Definition, Type, fate, Clinical feature

1. Presented by
Dr. YOGITA CHANDRAKAR
B.A.M.S., M.D.
Assist. Professor
Department of Rog Nidan Avum Vikriti Vigyan

2.  Embolism is a process of partial or
complete obstruction of some part of
cardiovascular system by any mass
carried in the circulation. The mass is
detached from its site of origin known as
Embolus.
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3.  Matter of Emboli – Solid, liquid, Gas
 Infection – Septic, Sterile
 Source – Cardiac, Venous, Arterial, Capillary,
Lymphatic
 Flow of blood – Paradoxical and Retrograde
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4.  Solid – detached atheromatous plug, tumor cell, detach
thrombi
 Liquid – fat globules, amniotic fluid, bone marrow
embolism
 Gas – Air embolism
 Septic – Infected emboli
 Sterile – if not infected
 Cardiac – detached mural emboli
 Venous – comes from vein i.e. varicose vein
 Arterial – atheromatous plug
 Capillary – SCA
 Lymphatic – Filaria
 Paradoxical – venous to arterial and vice versa
 Retrogade – Against to flow of blood eg : prostate cancer to
spine cancer
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5.  Detached thrombus
 These may arise in the arterial and venous
circulation
2. Arterial thromboembolism – causes within the
heart and artery
 Cardiomyopathy
 Detached mural thrombi ( Lt. atrium and ventricle)
 Haberdon’s nodule (distal phalanges) in OA
 Rheumatoid nodules in middle phalanges
 RHD
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6.  Ill effects – Infarction, Gangrene, Sudden
death, MI,
2. Pulmonary / Venous thromboembolism -
Obstruction of pulmonary arterial tree
Deep and large vein of leg (DVT)
Varicose vein
Pathogenesis – Paradoxical (venous to artery)
And Saddle embolism
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7. Caused by fat lobules
Etiology –
1. Traumatic - Bone fracture, Trauma of soft
tissue
2. Nontraumatic – Extensive burn, DM, Fatty
liver, Pancreatitis, SCA, Inflammation of
bone and soft tissue
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8. Pathogenesis –
 Mechanical theory (injury)
 Emulsion – instability theory (lipid fat emulsification
inhibited)
 Intravascular coagulation theory (DIC)
 Toxic injury theory (free fatty acid increased in plasma )
Consequences –
Pulmonary fat embolism
Systemic fat embolism (Cerebral and Renal)
Skin tensed (Marble skin)
Conjunctival hemorrhage
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9.  Air, Nitrogen, and other gases bubbles produced in
blood circulation and obstruct the flowing material
and produce ischemic injury and death
 Air embolism – Artery and vein
 Venous air embolism – Surgical procedure of head,
neck and trauma case and obstetrical surgery (CS
delivery – its fatal)
 I/V infusion of blood and fluid
 Angiography (during entering of dyes)
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10. Effects –
Depends upon the amount of air bubbles (100-150ml)
Rapidity of entry
Position of air
Patient’s condition
 Arterial air embolism – cardiothoracic surgery,
decompression air sickness, paradoxical
 Amniotic fluid embolism – drain is not properly
performed and goes in mother circulation
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