time, the Republic was
considered to be a danger to the

Spanish Civil War Essay
Spanish Civil War
(1936–39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative
elements within the country. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country,
a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. The Nationalists, as the rebels
were called, received aid from fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Republicans received aid from
the Soviet Union, as well as from International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and
the United States.
The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over
previous decades. On one side (the Nationalist) were most Roman Catholics, important elements of
the military, most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed
that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. In any event, the proliferation of executions,
murders, and assassinations on both sides reflects the great passions that the Civil War unleashed.
The captaincy of the Nationalists was gradually assumed by General Franco, leading forces he had
brought from Morocco. On October 1, 1936, he was named head of state and set up a government in
Burgos. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist
leader Francisco Largo Caballero. He was followed in May 1937 by Juan Negrín, also a socialist,
who remained premier throughout the remainder of the war and served as premier in exile until
1945. The president of the Spanish Republic until nearly the end of the war was Manuel Azaña, an
anticlerical liberal. Internecine conflict compromised the Republican effort from the outset. On one
side were the anarchists and militant socialists, who viewed the war as a revolutionary struggle and
spearheaded widespread collectivization of agriculture, industry, and services; on the other were the
more moderate socialists and republicans, whose objective was the preservation of the Republic.
Seeking allies against the threat of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union had embraced a Popular Front
strategy, and

The Power Of The Catalan Government
Spanish judge has lifted the extradition order for the former Catalan president, and his cabinet
members. This move was made as the campaigning for Catalan's election began this month. Though
the European warrants were withdrawn, the national warrants remain. If Carles Puigdemont was to
go back to Spain, he would still face arrest. Madrid's use of the judicial system to manipulate and
wear down members of the former Catalan government has been one of the main forces used to
suppress the separatist movement. The Catalonian independence movement, and the October 1st
vote, is very multidimensional. More than 2.3 million people came to vote of the 5.3 million
registered voters. Of those 2.3 million, 90% of those who voted backed independence. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For starters, the cost/benefit ratio was not applied to the situation in Catalonia by the Spanish
government. Critically, it is the use of force between states that Zacher seems to be referring to in
his argument. The use of force and suppression, despite being denounced by other European leaders,
shows that to maintain control of the state of Spain, the central government was willing to use
violence. Under the first pillar, economic conditions and the high cost of conflict would deter the
state. Despite these predictions made by Zacher, force was still resorted to and conflict exists. This
seems unordinary due to the economic powerhouse that Catalonia is. Catalonia accounts for 1/5th of
Spain's economy and leads all regions in producing 25% of the country's exports. Furthermore, the
fourth pillar was challenged because Zacher states, with an increasing amount of information flow
there will be an increase in economic interdependence, and cultural distinctiveness. Thus, the
Westphalian state should be at a decline. However, as seen in the situation with Catalonia, with the
spread of culture and economic prosperity, the demands for a state have been on the rise. In 2014
there was a turnout of under 50% and 80% voted for independence, and in 2017 there was a turnout
greater than 50% and 90% voted for independence. Lastly, his final pillar, the decay of cultural,
political and economic heterogeneity that makes the

Liberalism And Human Rights Essay
within the confinements of liberalism and with respect to traditional human rights, however, the
central governments have managed to bypass the creed of liberalism and human rights. 2)
Redrawing the boundaries, or reducing the powers, of internal political subunits controlled by the
national minority; decisions on the boundaries and powers of internal political subunits. Some
liberal democratic states engaged in redrawing boundaries which are within the confinement of
liberalism and the liberal state, but encroaches the rights of national minorities. The central states
draw boundaries to disempower national minorities. For instance, a minority 's territory are divided
into several units to make cohesive political action impossible. For example, the division of France
into 83 'departments' after the Revolution, which intentionally subdivided the historical regions of
the Basques, Bretons, and other linguistic minorities; or the division of Catalonia region in Spain. 3)
Language policies; decisions on official languages. In many liberal democratic states, the majority
language is adopted as official or de facto official language where it is used in government,
bureaucracy, courts, schools, and business. While there are exceptions to this – many liberal
democratic states allow for multilingualism – yet the policies related to language should be more
robustly clarified within the human rights creed of democratic liberalism. Because the human rights
creed adopted by several

Cultural Identity And Autonomous Regions Within The...
Region Report 3
There are many important issues that face Europe and the European Union as a whole today. One of
these exactly important issues is the topic of cultural identity and autonomous regions within the
European Union. This includes states such as Catalonia, Basque Country, Northern Ireland and
more. The long and complex history of Europe has led to hundreds if not thousands of areas within
the region that have a separate and distinct identity and culture. These areas have independent
cultures and histories that define them outside of the national identity. Historically, Catalonia and
Northern Ireland have had many different views from their parent nations and it has led to conflict in
the past and will lead to conflict in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means areas like Northern Ireland, and Wales will receive individual sponsorship for
development such as €2.6 billion for Cornwall, West Wales, Isles of Scilly, and the Valleys. These
investments have many practical results, are good for the regions, and perhaps most importantly
they help reduce the unrest within that specific region by creating jobs and a flourishing market.
With the increased job market and projects in the region people are earning more money and
enjoying a higher quality of life which leads to a more cohesive area. This idea of European Union
cohesion policy is important for dealing with areas that are becoming increasingly unstable within
countries especially with respect to the European Union's commitment to preserving regional and
cultural identity. This is especially important in countries with financial instability and inequality.
Spain is an excellent example, because due to a job shortage and weak economy there is high
unemployment, nearly 20% in 2016, and very high public debt. The high unemployment and a high
number of people below the poverty line leads to wealthier and distinct areas becoming unhappy
and stating that the government is taking a disproportionate amount of their money.
Catalonia is a region in northeast Spain that is a prime example due the autonomous operation and
self–governance that has led to what many believe is a completely separate and wealthier region

Social, Economic and Political Factors Involved in the...
Social, Economic and Political Factors Involved in the Spanish Civil War
With reference to any civil war in the 20th century examine the social, economic and political
background to the divisions in the society involved. To what extent were the problems which caused
the war resolved in the post–war period?
The state of Spain during the early years of the 20th century can be said to have been a state of great
"unease". Spain was one of the first powers to loose her imperial influence, the state was politically
unstable, industrially weak and had suffered some humiliating defeats. It can be said that these were
the main causes that lead to the great instability of
Spain during the Civil war and post civil war ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These financial and political, as well as social difficulties led his regime to end in 1930 because it
was unable to stop the attacks from the left, as well as attacks from the reluctant military (who did
not like his ideas of officer minimalisation).
The next elections were won by the republicans, led by Azana, without too much difficulty. The
Republic lasted 8 years before another military coup, led by general Franco, took over the
government.
The Republic tried to set out major reforms, intending to restructure the whole of Spain. The eight–
hour working day was set up, as well as a reduction of officers in the armed forces (by the form of
early retirement). Voting rights were given to people at the age of 23, the nobility was abolished and,
severe measures were taken against the Church, especially religious education (considered, in a way,
a form of propaganda). The region of Catalonia was given some self–governing privileges, like the
control of it's own police. The problem was that these reforms seemed to be too severe to the right–
winged opposition and the privileged classes.
So in 1933, Azana's government fell after being defeated by the general elections. The new
government was actually a series of coalitions which set out to undo all the reforms produced by the
former republican government. This lead to conflicts between

Quebec Nationalism And Quebec Secessionism
It is crucial to understand the population of Quebec in terms of how likely certain demographics are
to support sovereignty. Duchesne, Eagle, and Erfle (2003) note that constituencies with a high
percentage of young adults are very likely to be in favour or Quebec secessionism. This may be due
to the fact that "young voters provide an effective backing for the nationalist cause in the province"
(Duchesne, Eagle, & Erfle, 2003, p. 652), especially as nationalist and alt–right movements are
becoming widespread in various regions around the world where political tensions are high, such as
Quebec, Alberta, and many areas in the United States. Additionally, ridings with high numbers of
voters over the age of 65 are also likely to support sovereignty and parties such as the Bloc
Quebecois (Lublin & Voss, 2002). That is, these individuals directly experienced the surge in
confidence and economic advancement that the Quiet Revolution and the referendums brought to
the province (Lublin & Voss, 2002). Further, Lublin and Voss (2002) argue that individuals from
Quebec who "grew up in an era during which sovereignty was widely discussed as a viable and
legitimate option ... support sovereignty and the BQ" (p. 94). Overall, support for Quebec
sovereignty is not divided amongst age groups, allowing Quebec regionalism to survive within
various generations, thus the sovereignty movement continues to exist with young people in the
present and in future political shifts in secessionist

Politics And Women 's Political System
There are systems of privilege hidden in plain sight, obscured by the oblivious nature of mankind.
They are the framework for a vast multitude of subjects and fields. There is not enough time in the
world to adequately analyze all the systems present; that being said, this paper will delve into the
systems of privilege within political systems. Historically speaking, the male "gender" has
dominated the field of politics and women are just starting to gain a foothold in this enduring
political structure. This idea raises the question to what extent does one's gender affect their ability
to actively engage in their respective country's political system? Three scholarly journal entries were
analyzed in depth for insight on this controversial topic. The first one being New Research on
Gendered Political Institutions, by Sally J. Kenney. During the course of her entry, she delves into
the processes that make various political institutions fall victim to the gendered systems of privilege.
The second journal entry chosen was Playing With Different Cards, by Tania Verge and Maria De La
Fuente. In this entry, Verge and her colleague talk about the underlying foundations that make these
political systems capable of such esoteric biases. The third and final journal entry, is the case study
Power, Conflict and Community, by Monica Schneider and her colleagues. She raises an interesting
approach, stating that these gendered institutions are only possible by the predisposed demeanor of

The Domestic Scene That Influence International Behavior
The world is changing rapidly and fundamentally. Significant shifts in the balance of global
economic and military power, increasing competition between states, and the emergence of more
powerful non–state actors means we are increasingly likely to have to deal with unexpected
developments. In this era of information saturation and truncated attention spans, focusing on the
nation's long–term strategic planning needs is a challenge in and of itself. However, addressing our
vital interests in an increasingly turbulent and dynamic world is more important now than ever. As
globalization leads to a more economically–integrated society, and as new threats like cyber warfare
and terrorism combine with traditional geopolitical challenges to create a more dangerous
environment, we must find common ground between the forces that operate at the international level
and those on the domestic scene that influence international behavior. When considering how to
adapt a 20th century strategy to the needs of the contemporary world, the U.S. is challenged by the
products of its own successes. America supports and promotes an engine of revolutionary change in
world affairs. However, the economic and technological progress that has so greatly benefitted our
nation also introduces new and complicating factors into world politics. The three greatest
difficulties the U.S. will face in the next irregular conflict involving our allies or a coalition are
global economic stability and security,

A Strategic Framework For Managing Self
aEarned Sovereignty Revisited: Creating a Strategic Framework For Managing Self – By Paul R.
Williams, Abigail J. Avoryie, & Carlie J. Armstrong.
The major aim of this article by Paul R. Williams et, al. is an attempt to create a strategic framework
that allows parties to reach their own resolutions to the self–determination question in a way that
minimizes violence and instability
The authors stated that the "International community has failed to create an effective framework for
managing the issue of self–determination and this has paved way for an increase of self–
determination based movements which has led to an uncontrollable sovereignty–based conflicts
characterized by extreme violence."
From their findings, they discovered that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He argues that statehood is inherently social and that external politics, determine state birth. In other
words, his stance was that yearning states require the recognition of most of the world 's states to
authenticate their legitimacy; "They need friends in high places."
The authors investigation started with a critique of the prevailing Domestic–Level Explanations
offered by IR scholars, as the reason for the twentieth–century flux in state birth. He ascertained that
this model relies on a bottom–up causal mechanism which concentrates solely on local politics, thus
rendering it frail and anaemic. He emphasised the need for an Alternative Model
Thus, he ascertained that there is empirical evidence that supports his stance that the international
system is characterized as a social group. Thus, secessionist states could only gain recognition when
the existing states in the international community verifies their right to statehood.
Coggins adopted an objective approach in his analysis. He didn't totally refute the view that the
success of secessionist movements may hinge on domestic factors, but rather that domestic politics
only plays a little role. His stance was that the balance of forces, interests and recognition plays a
bigger role in determining the acceptance of a new state in the international community. The
acceptance and recognition of Kosovo, South Sudan and Croatia and the lack of

The Catalonia And Spain Conflict
Catalonia, the Northeastern region of Spain, is engaged in a true and realistic conflict over gaining
sovereignty and independence from Spain. This conflict, which is rooted in Catalonian nationalism,
has been ongoing for years and has evolved significantly over time (Alexander, 2014). Since the
conquering of Catalonia many centuries ago, the Catalonian people have worked resiliently to resist
the loss of their language and culture by struggling against assimilating to the common cultures,
laws, and language of its conqueror (Alexander, 2014). Throughout Spanish history, Catalonia has
employed different methods in achieving their goal of independence from Spain. The manifestation
of this conflict has taken the form of protests, laws, political parties, and certain acts of violence
which indicates the severity of it, the passion of its participants, and provides concrete evidence that
this conflict not only exists but is highly prevalent in Spanish history. The Catalonia and Spain
conflict has manifested itself in several different forms throughout the twentieth century. To begin
understanding the manifestation of the conflict, it is imperative to understand the scope in which the
conflict branches from. While it is apparent that the conflict is generally between Catalonia and
Spain, the scope in which this conflict reaches is spread within specific groups of the Catalonian and
Spanish population. According to Bolloten and Esenwein (2015) the scope of the Catalonia and

The Conditions Of The Westphalia Treaty Of 1648
The Westphalia treaty of 1648 which ended the Thirty Years War, can be described as one of the
prominent milestones that shaped the principle of state sovereignty. Signed in the western cities of
current day Münster and Osnabrück, Germany. This paper will describe the conditions that made it
necessary for a co–existing agreement in Europe, which would later become the basis of a state's
self–determination and existence. It will also include the implications that the treaty had upon
Europe, and the world. "Under the terms of the peace agreements, the power of the Hapsburgs was
weakened, with the Holy Roman Empire limited in its sphere of influence to Austria and parts of
Germany. France became the dominant power on the continent, and was now bordered by weak,
fragmented states that posed no real threat to its security. Sweden received control of the north
German coast, and the United Provinces of the Netherlands became independent of Spain"
(Raymond, 2005). Gregory Raymond asserts the conditions of the Westphalia Treaty of 1648 to
include territorial dominance, religious acceptance and recognition of a sovereign state. Specifically,
both Sweden and France would be given more land and territories, as well, it provided the Dutch
with independence from Spain and finally; the treaty would decentralize authority by ensuring a
balance of power between states.
The long–existing violence initiated by wars and conflict in Europe at this time were not only due to
religious

Essay On Political Power In The 17th Century
Despite their growth of political power during the 16th century, Spain's political situation in the 17th
century is often seen as a time of "decline". Decentralized political power and ineffective taxation
were of the many reasons for the struggles faced by the Spanish Monarchy as well as the
progression of weak kings followed by power struggles. Before Spain started turning downward,
they were not only a European, but global power. This "began with the marriage (1469) of queen
Isabel of Castile (1474–1504) and king Ferdinand of Aragon (1479–1516), whose realm included
Aragon proper, Valencia and Catalonia" . Spain became united and brought together separate
territories and they were able to extended their authority to North Africa and Italy. "The Spanish
crown ruled an empire that included modern Portugal (to 1640) and Belgium, much of the Italian
peninsula, Mexico, and large portions of South America and the Caribbean" . Spain was the leader
and power during the late 16th century, but even the most powerful and successful leaders have their
downfall. During the 17th century, Spain was faced with many economic issues which aided in their
decline. Spain faced incessant piracy against their shipping in the Atlantic and doubled with the
interruptions of their very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The events that followed led to the fall of an empire. Through their struggles emerged great art, but
also a great lesson to those empires that followed. There's a general consensus amongst historians
that Spain did in fact suffer both political and economic decay during the 17th century, however, this
view has been greatly challenged by many. What is clear however is that a once global ruler was
diminished down to near nothing as a result of their economic destruction and poor

What Are The Economic, Social And Political Reasons For...
What are the economic, social and political reasons for Catalonia's desire to secede from Spain?
Since Catalonia's post–Franco reinstatement in 1980, September 11th has been a day to celebrate the
end of the War of the Spanish Succession. La Dia Nacional de Catalunya, or The National Day of
Catalonia, has never been celebrated like it was on September 11th, 2012. An estimated 1.5 million
people demanded independence for Catalonia on the streets of Barcelona, waving the new Catalan
Independence flag. The slogan for the rally was "Catalonia, a new European state". "In November
2014, Catalan nationalists held an unofficial poll, and 80% voted in favor of independence. In
addition to the unofficial vote, Catalan nationalist parties won ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With over 1,000 years of distinct regional history, their own language, a huge population and strong
economy, many Catalan's believe that they are a separate nation already, and want to legitimize it.
Catalan national parties have been a very powerful force in Catalan politics since the reconvention
of the Catalan government, or the Generalitat, in 1977. In 2012, the Generalitat was ruled by the
CiU (Convergéncia I Unió) and Arturo Mas, CiU's leader. Mas's push for an early vote in November
2014 is an example of how Catalan politics are playing a large role in the movement towards
independence. Although many Spaniards argue that Catalonia already has their own regional
government, Catalan's argue that their interests are not properly represented in Madrid. There has
never been a Catalan Prime Minister, and the Catalan's believe that Catalonia will not be served
equally under the Spanish national government.
The objective of my thesis is to better understand the factors that underlie Catalonia's desire to
secede from Spain. Borrowing from academic literature, this thesis will identify the economic,
ethnic/social and political factors that have played a role in the movement towards Catalan
independence. The method for my thesis will be a case study and historical methodology and
possibly a non–participant observation. This methodology will allow me to address the research

Do Statutory Quotas An Assurance That Women?
Do statutory quotas, an assurance that women must constitute a certain number or percentage of the
members of a body, (party, candidate list, parliamentary assembly, committee, or government), lead
to greater empowerment of women in politics? Verge and Fuente's initial answer is that quotas may
or may not result in promotion of gender equality in politics. The authors undertook a comparative
empirical analysis of five political parties in Catalonia, Spain, in an effort to understand the effects
of gender quotas. Although there is a focus on gender quotas, which has resolved the unequal
structural office distribution, they draw the conclusion that political quotas cannot defeat social
constructs of power experienced by female elected officials and party members.
The scholarship on gender quotas' effectiveness in empowerment of women in politics is focused on
"analyzing continuity and change in political recruitment processes" (67), the challenges women
face in parliamentary environment, and women's influence over policymaking processes. Although
gender quotas are immensely used by parties, the impact of gender quotas on political parties has
not received enough scholarly attention. Thus, political parties are "the missing variable" in the
literature on women in politics. The authors attempt to fill the gap in the literature by examining
party institutional configuration where patterns of distribution take place through informal
institutions on daily basis. Quotas do not

Protests In Spain
Spain is facing an uprising in politics and their economy due to the "contested independence
referendum" in the Catalonia region. The Catalonia region is located on the border of Spain near
Barcelona and is very different than the other regions. Such as Madrid, Catalonia has a different
cultural heritage and language than Madrid, which is mainly why Catalonia wants to become
independant. Catalonia is the wealthiest, most different region in Spain and can already present itself
as a region that is independent with a stable economy. Catalonia is one of Spain's richest regions and
has very different cultural value and languages than the other regions in Spain. Since 2010, the
Catalonia region has been gaining momentum to split apart ... Show more content on
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Catalonia is a democracy, and in a democracy the citizens are allowed to share their voices. But on
that Sunday, October 1st, over 900 people were injured for protesting and voting. Many police fired
rubber bullets and used batons to beat the protesters and voters up. These were not the same
protesters as before, these citizens were in support of the split between Catalonia and Spain.
Downtown Barcelona has been wild since this idea of splitting came about but there has been talk
about positive outcomes in the future for the region of Catalonia and Spain. Since Catalonia has
proven itself as an independent region in the past, there are many new aspects. On December 21st,
there will be a new regional election because the one before had 90% of voters supported this idea
and the police did not understand. Also with the voting day before, many in Madrid believe the
voting was fair/ true but the Prime Minister Rajoy believed that it was illegal and not fair because
many did not vote due to the physical abuse given by the police. Until December 21st, the best thing
anyone can do is to just wait. Waiting for any responses and news about what has happened in the
Catalonia region can take forever, but is hopefully worth the wait. As Spain waits to hear the news,
the Catalonia region got help from abroad, except help from Europe because what the Catalonia

Analysis Of George Orwell 's ' The Road '
In The Road to Wigan Pier (1937), Orwell tries out his own understanding of socialism, with
striking phrasing: "We've got to fight for justice and liberty. And socialism does mean justice and
liberty, when the nonsense is stripped off it." He further declares that "the real socialist is one who
wishes–not merely conceives it as desirable but actively wishes–to see tyranny overthrown"
(Orwell, The Road 76). One senses here that the point is not the ultimate triumph of a particular
doctrine or party, but the triumph of human dignity. This triumph can be achieved by war and
revolution.
Orwell wrote to Cyril Connolly, telling him: "I have seen wonderful things and at last really believe
in Socialism, which I never did before" (Orwell, Collected Essays 269). Although it was clear that
he was at least intellectually committed to socialism, it was Spain that gave his socialism an
emotional Bedrock and dictated the course his socialism would take. In his preface to the Ukrainian
edition of Animal Farm he wrote:
Nothing has contributed so much to the corruption of the original idea of Socialism as the belief that
Russia is a Socialist country and that every act of its rulers must be excused, if not imitated. And so
for the past ten years I have been convinced that the destruction of the Soviet myth was essential if
we wanted a revival of the Socialist movement (Orwell, Preface 339).
Orwell later clarified his position through writing that

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