Hyperhidrosis Treatment Options Guide

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hyperhidrosis
Hyperhidrosis Management Nowadays, there are many available treatment for primary focal
hyperhidrosis. Affected patient may choose different therapies depending on various factors.
However, non–surgical treatment seems to be much preferable as compared to surgical excision.
Thus, it is essential to consider affected patient based on factors such as age, health status, location,
and severity of the disease, occupation and lifestyle as all of these do have an impact on decision
making. Antiperspirants are used as first–line therapy and function by decreasing sweat secretion
through blockage of the distal eccrine ducts. Over–the–counter products can almost yield no effect
to those who has severe condition. Perscription strength products that contain high ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Major disadvantages for oral agents is that the use of high doses often lead to dry mouth, blur
vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia. Iontophoresis, an electrical device, that uses
direct current and tap water to either obstruct distal eccrine ducts or alter the ability of the pores to
secrete sweat. Mostly, it is suitable for palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis treatment. In addition,
Anticholinergic can be added to the tap water. Side effects for Iontophoresis are minor concerns, but
the major limitation is that the process is time–consuming and that only a few patient can be treated
at a time. Local surgical excision and liposuction or curettage techniques can be used to remove
eccrine units. The limitation of this technique is that it can be implemented only on axillae area.
Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is mechanism of action interrupted at the T2, T3 and
sometimes the T4 ganglion. Success rate for palmar is up to 98% and 63% for axillary area.
Moderate risk of recurrence and the likelihood of developing compensatory sweating are somewhat
major
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Pharmacologic Summary
In regards to pharmacologic therapies used to treat vertigo or motion sickness, scopolamine and
meclizine are two medications a nurse practitioner can prescribe for patients with this condition.
Each medication has benefits as well as adverse effects that patients should be informed about prior
to deciding on a treatment plan. According to Lau and VanEaton (2014), scopolamine, an
anticholinergic medication, should not be given to children or older adults, for there is an increased
risk for scopolamine toxicity. Lau and VanEaton (2014) observed numerous complains about
adverse effects of scopolamine once the medication was discontinued, such as strong episodes of
motion sickness with headache, peripheral paresthesia, dysphoria, and hypotension. ... Show more
The duration of these effects lasted for days to weeks. This condition is known as scopolamine
withdrawal syndrome, and it occurs from the rebound cholinergic action in the central nervous
system once the anticholinergic is stopped (Lau and VanEaton, 2014). Therefore, for patients who
expect to experience motion sickness for greater than three days, scopolamine should not be used
due to the risk of scopolamine withdrawal syndrome. Should a patient develop this syndrome, Lau
and VanEaton (2014) suggest that one should treat the syndrome with meclizine. The initial oral
dose should be 50 mg every 6 or 8 hours for 2 or 3 days, and then the provider should have the dose
tapered to 25 mg every 8 hours until it is completely tapered to be discontinued, which should be
within a week (Lau & VanEaton,

Anticholinergics In The Nervous System
The kidney produces urine and stores it in the bladder for controlled release. The slight need to
urinate is detected when urine volume comes to around a haft of the bladder's ability. The brain
stops this need until a person starts urination. When Urination has been started, the nervous system
signals the detrusor muscle to contract into a channel shape and remove the urine. In overactive
bladder – the detrusor muscle spastically, sometimes without reason, and results in supported, high
bladder pressure and the patient sudden and unstoppable need to urinate which is called urgency.
Anticholinergic drugs are the pharmacotherapy for overactive bladder treatment Anticholinergics
control overactive bladder by blocking the muscarinic receptors of the detrusor muscle, thus
reducing bladder contractility. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These specialists intensely and explicitly tie to the M3 receptor subtype more than other muscarinic
receptor subtypes, except for tolterodine, which has exhibited no specificity for any subtype.
Oxybutynin is a racemic blend of R– and S–isomers and its antimuscarinic activities are prevalently
an aftereffect of the R–isomer. The greater part of the antimuscarinic specialists show functional
selectivity for urinary bladder over secretory organs (e.g., salivary) and have next to zero partiality
for nicotinic receptors contrasted and muscarinic

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )
"Tens of millions of people around the world find it distressingly difficult to breathe owing to a
combination of emphysema and chronic asthmatic bronchitis – a deadly duo known as chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Brody, 2012)." The overall disease–state, role of exercise,
treatments, and implications are all interrelated when improving patient COPD. Throughout this
paper, all will be addressed with the goal to better the understanding of COPD. COPD is becoming
prevalent disease within today's society, ranking as the fourth leading cause of death in the United
States and Europe (Kaufman, 2013). It is defined as a: preventable and treatable disease with some
significant extrapulonary effects that may contribute to the severity ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most significant risk factor is cigarette smoking. Succeeding factors include, "occupational
exposure to dust, chemical agents and fumes, and air pollution." Occupations with increased
prevalence of COPD include: coal and hard rock mining; construction; farming; transportation;
plastic, concrete, textiles, rubber and food product manufacturing; and foundry working. There has
also been found to be a genetic link between individuals and COPD. This genetic link is found to be
associated with the deficiency of glycoprotein alpha 1–antitrypsin. The function of glycoprotein
alpha 1–antitrypsin is to help "protect lung tissue from the enzymes produced by inflammatory
cells." Testing individuals' glycoprotein alpha 1–antitrypsin is crucial in treatment and management
of COPD, however, it is only found in 1–2% of patients (Kaufman, 2013). In regards to chronic
bronchitis and emphysema, the pathophysiological changes are the "chronic inflammation and small
airways, resulting in reduced airflow and gradual destruction of the alveoli." In patients with chronic
bronchitis, the epithelial lining of the airways becomes chronically inflamed and can peel away. The
mucus–secreting cells in the large airways multiply and expand in number and size, increasing the
viscosity and production of the mucus. The cilia are destroyed and the ability of the lungs to remove
mucus is impaired. The cilia are the minute hairs that line the airways. Their function is to "carry

Rhinovirus Inducing Wheezing And Asthma Exacerbation
Rhinovirus Inducing Wheezing And Asthma Exacerbation In Children
A respiratory viral infection plays a major role in important aspects of asthma and its exacerbation;
which is nearly associated for about 80% of overall respiratory condition. Viral pathogen associated
with wheezing includes Human Rhinovirus (HRV), Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV),
Parainfluenza, and coronavirus (Busse & Lemanske. 2010).
Rhinovirus is associated with common colds that may cause sore throat, sinus infection, ear
infection and to some degree of bronchiolitis and pneumonia (American Academy of Pediatrics.
2015). This type of cold can happen at any time of the year but most common during winter or
spring. The goal of managing Rhinovirus is to prevent exacerbation in children, preventing the
disease excludes the ability of the exacerbating asthma for fatal outcome.
The purpose of the paper is to critically assess and manage using recently published guidelines on
predicting asthma exacerbation in children in relation to respiratory viral infection more specifically
to Rhinovirus.
Epidemiology, signs and symptoms of rhinovirus, asthma and asthma exacerbation Asthma is the
most common chronic disorders in all age group, there is about 7.1 million of children each year
were diagnosed with asthma (CDC, 2012). Exacerbation was accounted for about 700,000
emergency department visit and 200,000 are being admitted to hospital yearly. There are almost 200
deaths daily from severe exacerbation (Forno &

Nu269t Hydrochloride
1– Name of the medicinal product: NTU2699t Hydrochloride [1]. 2– Qualitative and quantitative
composition: Lilac tablet, it has an oval cross section and is 6mm in diameter it has NTU printed on
the top of the tablet. Each tablet contains 25mg of NTU2699t Hydrochloride. It also contains
sucrose and lactose [1]. 3– Pharmaceutical form: 25mg Tablet. 4– Clinical particulars: 4.1–
Therapeutic indications– NTU2699t is a secondary amine and has dual properties; it is an
anticholinergic and also a calcium antagonist [2]. It is used to relax detrusor muscle [3] of the
urinary bladder, it increases bladder capacity [4] and reduces micturition frequency in patients with
an unstable bladder [5]. It also reduces the occurrence of incontinent episodes in patients with motor
urge incontinence [6]. 4.2 Posology and method of administration– Adults 1–2 tablets daily to be
taken ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The half–life for absorption is 0.7h and elimination is 63h the volume of distribution is
approximately 500 litres and serum half–life of 60 hours. Side effects are encountered at 600mg/L.
Oral serum clearance is 75 +/– 7 ml/min, urinary excretion is 15.3 +/– 1.5% of dose and renal serum
clearance 10.9 +/– 2.2ml/min [16]. This data is for 25mg of NTU2699t administered twice orally
with water. Steady state levels reached in the plasma only after 10–14 days administration. 5.3
Preclinical safety data– NTU2699t caused slight to moderate oesophageal lesions in cats when
administered at a dose of 25mg through the oral route [11]. NTU2699t caused an increase in heart
rate when administered in beagle dogs through the intravenous route, a 20% increase in heart rate
was seen when NTU2699t was administered in high doses (mean serum concentration of 1086ml/L)
[20]. NTU2699t has shown torsadogenic properties in dogs; it caused QT prolongation in dogs [21].
6– Pharmaceutical

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )
Summary: Robert Adams, a 50–year–old textile worker, presents to the doctor's office with dyspnea
upon exertion, and an occasional cough; rest as well as bronchodilators help to alleviate his
shortness of breath and patient is a current smoker with a 60–pack–year history. Chest radiography
revealed hyperinflated lungs and a flattening of the diaphragm, consistent with COPD.
Question: What are the treatment options available to patients with COPD, and how are
individualized assessments used to determine the most effective therapy?
Generate:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a respiratory illness that progressively worsens
over time. As seen in Mr. Adam's case, symptoms include dyspnea, wheezing, and an occasional
productive cough,.1 Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis are the two main conditions of COPD, and
can occur simultaneously in patients.1 Moreover, cigarette smoking or long–term exposure to
environmental pollutants and chemical fumes can increase the likelihood of developing COPD. In
emphysema, the alveoli are large and irregularly shaped due to a decrease in elastic fibers, which
leads to decreased gas exchange.1,2 In chronic bronchitis, the bronchi are constantly inflamed and
thick mucus make it difficult to breathe.
Diagnosing COPD:
Mr. Adam's pulmonary function test (PFT) revealed a pattern of increased air–trapping and residual
volume as well as a decrease in expiratory volume and diffusion capacity. Based on the Global
Initiative for Chronic

Analysis Of Datura Stramonium As A Medicine
Analysis of Datura Stramonium as a Medicine
Levi Phillips
Dr. Mark Watson University of Charleston
Taxonomy Datura stramonium is a plant that can be as helpful as it is deadly. A member of the
Solanaceae family, the plant contains three different types of alkaloids. These alkaloids are atropine,
hyoscamine, and scopolamine. Some members of the Solanaceae family are potatoes, coffee,
peppers, and tomatoes. (Gaire & Subedi, 2013) This essay will focus primarily on uses of
scopolamine from the Datura stramonium for medicinal uses. Negative effects will focus on the
entirety of the plant, such as in poisoning cases. The format used for the essay will be APA.
Diseases, Conditions, and Plant Preparation Scopolamine is a tropane ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Those in the research group were split into two groups. Both groups were given methadone for the
first three days. One group would be giving gradually less methadone over the days, while the other
group was given a combination of scopolamine and chlorpromazine intravenously. Depression,
heroin cravings, anxiety, and first heroin use after the experiment were significantly lower for the
scopolamine and chlorpromazine users than the methadone users. (Liu, et al., 2013)
Negative Effects of Plant Anticholinergic poisoning can still occur, however. Two children, aged
five and four, swallowed a tea blend made with leaves and flowers of Datura stramonium. The first
child had no reaction to light, had a temperature of 37.9°C, and hallucinogenic delirium. The second
child had similar complications, with a weak reaction to light, and a temperature of 37.6°C,
Babinski reactions on both feet when prompted. The first child was treated with benzodiazepine
medication, and transferred to a quiet room. The second child was treated with activated charcoal,
and placed under intensive care. The first child was discharges in 48 hours, and the second child was
discharged in 72 hours. (Rakotomavo, Andriamasy, Rasamoelina, & Raveloson, 2014)
Conclusion
Datura stramonium can be dangerous if taken directly. However, scopolamine can be properly
extracted from the plant, and used in a variety of cases. Its effectiveness against heroin

Taking a Look at the Digestive System
The Digestive System is basically consist of organs that works together to help transfer food into
energy to help nourish the body. The food then passes through, what is called the Gastrointestinal
Tract (GI Tract). The GI Tract's job mainly is to digest the food taken in, consume the nutrients and
get rid of waste. This process is an impactful part of the immune system, which plays an important
role with helping fluid not to enter the blood stream that's due to a sore or inflamed tissue.
Gastrointestinal Agents which are also known GI Agents are basically a combination of diseases
and/or disorders that attacks part of the body such as the anus, liver, pancreas, bilary tract and the
mouth. These agents are a part of many sub–classes of drugs such as H2 Antagonist; Laxatives;
Antidiarrheal; GI Stimulants; Anticholinergic/Antispasmodics and also PPI'S (Proton Pump
Inhibitors). The class of H2 Antagonist drugs which are also known as H–2 Blockers, are used to
treat gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, GERD, or stomach bleeding.H2 Blockers works to the effect of
decreasing the amount of acid produced by the stomach. These conditions may cause pancreatic
problems which is damage caused by certain medications or even

Nursing Safety Assessment
At the beginning of each shift, nurses should complete their safety assessment which includes: beds
are locked and in lower positions, non–skid socks are applied, adequate lighting in the room, bed–
chair alarm is verified if applicable, call bell and water cups are within reach, and room furniture is
well arranged with no clutter. All these tasks should be included in the monthly educational sessions
and the yearly evaluations. In addition, the charge nurse needs to reinforce the safety check among
nurses in a regular basis. On the other hand, most nurses are spending a great amount of time on
charting their assessments outside the patients' rooms. Knowing that every patient room is equipped
with a computer, nurses can complete all their nursing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Antipsychotic medication can have side effects such as sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and
unsteady gait. Anticoagulant medication can worsen the patient's health status after falls due to high
risk for bleeding. Antidiuretic medication can make patients have more frequent trips to the
bathroom, which put them at high risk for falls, especially at night. "Older adults using
gastrointestinal antispasmodic and anticholinergic drugs have greater risk of injury" (Spence,
Karim, Lee, & Gibbs, 2015). These people should take certain precautions and care to prevent
themselves from falls and injuries. Antispasmodic and anticholinergic drugs have multiple side
effects such as blurred vision, dizziness, hypotension, and confusion. "GI antispasmodics and
anticholinergics are considered high–risk or potentially inappropriate medications in older adults,
and various measures have been placed to reduce their use" (Spence, Karim, Lee, & Gibbs, 2015).
Because the exposure of the GI antispasmodic and anticholinergic medication can be fetal, these
medications should not be prescribed to older adults. This information should be included the
monthly educational sessions and the yearly nursing evaluations. There should be a lot of
collaboration and communication about drug doses, side effects, and tapering between nurses,
pharmacists, and doctors to prevent medication falling related

Elizabeth: A Clinical Pharmacology Case Study Essay
Elizabeth is taking many medications at once. She is experiencing blurred vision, orthostatic
hypotension, and dizziness. Since she's always sucking on hard candies, this it is safe to say she has
dry mouth also. What Elizabeth is experiencing are anticholinergic effects from one of her
medications, or a drug interaction from them. There are also many other problems with the
medications Elizabeth is taking.
First, Elizabeth is taking Diphenhydramine, an antihistamine. This drug interacts detrimentally with
alot of the other drugs she is taking. It is not to be taken with tricyclic antidepressents because
together they with heighten any anticholinergic effects. Elizabeth is experiencing these effects. The
antihistamines also react ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This may be another reason she has blurred vision. Also, Elizabeth is being prescibed too much. The
safe dose for geriatric patients is 15 mg po HS. She is recieving double that.
Another mistake found in Elizabeth medications is that she is taking both Digoxin and Norpace CR.
They are both antiarrhythmics. Antiarrhythmics should not be taken together. Elizabeth should be
taken off the Norpace CR entirely. The Digoxin should be her only medication for her
supreventriculer trachycardia. The Norpace has anticholinergic effects and also has a drug– drug
interaction with Amitriptyline, her antidepressant. The Digoxin has none of those detrimental
properties because it is a digitalis glycoside, instead of a class 1 antiarrhythmic. Lastly, the Digoxin
will loosen her stools instead of making her constipation worse.
We are not done with Elizabeth just yet. She still has other medical errors that need to be fixed. She
is taking three different drugs that effect the CNS. Amitryptyline, Haldol, and Risperdol were
prescribed to Elizabeth; all to reduce her cognitive impairment. Steps need to be taken to improve
Elizabeth's health, and giving her two antipsychotics and an anitdepressant would not be the way to
do it! Risperdal is an antipsychotic given to decrease symptoms of physcoses, but it also cause
insomnia and orthostatic hypotension. Haldol is another antipsychotic which causes trachycardia,
constipation, and hypotension. It also has anitcholinergic

Cerebral Palsy Research Papers
Many Americans are affected by Cerebral Palsy, whether they have it or they know someone who
does. This crippling condition is not only devastating for the victim but also the family. With no
definite cure, many people suffer through the symptoms and conquer Cerebral Palsy in their own
way. The unique condition is often misconceived and forgotten, but with the help of many
organizations, love for those with CP will always remain. Cerebral Palsy is a permanent
neurological disorder, described as a nonreversible malformation of the brain. Often diagnosed
between the ages of one and five, children are either born with the condition or have experienced
extreme trauma making them more susceptible to the disorder. Common causes of CP include viral
infections, bleeding in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cerebral Palsy was officially discovered in 1843 by William Little. Little observed abnormal births
for a large majority of his career, noting the uniqueness of each complication, and attempting to link
all symptoms together. Research states that he became so infatuated with the disease that other
professionals named it "Little's disease"(4). Around 1862 the doctor published a series of papers on
his observations and discoveries; he then urged others to follow in his footsteps (4). Near the
beginning of the 1900s, a well known psychologist named Sigmund Freud, also became interested
and eventually published a book on the disorder in which he described as "infantile cerebral
paralysis" or Cerebral Palsy for short. Through these papers and research, Cerebral Palsy became a
good explanation for many unidentified physical and mental complications. The Children's Hospital
in Boston,

Urinary Incontinence Essay
Urinary incontinence is the unintentional loss of urine that can be undiagnosed or unreported that is
more common in women than men and should not be considered a disease (Vasavada, Carmel, &
Rackley, 2014). Incontinence can have severe emotional effect and patients may feel humiliated,
isolated, and enervated about their aberration.
There are risk factors which may be a contributing cause in urinary incontinence. Age, gender, being
overweight, prostate problems or prostate surgery and certain neurological diseases such as diabetes
can be a contributing factor. We will look at the four most common types of incontinence (Stress,
Urge, Overflow and Functional) and the gender effect on each (Shultz 2010).
Starting with stress incontinence; it is a loss ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is more common in older adults, and is commonly referred to an overactive bladder. Patients with
an overactive bladder may void more than eight times over a 24 hour period, including two or more
times throughout a night; therefore, the general treatment is to reduce the hyperactivity of the
bladder (Simon, 2013). This can be done with behavioral methods, lifestyle modification and
anticholinergic medication. Anticholinergics act by relaxing the bladder muscles and preventing
bladder spasms that signal the urge to urinate. Surgical option for urge incontinence is limited.
Continuing on with overflow incontinence; this is when the bladder becomes too full and is not able
to fully empty. This type of incontinence is more common in men who have risk factors such as,
benign prostatic hyperplasia, tumors, take certain medication or nerve damage. Medications such as
alpha–adrenergic blockers can be prescribed and work by relaxing the muscle at the base of the
urethra and allow urine to pass from the bladder. Subsequently, surgery may be needed if overflow
incontinence is caused by a blockage or as a result of an enlarged

Respiratory Tract Disorders: A Case Study
1. What are the uses of drugs used to treat lower respiratory tract disorders: sympathomimetics,
anticholinergics, inhaled steroids, lung surfactants, and mast cell stabilizers?
Sympathomimetics are medications that mimic the effects of neurotransmitter substances of the
sympathetic nervous system (Karch, 2013, p.930). These medications stimulate the 'fight or flight'
response and can cause the bronchi to dilate with increased rate and depth of respiration. Thus, these
drugs are used to treat lower respiratory tract disorders. Anticholinergics are medications that block
the action of acetylcholine on the parasympathetic nervous system. These medications are used to
treat lower respiratory disorder because they can dilate the bronchi and reduce ... Show more
Theophylline is one example of xanthine that is usually used to treat bronchial asthma through
relaxing the airways. However, this drug may cause severe adverse effects because of its level in the
blood. Thus, it is important to teach patient about the use of theophylline. Teach a patient that
theophylline can help him to breath easier, decrease wheeze and short of breath if taken exactly as
prescribed. The nurse should also tell the patient take the drug of an empty stomach with a full 8–
ounc glass of water. If patient has a severe GI problem such as GI upset, nausea, vomiting,
heartburn when taking the drug on an empty stomach, the patient may take the drug with food. The
patient should swallow all the enteric–coated or time–release capsules. Educating the patient about
other common effect of the drug includes restlessness, nervousness, and difficulty in sleeping
because of the need of the body to adjust to the usage of this drug. The patient should not take any
other stimulant in order to reduce the effect of theophylline on CNS. The nurse should tell the
patient that a headache will go away as the patient get used to the drug. However, the patient should
notify his physician if the headache is getting worse. The patient should also report any vomiting,
severe abdominal pain, tachycardia, confusion, unusual tiredness, muscle twitching, rash, or hives to
the physician. There are many drug and food interaction, thus the patient should consult with the
doctor about his diet while using theophylline. Additionally, the patient should consult his smoking
habit and the use of any over–the–counter medication with the physician. Lastly, the patient should
always tell any health care provider in his care about the use of theophylline and to keep the
medication in a safe place (Karch, 2013, p.

Hyperhidrosis
Management and treatment of hyperhidrosis Through an orderly assessment of causes and triggers
of hyperhidrosis, trailed by sensible, stepwise way to deal with treatment, numerous individuals
with this issue can accomplish great results and enhanced nature of living. The way to deal with
regarding over the top sweating is as per the following: 1. OTC antiperspirants: generally attempted
first since they are promptly accessible. Antiperspirants containing aluminium chloride might be
more viable than other antiperspirants. 2. Prescription quality antiperspirants: those containing
aluminium chloride. 3. Iontophoresis: a procedure of passing flow to the skin through water. 4. Oral
medicines, for example, anticholinergics, which diminish sweating. 5. Botox (botulinum toxin),
which is utilized for treating axillary (underarm), hands, feet, or facial sweating. 6. ... Show more
In sweat glands, it blocks efferent autonomic strands to exocrine glands. 23, 28 Surgery for
excessive sweating: Thoracic sympathectomy: Thoracic sympathectomy is a surgical interference of
the sympathetic nerves in charge of sweating. Sympathectomy is an operation expected to wreck
part of the nerve supply to the sweat glands in the skin. The lung is quickly emptied to better
imagine and obliterate the nerves. Indeed, even with more up to date endoscopic procedures, the
intricacies can incorporate over the top sweating in different parts of the body, lung and nerve
problems. 24, 28 Cryotherapy: Otherwise known as ice treatment, is the use of cold to the body
tissues especially the sweat glands in hyperhidrosis. The application is coordinated to lessen skin
temperature, more often than not to around 10 degrees. It is contraindicated in patients with heart
maladies, frosty affectability (thyroid issue) and vasospastic disease. 25,

Agonists Essay
Agonists are drugs with affinity for a receptor that cause a specific response. (Colbert, 2016, pg26)
Beta2 adrenergic receptor agonists are a class of medications that cause muscle unwinding. It causes
smooth muscle widening of bronchial entries, vasodilatation in muscle and liver, unwinding of
uterine muscle and release of insulin. Inhaled salmeterol and formoterol, known as long‐acting
beta2‐agonists (LABAs), are widely used to manage the symptoms of COPD, so it is important to
understand their benefits and side effects. (PubMedHealth,2013) They are fundamentally used to
treat asthma and other pneumonic issues, for example, unending obstructive pulmonary ailment.
There are a few types of beta2 agonists' for example short acting and long ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To help decrease the danger of side effects, your specialist may endorse more than one drug as
opposed to raising the current dose of your dose of your current medicine.
All medicines have symptoms and side effects. In any case, many people don't feel the symptoms
can oversee them. Get some data about the reactions of every drug you take. Indications are in like
manner recorded in the information that goes with your solution. Here are some basic things to
consider: Normally the benefits of the medication are more fundamental than any minor reactions.
Indications may leave after you take the medication for some time.
In the event that symptoms still affect the patient, he/ she should think about whether to proceed to
take the medicine, visit your physician. The physician can discontinue the dosage or change your
prescription. Do not immediately stop taking your medicine unless your specialist instructs you to.
While short–acting beta2 agonists might be the primary decision for treating side effects of mild
intermittent symptoms of COPD. Anticholinergic is typically viewed as the first line treatment for
persistent symptoms, by and large of COPD. Inhalation is the preferred technique for taking beta2–
agonists.
This strategy lessens the possibility of symptoms and makes the medicine more powerful. Pills and
injections are not used for the

Diagnosing COPD
Diagnosing COPD is multifactorial, as stated previously, an all–encompassing nursing assessment
and patient history must be conducted. When these processes are finalized, and subjective evidence
points towards COPD, it is necessary to confirm the diagnosis with objective data. The definitive
way to do this is by conducting pulmonary function testing (PFT); specifically, spirometry. On top
of diagnosing, spirometry, is also pertinent for staging the patients COPD (Corbridge,et al., 2012).
In addition to these facets, there are several other radiologic and laboratory tests that are helpful in
determining the severity of COPD; they are not so much diagnostic, as they are informative.
Spirometry is necessary to diagnose COPD, it verifies that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Just as well, the nurse caring for one with COPD must communicate the need to start a safe exercise
program, such as walking, and upper body strength training to ease the use of accessory muscles
(Nettina, 2013). These task will improve the patient's ability to perform ADL's, increase strength of
accessory muscles; thus lessening symptoms and reducing episodes of exacerbation (Nettina, 2013).
Yet another teaching point the nurse must stress is the significance of receiving timely vaccinations
(influenza and pneumococcal) and using antimicrobial agents to limit respiratory infections
(Nettina,

Parkinson 's Disease ( Pd )
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases, falling second to
Alzheimer's disease. It is stated that there are roughly 5 million individuals worldwide and 1 million
individuals in the U.S. that suffer from PD. PD arises from the lack of dopamine in the brain along
with the degradation of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta.1
The degradation of the dopamine neurons increases the number of free radicals in the substantia
nigra which in turn increase oxidative stress.2 In the brain, Lewy bodies can be seen in different
locations, based on the progression of PD. As the knowledge of PD pathophysiology evolved, the
etiology of the disease has yet to be determined but genetic and environmental factors being studied.
It has been found that there is no definitive factor causing PD and around 85–90% of cases occur at
random.1 PD cases appear to have a connection to the patient's genetic factors if they develop the
disease younger than the age of 50. There have been multiple gene mutations recognized as possible
risk factors for PD. The genome–wide association studies have specifically acknowledged alpha
synuclein, tau, and HLA as potential risk factors. In addition to genetic factors, environmental
factors have been identified as a prospective cause of PD cases in patients over the age of 50.
Studies have postulated an increased risk of developing PD if exposed to factors such as pesticides
and well water.

The N Dealkylated Tolterodine
the N–dealkylated tolterodine. The remainder of population is referred to as the "extensive
metabolizers." Pharmacokinetic studies revealed tolterodine is metabolized at the slower rate in poor
metabolizers when compared to extensive metabolizers; these results in higher serum concentrations
of the tolterodine and negligible concentrations of 5–HMT.
Excretion:
Following administration of 5 mg oral dose of tolterodine solution to healthy volunteers, in urine
77% of radioactivity was recovered and in feces 17% was recovered in 7 days. As intact tolterodine
less than 1% (< 2.5% in poor metabolizers) of the dose was recovered, and 5% to 14% (< 1% in
poor metabolizers) was recovered as 5–HMT.
A summary of the mean (± standard deviation) pharmacokinetic parameters, tolterodine extended
release and the 5HMT in poor (PM) and extensive (EM) metabolizers is provided. These data was
obtained following multiple and single doses of tolterodine extended release were administered
daily to the 17 healthy male volunteers (4 PM, 13 EM).
2.5 Drug Interactions:(7)
Potent CYP2D6 inhibitors:
Fluoxetine is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and potent inhibitor of CYP2D6 activity. It was
observed that the fluoxetine significantly inhibits metabolism of the tolterodine immediate release in
an extensive metabolizers, resulting in the increase in tolterodine AUC. There was 52% decrease in
Cmax and 20% decrease in the AUC of 5–hydroxymethyl tolterodine. The sum of unbound serum
concentrations

Anticholinergic Exposure Research Paper
Additive Anticholinergic Exposure and its Effect on Cognition in Elderly Patients The use of
medications with anticholinergic effects is widespread among older adults. Many studies have
highlighted a possible association between the use of these drugs and an increased risk of cognitive
impairment–particularly dementia. Pfistermeister et al. (2017), Pratt et. al. (2014), and Gray et al.
(2015) detail the methodological processes behind their study and the inferences made upon its
completion. This paper examines the protocols of each of these studies and highlights their
respective findings, suggestions, advantages, and shortcomings. Furthermore, it suggests possible
therapeutic alternatives that are less deleterious whilst elaborating on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In a similar study conducted by Gray et al. (2015), volunteers consisted of individuals over the age
of 65 without dementia. Participants were assessed before the study began and were asked to return
every two years to record health status/medical history and to reevaluate cognitive function using
the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI). The researchers found that the most prevalent
or common anticholinergic drug classes were tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, and
antimuscarinics for the bladder. They explain how these drugs are prescribed due to age–related
health complications, such as over–active bladders, depression, and seasonal allergies. In order to
conduct a thorough study, the researchers used the GH online pharmacy to garner information about
drug usage, dose, strength, name, etc. After obtaining this information, Gray and his colleagues
converted anticholinergic drugs of varying doses into a single exposure value that can account for
the total anticholinergic burden. This is referred to as a total standardized daily dose (TSDD). The
authors also conducted a secondary analysis in which they calculated hazard ratios for
anticholinergic burden according to age, APOE genotype, and sex. Upon completion of the study,
Gray et al. found that the risk for dementia increases with higher cumulative anticholinergic use.
This conclusion was made following a

The Effects Of Anticholinergic Medications On The Body
Abstract
This paper will be exploring two main topics with the first being "sympathomimetics" which are
drugs that produce physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system by promoting the
stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. We will be considering how the process of stimulation from
sympathomimetic drugs occur and how they affect the sympathetic nervous system and what
medications that can promote or inhibit a sympathomimetic response. The second topic being
"anticholinergics" which are a type of drugs that block the action of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine in the brain. This paper will explain and show what effects anticholinergic
medications have on the body in terms as to what receptors are being used and how they are defined
and what effects and side effects can occur from anticholinergic medications. Along with these
topics we will take an in depth look at how sympathomimetics medication has potential side effect
with children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and how children with known sever cardiac
problems like arrhythmias should not receive stimulants due to their sympathomimetic effects.
Sympathomimetic & Anticholinergic Medications Sympathomimetics is a clue as to what is affected
by using sympathomimetic medication. The sympathetic nervous system is of direct effect using this
type of medications. But what is sympathomimetic? Sympathomimetic drug is any chemical that
either directly stimulates adrenergic receptor or promotes increase

Insultine Essay
Abstract Page
Impact of Anticholinergics on Insulin Response to Oral Glucose Load in Patients with Impaired
Glucose Tolerance
Background/Objective(s): Postprandial insulin secretion is determined by rate of glucose absorption,
rate of gastric emptying, and the rate of insulin–driven metabolism via 'incretins'. Preliminary data
in healthy individuals have indicated a cholinergic basis to incretin–effect however no data exists in
patient with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We aimed study insulin responses in IGT subjects
and healthy controls during 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), using an oral anticholinergic
hyoscine butyl–bromide (HBB). HBB has high affinity for muscarinic receptors of GI tract smooth
muscles and has strong ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Following screening of 25 subjects, 10 impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) patients met study
requirements. 10 age, gender and weight match healthy subjects were selected as comparator. In
females, all tests were performed within 10 d of the anticipated onset of menses. Baseline
characteristics of study participants have been described in Table 1.0.
Samples size of this study was chosen on the basis of practical considerations rather than statistical
estimation. However, according to our experience, the calculated sample size will most likely allow
to detect large differences (if any) in parameters (> 50%) between the treatments groups.
Protocol & Sampling
The study was conducted as randomized, open label, parallel–group trial. Subjects (n= 20) were
asked to avoid any strenuous exercise and maintain their customary dietary intake for 48 h prior to
testing days. After an 8h overnight fasting, all tests began after cannulation of the cubital vein kept
patent by slow infusion of isotonic saline. They underwent an OGTT (glucose 75 g; t =0 min) with
and without pretreatment with HBB (20 mg PO single dose; at t = –30 min) three days apart. Serial
blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90 & 120 min for PG and insulin estimation. Changes in
vital signs were monitored throughout test procedure, on both test days.
Blood samples were then collected in glass tubes and

COPD Case Study
Based on the symptoms of exacerbation of COPD, we decided to add Atrovent which is an
anticholinergics, prednisone which is a glucocorticoid, and doxycycline, an antibiotic (Stoller,
2017). The patient has already been prescribed albuterol, which is a short–acting beta–adrenergic
agonist. In adding Atrovent to the treatment therapy, it increases the effect of bronchodilation and
helps the patient to breathe better (Stoller, 2017). For the antibiotics, it is recommended that the
"antibiotic regimen should target likely bacterial pathogens (Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella
catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumonia)" (Stoller, 2017). Thus, we chose doxycycline as the drug
of choice for the treatment (Bartlett & Sethi, 2017).
Ipratropium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Providers also need to be caution in using it on patients who has glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, and
prostatic hyperplasia/bladder neck obstruction (Lexicomp, 2017).
Drug to Drug, Food, Herb Interaction Ipratropium has many drug interactions. Some in the X
category include aclidinium, anticholinergic agents, glucagon, glycopyrrolate, potassium chloride
which need to avoid combining with Atrovent (Lexicomp, 2017). Many of the X category drugs
enhance the anticholinergic effect. Other drugs that are C category include acetylcholinesterase
inhibitor, gastrointestinal agents, nitroglycerin, thiazide diuretics and tiotropium (Lexicomp, 2017).
It is important to note that some of the common drug interactions. For nitro, it is important to
remember the anticholinergic agents may impair or decrease the absorption of sublingual nitrate
(Lexicomp, 2017). Also, the potassium chloride, the anticholinergic agent may enhance the
ulcerogenic effect on the oral form of potassium (Lexicomp, 2017).
Administration Guidelines
For Metered–dose inhaler, it is important to prim the inhaler, by releasing two test spray in the air,
before use (Lexicomp, 2017).
Clinical Drug Dosing
The recommended dose for acute exacerbation of COPD is 2 inhalation of MDI every four to six
hours (Lexicomp, 2017).
Prednisone
For respiratory diseases, it treats disease such as aspiration pneumonitis, asthma, pulmonary
tuberculosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and pulmonary fibrosis (Lexicomp, 2017).

Antipsychotic Medications
Antipsychotic Medications
Stephanie Grace Kelly
College of the Desert
Antipsychotics are classified as major tranquilizers that are used to treat mental health illnesses such
as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses. They can also treat severe depression
and severe anxiety. These antipsychotics drugs reduce or increase the effect of neurotransmitters in
the brain to regulate levels that help transfer information throughout the brain. The
neurotransmitters that are affected are the serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline.
Traditional antipsychotics are good at reducing the positive symptoms, but do not reduce the
negative symptoms and are classified in low–potency and high–potency which can cause many side
effects like; dry mouth, tremors, weight gain, muscle tremors, stiffness, motor disturbances,
parkinsonian effects, akathisia, dystonia, akinesia, tardive dyskinesia, and neuroleptic malignant
syndrome. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, lower propensity for causing extrapyramidal side effects. However, each atypical
antipsychotic has a different chemical structure and therefore differ from drug to drug and patient to
patient. Also, once the dosages are increased the side effects can also

Asthma Research Paper
Asthma is a lung disease characterized by variable and reversible airway obstruction, airway
inflammation, and bronchial hyper–responsiveness. Causes recurring periods of wheezing, shortness
of breath, chest tightness, and coughing; coughing normally occurs at night or early morning.
Asthma affects people of all ages and mostly starts in childhood. In the United States, more than
twenty–five million people are diagnosed with asthma and about seven million of these people are
children.
Asthma causes atomic alterations of the lungs includes smooth muscle constriction of bronchial
airways (bronchospasm), excessive production of thick, whitish, tenacious bronchial secretions,
hyperinflation of alveoli (air–trapping) and mucus plugging and, in severe cases, atelectasis. There
are two kinds of asthma; intrinsic and extrinsic. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several kinds of medications include anti–inflammatory agents and short acting
bronchodilators. Anti–inflammatory agents are used a long acting beta agonist or corticosteroid as a
maintenance drug they should not be used as a rescue inhaler. Inhaled corticosteroids are Azmacort,
Flovent, Pulmicort, and Asmanex. Long acting beta agents include Serevent (Salmeterol),
Formoterol, and Brovana. Inhaled corticosteroids combined with Long acting beta2– agents include
Advair and Symbicort. Mast–cell–stabilizing agents include Nasacort. There are also short acting
beta2– agents that are always for emergency rescue inhalers. The most prescribed and used
bronchodilator is Albuterol also called Ventolin, Proair, and AccuNeb. There are also
anticholinergics used as reliever medication such as Atrovent and Spiriva. Also, commonly
prescribe is a combination of beta2–agent and anticholinergic is DuoNeb which is albuterol and

Mediaction and Treatment for Copd
Medication and Treatment for COPD
Inhaled Therapies
NICE COPD guidelines have made specific recommendations regarding the use of inhaled long–
acting bronchodilators and inhaled steroids separately and in combination, but newer studies have
assessed these drugs singly and in combination over longer periods of time.
Bronchodilators (relievers)
Short–acting beta2 agonists (SABA)
Beta2 agonists act directly on bronchial smooth muscle to cause bronchodilation. They are the most
widely used bronchodilators for COPD. Short–acting beta2 agonists are the most commonly used
short–acting bronchodilators in COPD.
EXAMPLES: Salbutamol or Bricanyal
Short–acting Anticholinergic (SAMA)
Cholinergic nerves are the main neural bronchoconstrictor pathway ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Particular caution needs to be taken with the use of theophylline in older people because of
differences in pharmacokinetics, the increased likelihood of comorbidities and the use of other
medications.
Phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) act by increasing intracellular concentrations of
cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which has a broad range of anti–inflammatory effects on various
key effector cells involved in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
EXAMPLE: Cilomilast
Mucolytics
Mucolytic are agents which are believed to increase the expectoration of sputum by reducing its
viscosity. Mucolytic drug therapy should be considered in patients with a chronic cough productive
of sputum. Mucolytic therapy should be continued if there is symptomatic improvement (for
example, reduction in frequency of cough and sputum production).
EXAMPLE: Carcocisteine, Mecysteine Hydrochloride
Anti–oxidant therapy
An oxidant is a substance capable of causing oxidation (an

Sample Asthma Case Study
Tammy is a 17–year–old girl who was just diagnosed with asthma. She is a cheerleader for her high
school and is very busy with social events throughout the year. Next year Tammy will attend View
University on a cheerleading scholarship. She is very excited, but is a little nervous about living
away from home. Lately she has been having trouble controlling her asthma.
When Tammy goes into her Physician they would do a physical and check her throat and her nose to
make sure they are clear. He will want to make sure she doesn't have any respiratory infections first.
For further testing he can check with a stethoscope for any wheezing. He will also check for any
skin breakouts like eczema or hives. He will ask what the symptoms are and when ... Show more
It costs a considerable amount for the copays every month for the inhalers and you need to always
have the Anticholinergics like Flovent for daily use. Also patients have said that they don't think that
their symptoms are bad enough to keep up with the treatment and maintenance of the disease. It is
definitely hard for me as a Mom of a toddler to have to give her, her treatments every morning and
evening. I have noticed a difference though if I miss a dose or two though. I would never want my
daughter to suffer. If you have state insurance it will cover it with no copay. So that will help. Also
another barrier is that patients are afraid at the length of time being on the medication and if your
body will get used to the medication and cause resistance. They are worried that they will eventually
need more medication to take care of the symptoms. Sometimes with teens they may forget to treat
their asthma or maybe embarrassed of having to take the inhaler with them. They may want to
forget they have asthma so they don't have to worry about the daily dose of it or job of maintaining
their health. Sometimes a distrust of a doctor or parent may also stop them from keeping up with
their treatment (Barriers to Asthma Self–Management in Adolescents: Relationships to Psychosocial
Factors," n.d.).
I am sure that Tammy has had some of these thoughts. Although as she starts her new school year
the best thing

Asthma Is A Respiratory Disease
Asthma is a respiratory disease that many people deal with every single day. "According to World
Health Organization, approximately 180,000 people die from asthma each year." (Jardins and
Burton 187) Most people never think of asthma as a life threatening disease, but it can be crucial. As
the number of people with asthma increases, the more likely you are to come in contact with
someone who has been diagnosed with this disease. Asthma is a severe breathing problem that has
many complications that is dealt with daily like shortness of breath, chronic cough, tightness of the
chest and shortness of breath, my main focus is childhood asthma, allergic asthma, and medication
to treat asthma. Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children (Kahn and Boskey).
Childhood asthma is when the lungs and airways become inflamed when something comes in
contact to trigger it. There are different objects or activities to trigger a child's asthma and if not
treated appropriately it can cause an asthma attack. This disease can outbreak from a cold or any
respiratory infection. Daily symptoms can interfere with a child's asthma like a cold, sports, school,
or play ("Childhood Asthma."). In the United States, it is estimated that approximately 5 million
children under the age of 18 have this disease. In 1993 alone, asthma was the reason for almost
200,000 hospital stays and about 340 deaths under the age of 25 (Kahn and Boskey). Normally
children will outgrow this disease by the time they

Research Paper On Cascade Iatrogenesis
"Cascade iatrogenesis is a series of adverse events triggered by an initial medical or nursing
intervention initiating a cascade of decline" (The Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 2005). A
combination of treatments may be needed in order to properly treat urinary incontinence. A
commonly used medication used to treat over active bladder and urge incontinence is
anticholinergics. Some examples of anticholinergics is oxybutynin (Ditropan XL), tolterodine
(Detrol), and darifenacin (Enablex) (Mayo Clinic, 2014). With each medication that is taken some
possible side effects include heart rhythm disturbances, cognitive problems such as confusion, and
dizziness due to postural hypotension. Other types of medications that are used include

Bronchodilators: A Case Study
Bronchodilators also help patients with COPD. While this class of medication does not treat the
underlying cause of the symptoms, the unruly inflammatory response, they do relieve problematic
symptoms of the condition. Beta¬2–adrenergic agonists work to relieve acute bronchospasms by
activations beta 2 receptors on smooth muscles. As the smooth muscle relaxes bronchodilation
occurs and relief of the bronchospasm follows. Beta 2 agonist can be long or short acting and can be
administered orally or inhaled. The short acting medications (SABA)are used to control acute
attacks and are generally employed for quick relief of an ongoing attack. Long attacking agonist
(LABA) are taking as a prophylaxis medication to stop the attack from happening before ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While antacids are used largely by the general public, there are no studies showing that they help or
are effective in treating GERD. They are simply mechanisms to treat symptoms of a larger problem.
PPI are the most effective for the treatment of GERD. The medication is orally administered as an
inactive counter–part. It is converted to the active form by parietal cells in the stomach. Once active
the drug causes irreversible deactivation of the enzyme that generates gastric acid. Because the
deactivation is irreversible, the decrease is acid is effective until more enzyme can be produced. The
goal for PPIs is to reduce stomack acid and to prevent stomach ulcer and further exacerbation of
esophagitis. The medication may cause headache, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting thought the
incidence of occurrence is very low. PPIs do increase the likely hood of the development of
pneumonia due to the altered GI flora. Another major adverse effect is the rebound hypersecretion
of acid. Patients who discontinue taking PPIs may experience dyspepsia due to acid rebound. This
can be minimized by using the lowest dose and tapering the medication. Histamine receptor
antagonists, though indicated for the treatment of GERD are not as effective at decrease stomach
acid. PPI can decrease acid content by 90% whereas H2RAs only decrease by 65%. The medication
works by blocking H2 receptors on parietal cells in the

Schizophrenia Research Paper
Can you hear them?
Schizophrenia
Shelly Salazar
Mental illness, 7186
Odessa College
Mrs. Cornelius
06/19/18
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a thought process that has affected many lives, is characterized by disruptions to the
thinking processes, emotions, as well as one's sensory perception. Schizophrenia is a multi–faceted
affliction in that individuals suffer audio and visual hallucinations and often deal with financial
burdens as well. Many individuals fail to realize that they suffer from this mental disease until
symptoms and effects begin to manifest themselves. Treatment for this illness consists of a
combination of drug therapy with changes to diet, lasting an entire lifetime. Living with
schizophrenia is difficult for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the US, patients with schizophrenia who are unemployed, may be eligible for Medicare and
Medicaid. These programs pay the cost of medical care; however benefits may be revoked if
individuals begin to work or acquire other means of income, even if their job or other source of
income provide minimal to no health benefits. Another consideration when dealing with
Schizophrenia is how it affects the individual's entire family. While difficult, the patient benefits
greatly from having a support system to assist in keeping track with therapy, medication and to help
decrease feelings of being different. "The results indicate a 20% relapse rate reduction if the family
is included in schizophrenia treatment." (Walz, "Psychology of Schizophrenia ") The National
Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) is an advocacy group that is helpful in supporting family
members. NAMI also advocates funding and research. ("Schizophrenia Treatment & Management:
Approach Considerations, Antipsychotic Pharmacotherapy, Other Pharmacotherapy", 2018) Lastly,
a person with schizophrenia should be encouraged to stay active and consume a healthy diet as
antipsychotic medications can cause weight gain and changes in glucose or lipid metabolism. They
may also develop odd food cravings, have limited funds, can't cook for themselves, or may simply
find that fast food is much easier to

Pros And Cons Of Carbidopa-Levodopa
There are many treatments out there now like medication, therapy, surgery, and clinical trials. All
these treatments are aimed to increase the level of dopamine in the system. There are many different
medications out there that are used for PD patients. These are Carbidopa–levodopa, Carbidopa–
levodopa Infusions, Dopamine agonists, MAO–B Inhibitors, Catechol–O–methyltransferase
(COMT) Inhibitors, Anticholinergics, and Amantadine. There are many pros and cons to these
medications the side effects that come with each of these medication makes it worth taking but
having to find other medications to go along with the side effects of the original meds you are
taking. Carbidopa–levodopa is the most effective medication out there for PD patients. A

Parasympathetic Pathology
Anti–muscarinics and antispasmodics agents fall under the autonomic–anticholinergic classification
type of medication. Anticholinergic medications have similar pathologies, though they are used for
different medical conditions such as overactive bladder, irritable bowel syndrome, Parkinson's
disease and certain psychological issues to name a few. The pathology of these medications is
through by binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, blocking of the parasympathetic ability to
bind the target receptor. According to Williams & Baer (1998), anticholinergic drugs such as, anti–
muscarinics and antispasmodics, interrupt parasympathetic nerve impulses by competing with the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor sites, this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The sympathetic pathway is considered the flight or fight system, causing vasoconstriction and
increased heart rate. The parasympathetic pathway decreases heart rate and vasodilation. Any
autonomic–anticholinergic medication blocks the parasympathetic pathway by binding of the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the sympathetic pathway has control, allowing the heart rate to
increase causing tachycardia and cause ischemia. According to Parlow, Van Vlymen, & Odell
(1997), there is a noted increase in patients' heart rate over a prolong period of time due to the
blocking (after anticholinergic administration) of the parasympathetic system which could
ultimately cause ischemia. Patients with urinary retention, especially patients with an obstruction or
BPH According to Demler & Rhoads (2018), the systemic effect of autonomic–anticholinergic
medication is the relaxation of smooth muscle of the viscera, pupils dilate, blood vessels dilate and
glands become less active. The bladder is controlled as well at the sphincter for the bladder is
controlled by the parasympathetic pathway; autonomic–anticholinergic medication blocks that
pathway, not allowing the bladder to empty. This retention can cause, re–occurring UTI, kidney
infection, bladder trauma and toxicity.

Antipsychotic Medication
Recent studies indicate that limiting the use of certain medications can improve a senior's life. One
study, conducted by researchers at Indiana University, finds that the prolonged use of
anticholinergics may cause physical changes within the brain that could lead to dementia.
Furthermore, The Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement (CFHI) released information
related to a program it started in 2014: This study examined how the discontinuation of
antipsychotic medications affected the seniors who were taking them to treat dementia. The results
indicate that seniors' lives may improve when antipsychotic medications (that are being used to treat
dementia) are discontinued. Taking Anticholinergics May Increase a Senior's Risk of Developing ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Researchers took into consideration each resident's social, cultural and intellectual needs when
determining which activities would serve him or her the best. The alternative therapies included: Pet
therapy Music therapy Gardening As these new therapies were implemented, residents'
antipsychotic medications were either reduced or discontinued altogether. The Results More than
half of the study participants had their antipsychotic prescriptions changed: 36 percent discontinued
their medication 18 percent had their dosages reduced Rather than seeing a rise in aggressive
behavior, a substantial decrease in such behaviors was noted: Incidents related to resisting care
decreased by 22 percent Verbally abusive behavior decreased by more than 33 percent Falls
decreased by 20 percent Socially inappropriate behavior decreased by 26 percent Physically abusive
behavior decreased by nearly 30 percent Furthermore, Phillips states that numerous families voiced
their satisfaction with the study results stating that they 'got their loved ones

Bronchitis, An Inflammation That Affects The Lungs
"Bronchitis" is an inflammation that affects the lungs, "broncho" meaning lungs, "itis" meaning
inflammation of an organ. Bronchitis comes in two types, Acute and Chronic bronchitis. Acute
Bronchitis is an infection that also occurs to the bronchial tubes, which gets swollen. It is usually
caused by a virus however, lasts for about 2 to 3 weeks. This commonly happens after someone had
a cold or flu. It only happens for a short period of time. Chronic bronchitis is the inflammation of
the lungs that affects the respiratory system. The airways that transport air to our lungs are called the
bronchial tubes and when those tubes are inflamed, little air travels to the lungs or vice versa. As a
result mucus starts to build up in the respiratory organs which causes people to breath less
air/oxygen into their lungs since the bronchial tubes play a role in the act of breathing. It is an
ongoing illness that needs medical attention and can last up to 2 years. In the early stage of the
disease the airway is only affect but when the disease progresses the whole lungs (bronchial tree) is
affected. Chronic Bronchitis is one of the two conditions of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and emphysema is the other. If a person have both these conditions then they are said to
have COPD. Cilia are like filters and are not just found in the nose but, also in the air passage to
prevent substance from going in the lungs. Smokers have a higher chance and are one of the main
reason of

The Urinary System: Urinary Retention Essay
Urination is controlled by a complex central nervous system mechanism that coordinates urine
storage and release by the regulation of smooth muscle in the bladder and urethra. Bladder storage,
emptying and coordinated urinary sphincter activity , are controlled by the sympathetic,
parasympathetic, and somatic nervous systems.
Parasympathetic nerves in the spinal cord (S2–S4) act to contract the bladder and relax the urethra
through the release of acetylcholine, which excites smooth muscle muscarinic receptors (17). This
causes urination through detrusor contraction. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons (T11– L2) .
release noradrenaline causing bladder base contractions and relaxation of the bladder body,
mediated by acetylcholine on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
M2 muscarinic receptor subtypes have also shown in mouse studies to be involved in enhancing M3
stimulation and inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in the bladder that cause bladder
relaxation therefore also encouraging urination (18, 19, 20). Therefore medications that antagonise
muscarinic receptors are effective in the management of urinary incontinence such as Oxybutynin
and Tolterodine. It however also means non–selective anticholinergic medications used can increase
urinary retention as a potential side effect.
Serotoninergic mechanisms seem to also be involved in micturition as shown by the use of
Duloxetine a combined noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake inhibitor (NSRI) in the treatment of
stress and urge incontinence. Therefore other NSRIs may act increase neural activity in similar ways
to the bladder in those who do not suffer incontinence causing urinary retention.
Urinary retention occurs acutely or chronically with impaired bladder emptying through the urethra
resulting in a post–voidal residual volume. There are multiple aetiologies including nerve damage,
infections, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate carcinoma and iatrogenic.
Urinary retention has been identified as a side effect of multiple drugs including anaesthetics,
opioids, benzodiazepines, anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers and NSAIDs (1). This is more
common in the

Polypharmacy: A Case Study
Polypharmacy, described as an individual taking more than four medications, can be concerning
with the aging population. Polypharmacy concerns include adverse drug reactions, drug interactions,
higher cost, decreased mobility, decreased quality of life and cognition impairment. Those at greater
risk of negative polypharmacy consequences include elderly, psychiatric patients, recently
hospitalized, individuals with multiple doctors or pharmacies and people with impaired vision or
dexterity. There are times that polypharmacy is at times needed to help a person with their
diagnosis, an example of this is using multiple medications to treat congestive heart failure which
can include digoxin, diuretics, and angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitors ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Anticholinergics are used to address an overactive bladder and can be helpful with urge
incontinence. Mirabegron is used to treat urge incontinence, it relaxed the bladder muscle which can
increase the amount of urine the bladder can hold it may also assist with emptying the bladder more
completely. Alpha blockers used in men with urge or overflow incontinence, this helps relax the
bladder neck muscles and the fiber muscles in the prostate making it easier to empty the bladder.
Topical estrogen comes in the form of a cream, a ring or a patch that may help tone and rejuvenate
the tissue of urethra and vaginal areas. Factors that increase the risk of incontinence are gender;
women are more likely to have incontinence due to pregnancy, childbirth, menopause and normal
anatomy of the female body. Men with prostate problems can have incontinence issues as well. Age,
as we get older, the muscles of the bladder become weaker and the amount of urine the bladder can
hold decreases. Being overweight puts pressure on the bladder and surrounding muscles which
weakens them. Other diseases such as neurological and diabetes may increase the risk of
incontinence. A simple UTI is treated with a common antibiotic usually given for one to seven days
depending on the amount and type of bacteria in the urine. Frequent UTI's may require low–dose
antibiotics for six months or more,

Asthma Allergies
When it comes to Asthma some allergies are just one of the factors that can trigger asthma attacks.
Not all people with asthma have allergies and there are many people who have allergies but do not
have asthma. Some ongoing health problems can trigger asthma symptoms or make them worse.
These include obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, acid reflux, stress and depression. Let your allergist
know if you have one of these conditions so you can discuss the best approach to control both your
health problem and your asthma symptoms. Colds and sinus infections can also worsen your
asthma. Asthma triggers frequently include the following Allergens such as pollen, dust mites,
cockroaches, molds and animal dander's, Irritants in the air, such as

Hyperhidrosis Treatment Options Guide

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Patricia Leatherby

More from Patricia Leatherby (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Hyperhidrosis Treatment Options Guide