Ivf Morality

Ivf Morality
As our contemporary world continues to progress in both the fields of biology and medicine, the use
of assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, is increasing. The catholic church remains
faithful towards the fundamental values of the sacredness of life and human dignity, which is
evident in their firm, opposing responses and teachings on the moral issue of IVF.
IVF, short for in vitro fertilisation, is one of several assisted reproductive technologies used to help
infertile couples conceive a child. The procedure essentially involves separating the act of
conception and fertilisation from one another, so that fertilisation occurs outside of the parent's
body, in a scientific environment. With the help of doctors and biologists, the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore marriage is the only morally acceptable framework for human reproduction because it
possesses the dissoluble unity worthy of procreation and values human dignity. Instead IVF involves
conception taking place outside of the parents body and in a cold, scientific setting where the
parents are separated from the act of conception and instead a scientist becomes the sole, decisive
factor of where life should be
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How To Write A Case Study In Embryo Realization
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS: IN–VITRO FERTILIZATION MTIHILESH NAIDU
CHALLAKONDA SACRED HEART UNIVERSITY HINF– 502 A HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY &
POLICY 04/20/2016 Yes, I support with the authority's decision. Case study stated that Charlie will
not die if he undergoes frequent transfusions and daily medications. With the medical care, Charlie
will continue to live. The issue is that Charlie's body is not being able to produce red blood cells and
has to undergo a bone marrow transplantation which may be helpful for the production of red blood
cells if a matching bone marrow is found. Since a transplant is a one–time process, the money is just
spent on the operation and the hospitalization fee after the operation. Other solutions such as ...
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While many patients have insurance coverage, the extent of coverage varies widely, and figuring the
kind of insurance coverages is quite a challenge. Often clinics will have certain financial
coordinators as a staff who acts as patient advocate and helps the patient to understand the ins and
outs of their insurance coverages. It's important to know what exactly is covered before the testing
and treatments begin. In this case the private insurances might not support as it is an immediate
decision process for IVF where they need to have the support from the government and needs to get
approved. So the burden shifts it's gear on to the family to raise on for the treatment and for the
further treatments and

Vitro Fertilisation ( Ivf )
The topic of in Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) has become one of the most controversial treatments
assisting infertile couples. This question was formulated from the research found regarding the
biological, financial and ethical factors clearly highlighted in the articles "Ovarian Cancers caused
by IVF" (Natural News) and "In Vitro Fertilisation Today" (American Express). The research
indicates that IVF has become much more common and it is important to understand if the
beneficial factors prevail over the problems linked with IVF. This report is written to argue that IVF
is not a justifiable method in assisting infertile couples. Dictionary.com defines a biological issue as
anything that changes any natural process. This report will investigate specific biological issues that
are linked with this treatment including, the hormonal effects on females, risk to the child and
success rate of IVF. Social issues are moral problems that affect a member or members of a society
directly or indirectly. IVF is associated with many social issues, the most prominent one being
funding priorities. Another issue that is considered the most fundamental philosophical issue raised
by IVF is the moral status of the embryo, which will be discussed in this report.
IVF or the "test tube baby technique" is a form of sexual reproduction that involves the removal of
the female eggs from a woman's ovaries merged with a male's sperm in a laboratory culture dish.
There are five steps associated with IVF but

Surrogacy In Multiple Court Cases
Surrogacy is essentially a method of childbearing that an individual or couple may adopt if they are
unable to have a child of their own, thus resulting in the need of a surrogate to bear a biological
child for them. Surrogacy has been a documented and viable form of child bearing since the mid
1970's. However the breakthrough was not only a success but a landmark in law. Multiple court
cases and issues arose due to commercial and international surrogacy as well as defining who the
legal parents are in many instances. In this essay, the key points discussed will include; the basics
and concept of surrogacy, deciding who the legal parent is, international law and how it plays a big
role and lastly how the law has restricted individuals rights. ... Show more content on
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The method involves birthing technology including artificial insemination and 'in–vitro' fertilisation
(IVF). These combined are referred to as 'artificial reproductive technology' (ART). In literal terms,
surrogacy involves a medical procedure where the semen is implanted into a woman's reproductive
system in order to bear the child for the intended parents. On the other hand, IVF involves the sperm
and ova being fused inside a test tube and then planted into the uterus. In Australia, there are various
laws surrounding surrogacy, depending on which state you live in. In NSW, we are currently under
the 'Surrogacy Act 2010'. This implies that there is a process in which the surrogate mother/father
must sign over the legal parentage order for the intended parents to obtain said order and custardy.
Prior to this, a baby born into a lesbian couple would have only the birth mother as their legal
parent. However, the 'Miscellaneous Amendment Act 2008' changed the 'Children Act 1996' so that
both of the partners are named on the child's birth–certificate and both partners have equal

The Pros And Cons Of Frozen Embryo
Frozen embryo are relatively widespread and common technology nowadays, which performed not
only in western countries, but also in Asian including China. It is undeniable that frozen embryo
technology benefits out society, broaden the possibility of reproduction. However, "there are
substantial numbers of frozen embryos in storage that will not be used by those who produced them
for their own fertility" (Frith & Blyth, 2013), raising an ethical concern on the frozen embryo
disposition. For the reason that IVF technology is not advanced in China when comparing to other
countries, the management of frozen embryo disposal is insufficiently planned. Therefore, by
discussing the merits and ethical concerns of frozen embryo technology, some suggestions on frozen
embryo disposal are provided for China's improvement.
Scientific methods of embryo cryopreservation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The development of advanced science and technology to preserve the embryos has made the
cryopreservation of surplus embryos an inevitable part in the procedure of IVF. According to
Fertility Weekly (2014), the length of storage had no noticeable influence on embryos' survival
rates, implantation rates, pregnancy rates and live birth rates for embryos being cryopreserved,
therefore, the frozen embryos can be preserved for a long time. As the excessive preservation is
serious in China, the preservation of frozen embryos would be further discussed in China's case.
Family size is one of the major reasons for owners to preserve the embryos. Owing to the desire on
raising more children, biological parents would decide to preserve their embryos in order to reduce
the costs to conduct the IVF procedure again. Moreover, in the case of China, the One–child policy
has restricted the numbers of children in a family. Thus, parents tend to preserve the frozen embryos
for the next child if once the restriction of One–child policy is being

Female Infertility Essay
Quandaries with the uterus causing female infertility
The fertilized egg lodges in the lining of the uterus. Some uterine quandaries that can hamper
implantation include fibroids non–malignant tumors inside the womb. Polyps overgrowths of the
endometrial, which can be prompted by the presence of fibroids.
Endometriosis causing female infertility
Endometriosis is a condition in which cells from the lining of the uterus (the endometrial) migrate to
other components of the pelvis. It can damage the fallopian tubes and the ovaries, and significantly
alter the kineticism of the egg and sperm. Even if the fallopian tubes and ovaries are not damaged,
endometriosis can affect the kineticism of sperm, egg pick up by the tube, egg fertilisation, embryo
magnification and implantation.
Donor eggs or sperm may be used so that the child is biologically rated to at least one parent.
Holistic treatment methods that use little to no fertility medication. Multiple births is both a pro and
con. If you optate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When an ample number of the woman's follicles are mature, a transvaginal ultrasound–guided egg
retrieval (egg aspiration) procedure is performed to abstract the eggs from the follicles. At our IVF
clinic, the average duration of the egg retrieval procedure is under 10 minutes, with a range of about
2–15 minutes.
During in vitro fertilization (IVF), eggs and sperm are assembled in a laboratory glass dish to
sanction the sperm to fertilize an egg. With IVF, you can utilize any amalgamation of your own eggs
and sperm and donor eggs and sperm. After IVF, one or more fertilized eggs are placed in the uterus.
Women with top chances of IVF prosperity have per–cycle prosperity rates of 40% or higher, while
the majority of women have per–cycle prosperity rates of 20–35%. Having this perspective may
avail you cerebrate about endeavoring more than one cycle, and feel less deterred if the first one
doesn't

Momentous Gender Selection
One of life's profound moments is that of a mother's caressing gaze into the eyes of her first–born
child. Only a minority of mothers who conceive genetically impaired children face an alternative
world of heartbreak and melancholy.
It's a beautiful thing to conceive life's bundle of joy, and another to conceive a child suffering from
genetic disorders. Inheriting altered genes through autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X–
linked dominant and X–linked recessive are potential leads to genetic disorders in offspring (Health
Direct Australia, 2014).
Interventions such as Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) have opened up a diverse field of
scientific research, committed to overcoming this biological issue. Over decades of momentous ...
Imbalance of genders occur when one gender is outstanding in number to that of the other gender;
for example, if there were many more males to females. Gender imbalance is calculated by the sex
ratio, that is the ratio of males to females in a population (World Health Organisation, 2015). China
and India are evidence of where gender imbalance has occurred. In both countries, there are specific
customs and cultural stereotypes that are strictly adhered to. China perceive males to be more
valuable than female due to religious beliefs, labour, and financial support; "The Chinese have
traditionally preferred sons because of their potential to financially support their parents, carry on
the family name, and lead ancestor worship" (Hsu, 2008). India's ideology of male preference is
based on the education of women; "women's education is the single most significant factor in
reducing son preference" (Rohini Pande, 2006). It's clear that China and India have experienced
gender imbalance due to cultural gender preferences. The American Medical Association argues that
gender imbalance is "less likely to happen in the Western world" (American Medical Association,
2003

Disadvantages Of Designer Babies
Technology is quickly advancing, and many opportunities only dreamt about previously have
developed. One of these opportunities arising is designing your baby. Currently, scientist can
eliminate genetic diseases or screen for gender, and in the future, will be able to choose various
traits. Pursuing this research of designer babies is creating a conflict though. Through multiple
techniques, scientists can alter the embryo to the parent's desire but while this has numerous
benefits, there are also many concerns.
PGD (pre–implantation genetic diagnosis) is one way to create a designer baby. This allows doctors
to determine the sex of an embryo, whether the embryo has a genetic disease, and if the embryo has
certain genes which cause traits like intelligence and musical ability (Bostrom 19). The doctor
screens multiple embryos to see what traits the it carries, and the parents can choose which embryo
they desire (Ethical questions over designer babies). Another way to create a designer baby is to use
a donor gamete. This allows parents to match a donor gamete with desired traits to one of their own
and then implant that embryo through in vitro fertilisation (Bostrom 19). Currently, it is not possible
for doctors to screen for intelligence and musical ability, but it is possible to screen for gender, eye
color, and genetic diseases. There is also a technique called CRISPR which, in the future, could
allow scientist to edit the embryo's genes to ensure the baby has certain

Treating Infertility Essay
Infertility is the inability to naturally concieve a child, or to carry a pregnancy full term. This could
be down to the male in the partnership, the female, or in some cases, both. Infertility affects
approximately 10% of people of reproductive age. Roughly 40% of cases involve a male
contribution or factor, 40% involve a female factor, and the remainder involve both sexes. There are
several different reasons why a couple may be unable to concieve naturally, if a woman is unable to
concieve it may be down to general factors – for example, significant liver disease, Ovarian Factors
such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Cervical factors such as Insufficient cervical mucus, Vaginal
factors such as Vaginal Obstruction or Genetic factors. If ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Usually 10 days of injections are necessary.When in the laboratory, surrounding cells are removed
from the egg and the egg is prepared for fertilization. Inactive cells and seminal fluid are also
removed from the males sperm in preparation for the treatment. The sperm and the egg are
incubated together for about 18 hours. By this time fertilisation has usually taken place.
Occasionally however, the sperm count is so low a single sperm is injected directly into the egg
instead. The major risk of IVF is the risk of multiple births. There have been many cases of women
going in for fertility treatments and then giving birth to more than one child as a result. This is
because of the practice of transferring multiple embryos at embryo transfer. Strict limits on the
number of embryos that may be transferred have been set in some countries to reduce the risk of
multiple births. Another risk of IVF is birth defects. It has been suggested that there is a 30–40%
increase risk of birth defects in children born out of IVF than children concieved using natural
means. Another popular fertility treatment is Artificial insemination by husband (AIH) This is when
sperm from the husband or partner is placed into a females uterus or cervix using artificial means
rather than by natural means. When a couple decide to use AIH in order to concieve the females
menstruation cycle

Technology Advances All The Time Essay
Technology advances all the time, but often we question the necessity of the new inventions. In the
1980s, in vitro fertilisation was still a very new body of science. The information was limited to the
people who actually could and would participate in the studies, as simulating human pregnancy in
animals is difficult. The actual procedure, however, includes a donated egg, sperm, and simulating
mitosis in a test tube then injecting it into a woman 's womb. Ruth Hubbard is the first female
professor of the sciences at Harvard University to get tenure. As "A woman, a feminist, and a
biologist", she negatively viewed the new science behind the in vitro procedure in the 1980s. She
proclaims two years after the publication of in vitro, that the development of the science is wrong.
Ruth Hubbard effectively uses her concerns for women 's safety in her "Test –Tube Babies: Solution
or Problem?", to persuade her general audience that the performance of in vitro fertilization is not
the correct way to address the inability to give birth due to the underdeveloped nature of the science.
She then successfully questions the need for in vitro science, by offering alternative methods to
become a parent as well as criticizing societal expectations of women. Ruth Hubbard convinces the
audience of her perspectives of the in vitro policy with her stern disquiet. Yet, she begins with a
potential counter argument, that the procedure had been done before. By providing an example of
three cases

Is Ivf A Process? Ivf? Vitro Fertilization? ( Vitro Ivf...
By Kobe Montgomery Introduction Do when finished the rest IVF What is IVF? (In vitro
fertilization) In vitro fertilization means fertilization outside of the body. IVF is often used for many
different reasons normally because a couple are unable to conceive naturally. IVF is a process where
doctors give a woman medication so that she will produce multiple eggs and once those eggs have
matured they are then remove from the woman's uterus to then be fertilized in a lab where they
inject the eggs with sperm and 3–5 days later they are implanted back as embryos. History of IVF
The procedure Step 1 – Egg collection The First step in the IVF process is to obtain the eggs from
the ovaries of the woman. They do this by giving the woman injections of FSH (Follicle stimulating
hormone), this sets off several follicles (sacs that contain eggs in the ovaries) in to development. On
average there is around five to ten sacs but this can vary quite a bit Once enough if the follicles have
developed they remove the eggs from the ovaries by passing a needle through and into the fluid
filled sacs that contain the eggs (follicles). This procedure is performed by a doctor while patient is
under light anaesthetic Step 2 – sperm preparation While the eggs are being collected the semen
sample is being prepared there are different preparation methods this is decided by the quality of the
semen sample. The most common method is called a "density gradient preparation".

Ivf Essay
[pic] In vitro fertilisation (IVF) marks a great step forward in medical technology, and Australia is a
leader in the field. IVF is now a popular procedure for couples who are infertile or are having
trouble conceiving. However, it raises ethical, moral and legal issues including the rights of an
individual, property rights, the definition of human life, scientific experimentation versus a potential
human life, religion, costs, and community, medical and taxpayer's rights. The process of IVF
involves mixing the woman's egg and the man's sperm outside of the woman's body, usually in a
petri dish. Invitro fertilisation literally means 'fertilisation in glassware'. If the fertilisation is
successful, the formed embryo is transferred to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, with such low statistics it is important to keep in mind that each infertile couple may go
through many cycles of IVF; therefore it could end up costing them tens of thousands of dollars. On
the other hand, with Australia's declining birth rate, we should provide more encouragement for
people to have children, instead of making them pay thousands of dollars. Unfortunately for infertile
couples, infertility is not considered a health problem, and therefore it is not funded by the
government. Is it fair that only financially able infertile couples can afford IVF, when it should be
available to all infertile couples? An issue that has caused great legal debate is the freezing of eggs
and embryos. Freezing allows savings eggs or embryos for later implantation; not all are used.
However, frozen embryos and eggs generally have a lower success rate. The question arises of what
happens to them if the couple decides to divorce, or one or both of them dies? These situations have
been decided through court determinations. In 1987, the status of frozen embryos was brought
before the Victorian courts with the case of Mr and Mrs Rios, who had died in a plane crash. The
embryos from Mr and Mrs Rios had been frozen in 1981. There were many ethical and moral
concerns regarding this case. Should the embryos remain frozen indefinitely, be donated, or kept for
research? The Infertility (Medical Procedures) Act

Preimplantation Genetic Disorder
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a method used to screen for genetic abnormalities and
genetic defects in embryos, that were created through invitro fertilization (IVF). "IVF is the process
of fertilization by extracting eggs, retrieving a sperm sample, and then manually combining an egg
and sperm in a laboratory dish". By using PGD, families with a risk of having a child with a serious
genetic disorder can screen the embryo prior to implantation, to identify if the child presents genetic
defects that can cause certain diseases or disorders. These genetic diseases or disorders occur due to
one of more parents carrying the genetic abnormality. Screening can include counting chromosomes
and/or a examination of molecules for a specific mutation or aneuploidy. PGD is a socio–scientific
issue, due to the decision on whether to terminate the embryo if ... Show more content on
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PGD is the only available option for averting the high risk of having a child that has a genetic
disease, prior to implementation. Genetic diseases screened for in PGD can include Cystic Fibrosis,
Triploidy, Thalassemia, Sickle cell disease and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. These diseases are
either Recessive sex–linked disorders, Dominant sex–linked disorders or single gene disorders.
PGD involves two processes to identify the genetic makeup of embryos before implantation into the
uterus; In Vitro Fertilisation and Genetic testing. The first stage of IVF is Ovulation induction. A
fertility specialist monitors the mother's ovaries and her cycle of releasing eggs. Many women will
take fertility medicines or a drug to induce 'superovulation' which causes many eggs to be produced.
These eggs are then collected and placed in a dish to be

Difference Between Personal Knowledge And Shared Knowledge
Knowledge can be defined as the "facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through
experience or education"1. It is divided into personal knowledge and shared knowledge. Personal
knowledge is what every individual knows from its own personal experience while shared
knowledge is a collection of several individuals' personal knowledge. Without personal knowledge
there would be no shared knowledge. A clear example where shared knowledge modifies
individuals' personal knowledge through education is religion, where they have authoritative rule
books that tell their followers what moral principles to follow. There are several religions that may
differ with each others' beliefs and traditions; some of them may be in favour of an idea while ...
Some of them are in favour, as long as they are married couples, others allow their followers to
donate sperm and eggs as long as they are married couples, and some religions let their followers
donate without any limits concerning their marital status. The Anglican Church allows this process
within marriage, but forbids its followers to donate eggs and sperm. The Hindu religion also allows
it, but only if the gametes used come from a married couple with the intention of conceiving a child.
Buddhists are permitted to donate sperm even though they are not married couples. The Islam
allows the its use, but it has to be within the limits of marriage; however, if any of the spouses dies
(or a divorce happens), the eggs and sperm may not be used any more. Jewish Law commands its
followers to procreate, and when it is not possible by natural manners, it's acceptable for Jews to
recur to this modern methods to achieve

For Choosing Ivf Australia, We Bride On Ourselves On Our...
HEADING Thank you for choosing IVF Australia, we bride on ourselves on our success rates and
price. This sheet has all the essential information about the causes of infertility in both male and
females, the treatments to these and different issues that may come with these procedures. Infertility
is the inability to conceive a pregnancy after 12 month of unprotected sex. Infertility in male and
females can occur from various reasons such us the production of sex cells(gametes) and hormonal
issues as well as other reasons. Infertility is growing rapidly in today's world, it is becoming a bigger
and bigger problem in Australia as 1 in every 6 couples are effected by infertility (19). A solution to
this growing problem is Assisted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Abnormal shape of the cervix can also or changes of texture in the cervical muscle can cause issues
for the sperm travelling from the vagina to the uterus.
Immunological Factors: Some Females may have antibodies to sperm produced by the cervical
muscles, sometimes the immune system of the mother can prevent the embryo from attaching to the
wall of the uterus and cause a miscarriage
Ageing: Reproductive functions decrease the older a woman gets, this is due to fewer eggs being left
in the ovary and the quality of the egg also diminishes. When a woman is in her 30's there is an
increased chance of chromosome abnormalities like down syndrome.
Causes of Male Infertility (4)
Varicocele (Veins around testicles in the scrotum): A swelling of the veins that drain the testicles.
The most common reversible cause of infertility in men. The exact reason for Varicocele is
unknown, one cause may be the abnormal testicular temperature regulation. Varicocele reduces the
quality of the sperm.
Infection: Infections can interfere with the production of sperm and the sperm health. These
infections include inflammation of the epididymis or testicle, as well as some sexually transmitted
diseases. Some infections can cause permanent testicular damage however in most cases sperm can
still be retrieved.
Ejaculation issues (location vas

Argumentative Essay On Therapeutic Cloning
Being able to cure diseases such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease or
diseases such as diabetes has been an issue that many scientists have tried to crack, especially since
they're such huge issues affecting up to 26–28 million people alone in the United States. But what if
they were possible to cure, well that's where therapeutic cloning comes into play. Therapeutic
cloning involves using embryonic stem cells to cure or treat diseases which currently have no
known cure, such as Parkinson's disease. Therapeutic cloning uses a process called somatic cell
nuclear transplant, where genetic material from one cell is placed into the nucleus of an egg to create
an embryo with stem cells which produce an exact genetic match. It is then possible to use the stem
cells created to create new organs which the patient's body will not reject due to it having the same
genetic material. Once obtained stem cells can be used to be grown into any type of cell in the body
and therefore could be used to cure/treat diseases such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis.
Although this seems like a great option, it has not yet being approved due to being hugely criticized
and not recommended. This is due to people's belief that it is morally wrong due to the nature of the
procedure as it involves destroying embryos to obtain their stem cells. There are many arguments
against therapeutic cloning, including: the destruction of embryos, the possibility of the

Ivf Research Paper
The topic of whether couples should undergo the usage of various reproductive technologies,
especially IVF, for purposes such as selecting the gender of their unborn baby, is an intense ongoing
debate. In–vitro fertilisation or for short IVF, was made available in the late 1970's, in order to assist
women who encountered certain forms of infertility that prevented them to give birth and bear
children (George, 2005). There are currently various arguments for the use of IVF in choosing the
sex of an unborn baby, which include the practical and biological reasons whereas arguments against
the usage of IVF involve social and ethical reasons.
In–vitro fertilisation is a procedure used to overcome a range of fertility issues and helps conceive ...
The Australian Health Ethics Community (AHEC) states, "Admission to life should not be
conditioned upon a child being of a particular sex" (Nhmrc.gov.au, 2004). Although this can seem
unfair, The AHEC believes that selecting the sex of your child can be a contributing cause of an
expression of sexual and social prejudice. Is conceiving a daughter more beneficial than conceiving
a son or the other way around? Will choosing the sex of your child improve the family than a child
who you had no idea their gender would be? Dr. Tom Shakespeare, a lecturer from the University of
Cambridge and author of a gender study regarding IVF, commented, "I fear children could be
turning into consumer items and that sex selection could potentially lead to choosing babies on the
basis of hair or eye colour" (News.bbc.co.uk, 2005). This comment discloses how children can soon
start to turn into products that parents can choose and produce depending on what they want.
Correlating with this information, Tereza Hendl, a health science researcher from the University of
Sydney, says, "Gender selection is an expression of sexism as it reinforces a binary view of
children." The life of a person should not depend on their gender, as your gender should not define
you as a person or the traits you develop. It discards the fact that conceiving a child is meant to be
all–natural. Unless couples are unable to reproduce on their own due to genetic disorders or
infertility, IVF can be an option couples may choose to use in order to conceive a child of their

Ethical Argument Against Euthanasia
Medical Ethics
Medical ethics is always seen by many as an unusual blend; one many always seem to question. The
fuse appeals to a range of different temperaments, to the philosopher, the doctor, and to the man or
woman of action. It tackles the big questions of the morality of killing and the painstakingly difficult
decisions having to be made by many on a daily basis. It also relates to the ethical spectrum as well,
when can a mentally ill person be treated against their will? Is it a crime for any doctor to practice a
form of euthanasia? Where better to start medical ethics, than with the complex topic of euthanasia.
The main idea of euthanasia goes against the oldest and most famous moral instructions in religion,
'Thou shalt not kill' [Exodus 20:13]. To be technical, the practice of euthanasia is morally required
by the two main principles of medical practice: the respect for the patient's autonomy, and to
promote their best interests. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two interpretations if point 1–. One method of interpretation is the bad company fallacy or
argumentum ad hominem, where a particular view is true or false, not because of the reasons in
favour or against the view, but by virtue of the fact that a person holds that view.
The second more widely known view is that all views by the Nazis are immoral. Some Nazis may
hold views that do not relate directly, but they would not be seen as 'Nazi views'. The 'Nazi views'
being referred are their horrific actions of torture and senseless killing. The problem with this view
is however that the supporters of euthanasia are not supporters of the Nazis, and so this point can be
considered invalid. The point at issue is whether euthanasia in certain circumstances is moral or
immoral. All depends on the specific circumstances at hand and the best interests of the patient at

Ivf Is Used For Help People With Infertility Issues Essay
In Vitro Fertilisation. IVF is commonly used to help people with infertility issues. However my
essay focuses on IVF being used to create saviour sibling. Using the IVF procedure to select
embryos that will be a genetic match to older siblings with life–threatening diseases to therefore
"save" there eldest child, who may be suffering from a life threatening diseases. When natural
conception happens, the sperm fertilises the egg inside the woman 's body. However in the IVF
procedure, fertilisation of the egg with the sperm and the first few days of embryo development
occur outside the body in a test–tube or a Petri dish, in controlled conditions in a laboratory. In Vitro
is actually Latin and it means 'in glass ' referring to the Petri dish where the sperm and egg are put
together. The process of IVF can be broken down into seven particular stages. The first step also
known as the Ovulation Induction and Monitoring stage is when Hormone drugs are given to the
woman to increase the number of eggs developing in her ovaries. Fertility specialist doctors keep an
eye on the eggs ' development by using the results from blood tests and ultrasound scans. At the
appropriate time, maturation of the eggs is triggered by another drug so the doctor can retrieve the
woman 's eggs at the right time. Usually the eggs will be used 'fresh', but sometimes eggs are frozen
to be thawed and used later. The next step is the Sperm Collection phase where a sperm sample is
produced by the man and

The Effect Of Endometriosis On The Vitro Fertilisation...
What is the effect of Endometriosis on In Vitro Fertilisation success rates?
INTRODUCTION
Endometriosis is a condition that affects around 6–10% of the female population12 and can have
distressing effects on the lives of these women. The exact cause of endometriosis is unknown3 but it
is thought that genetics play a role as daughters or sisters of women are at higher risk.13
Endometriosis is also a cause of infertility2 with around 30–50% of women with endometriosis also
being infertile.12 Endometriosis can affect any woman regardless of age or ethnicity14 and can
affect children as young as eight. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is one of the most common methods
used in artificial reproduction12 and in this essay, I will be discussing what ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I chose to use the more cited articles for this essay as they would most likely be the more reliable
reference. I also used well known book sources as references such as Principals of Anatomy and
Physiology by Tortura and Derrickson and also the Dorland's illustrated dictionary. The last resource
I used were well known and trusted websites such as the NHS website and patient.co.uk. I also made
sure that any of the resources that I referenced from had been updated recently so the information
was current.
DISCUSSION
What is Endometriosis?
Endometriosis is a common condition1 recognised by the growth of endometrial tissue outside of
the uterus. This tissue is then found in a variety of sites such as the ovaries, the outside surface of
the uterus, the cervix, the abdominal wall, the sigmoid colon and the urinary bladder.2 It is unknown
what exactly causes endometriosis but it is thought to occur when some cells from the endometrium
(the lining of the uterus) travel outside the uterus via the uterine tubes during a period3. Even
outside the womb, these cells, will still respond to the presence of hormonal oestrogen each month
and with each menstrual cycle the cells will multiply, swell and break down in similar fashion to the
endometrial cells inside the uterus.2 As the cells are in the pelvic cavity rather than the uterus, they
cannot escape during the period and instead form patches of tissue called

Pgd, Or Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis
PGD, or pre–implantation genetic diagnosis uses IVF, in vitro fertilisation (fertilization of an egg in
a laboratory dish or test tube) , to screen and scan embryos for any potential birth defects or
conditions, such as Huntington's Disease, Cystic Fibrosis or Downs Syndrome. PGD gives parents
the options of being able to have healthy children, without the fear that they could inherit one of
these many genetic conditions. PGD is used after two failed cycles of IVF, in which the egg and the
sperm are artificially inseminated in a test tube. The Government funds some cycles of IVF and
PGD, but it is a costly process – costing upwards from $10,000. After the failed cycles of IVF, or if
there is a strong need for PGD testing due to genetic conditions of the parents, PGD is then
suggested. Through the process of PGD, ovulation is tracked for the female, before the egg is
removed for a cellular biopsy on day three of ovulation. The egg then has a small hole cut out of it
through a laser, and small sections of DNA are removed for testing. It is possible of multiple eggs to
be released for testing, so that only healthy embryos are replanted into the female. There is the
possibility that none of the embryos are free of the genetic condition, in which case the couple are
able to undergo another PGD cycle later in time. If more than one embryo are deemed as being
healthy, they can then be frozen for later use. PGD is a strong socio–scientific issue, due to the
variety of

In Vitro Fertilisation: Annotated Bibliography
Annotated Bibliography Citation Victoria State Government 2017, 'In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)',
viewed 26.07.17 https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/in–vitro–
fertilisation–ivf Introduction 'In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)', is an article that has been published on the
Better Health website by the Victorian Government, written with the purpose to educate and inform
the reader of IVF related information and the process. The writing is clear, succinct and easy to
follow and is therefore aimed at members of the general public who are interested in the IVF
process. The article outlines the IVF procedure, risk and possible side effects and is claims that it
was written for educational purposes only. Validity The data

Ivf, The Procedure, Risks And Complications Of Ivf Essay
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) was first introduced by Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards in the 1970s.
The majority of revolutionary developments in IVF during the eighties came from Australia (Leeton
2004). IVF is one of the most popular assisted reproductive technologies allowing couples facing
infertility caused by damaged or blocked fallopian tubes to have a child (Zhu 2009). Many
individuals who cannot conceive are looking for alternatives in childbearing (IVF 2016). This essay
will discuss the history of IVF, the procedures, risks and complications of IVF. Lastly what
alternative procedures other than IVF there are to assist child birth? In Vitro Fertilization is a
fertility procedure in which medical physicians remove eggs from the ovaries of a female, fertilize
them in a laboratory, and then replace the embryos back into the female's uterus where they implant
and growth begins. (Kamel 2013) The first successfully delivered baby through IVF was Louise
Brown on July 25, 1978, she's referred as the world's "first test tube baby" (Jones 1996). This
procedure first came into place in England by Steptoe and Edwards to assist couples who were
unsuccessful in becoming pregnant. It has proven to be successful for those couples who had
ovulation disorders, unexplained fertility, endometriosis and male infertility problems. The first
stage of an IVF procedure involves the female having administering injections of follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) which encourages the

Ivf Pros And Cons
Many individuals who cannot conceive are looking for alternatives in childbearing. In Vitro
Fertilisation (IVF) being one of the most popular assisted reproductive technology introduced by
Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards in the 1970s allowing couples facing infertility caused by
damaged or blocked fallopian tubes to be bestowed with a child (Zhu Tian 2009).in this essay is
going to state the social implications that IVF has on todays society.
In Vitro Fertilisation is a major breakthrough in embryo research and has increased the possibility of
large numbers of women becoming pregnant. It is a procedure used to overcome a range of fertility
issues caused by damaged or blocked fallopian tubes. This procedure is conducted by a medical
physician in a specialized laboratory by removing eggs from the ovaries of a female and mixing it
with sperm from the male, fertilize them in a laboratory, and then replace the embryos back into the
female's uterus where they implant and maturation begins. (IVF Australia 2016) The fertilized egg
(embryo) is allowed to grow in a protected environment for some days before being ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Robert Edwards and Dr. Patrick Steptoe achieved the first in Vitro Fertilisation pregnancy birth in
1978. The majority of pioneering developments in Vitro Fertilisation during the eighties came to
Australia being the world's first egg donor pregnancy, the first frozen embryo pregnancy, and the
first IVF multiple pregnancies. Australia additionally produced the first national guidelines for IVF
practices, the first statute legislation protecting donor gamete pregnancies, and Victoria proclaimed
the first statue legislation regarding control of IVF procedures. (Leeton 2004). In vitro fertilization
was introduced to assist couples who aren't conceiving into becoming pregnant. It has proven to be
successful because thousands of IVF babies have been born since the first in 1978. In 2012, about
3.5 percent of all children were born in Australia (Baby Center

The Invention Of A Woman 's Womb By Ruth Hubbard
Technology is advancing all the time, but often we question the necessity of the new inventions. In
the 1980s, in vitro fertilisation was still a very new science. The information was limited to the
people who actually could and would participate in the studies, as simulating human pregnancy in
animals is difficult. The actual procedure, however, includes a donated egg, sperm, and simulating
mitosis in a test tube then injecting it into a woman 's womb. Ruth Hubbard is the first female
professor of the sciences at Harvard University to get tenure. As "a woman, a feminist, and a
biologist", she negatively viewed the new science behind the in vitro procedure in the 1980s. She
proclaimed two years after the publication of in vitro, that the development of the science is wrong.
Ruth Hubbard effectively uses her concerns for women 's safety in her "Test –Tube Babies: Solution
or Problem?", to persuade her general audience that the performance of in vitro fertilization is not
the correct way to address the inability to give birth due to the underdeveloped nature of the science.
She then successfully questions the need for in vitro science, by offering alternative methods to
become a parent as well as criticizing societal expectations of women. Ruth Hubbard convinces the
audience of her perspectives of the in vitro policy with her stern concern. Yet, she begins her
argument with a counter argument, that the procedure had been done before. By providing an
example of three cases

The Realm Of Reproductive Technology Develops At A Rapid...
As the realm of reproductive technology develops at a rapid rate; with increased use some particular
concerns regarding moral, ethical and social implications of the practice of pre–birth testing also
come to the forefront. It is extremely important to consider these issues as they have the ability to
have a profound impact on the way we value the reproductive process.
What is In–Vitro Fertilisation and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis?
There are a number of different techniques used to assist reproduction however the most common of
which is In–vitro Fertilisation (IVF). It was originally developed to treat infertility caused by
damaged or blocked fallopian tubes however, it has since become the starting point for screening
embryos for genetic disorders in typically fertile couples. The IVF process requires the woman to
undergo ovarian stimulation in which 'fertility drugs' are taken to stimulate the maturation of
multiple eggs (6–10 eggs) as opposed to just one. Once the eggs have matured and ready for
collection a needle is inserted through the vagina and with the assistance of ultrasound the eggs are
delicately removed. The next stage is where fertilisation takes place. Within 6 hours the
embryologists prepare the partner 's sperms and adds this to the eggs which are left for a further 14–
18 hours to incubate. The following morning the eggs are examined for signs of fertilisation and the
successful ones are cultured for another 3–5 days. Most laboratories transfer

DNA and Pregnancy are a Reality in the Movie, Gattaca
GATTACA In class, we watched the movie GATTACA. There were several ways in which this
movie related to what we are learning and discussing in class. This movie was able to make
everything more clear as it showed and explained concepts in more description. This movie seemed
very futuristic and science fiction to me but the key concepts dealing with DNA and pregnancies are
reality.
When Jerome's parents visited a genetics center for a second child, the geneticist stated that he took
the liberty of getting rid of any potential harmful or threatening conditions that could cause issues
such as premature baldness, alcoholism, addictive susceptibility, propensity for violence and obesity,
and many others. Jerome's father then asked if they should leave some things to chance. The
geneticist responded by saying that they want to give their child the best possible start and that there
is already enough imperfection already built–in. I do not believe that it was at all irresponsible for
the father to want to leave some things to chance. In my opinion, I think that some things should be
left to chance because no matter what you decide for your child, it doesn't plan out their whole entire
life. I also think that knowing everything about your child before they are born ruins the surprise
factor and you know almost exactly what to expect. Some families may enjoy knowing everything
about their unborn child but I believe that leaving things to chance creates surprise and

Does Religion Really Allow Cloning?
Does Religion Really Allow Cloning? I personally think this is a very controversial topic as, I do not
think the idea of cloning was even thought of, when any type of religion was established. But to my
surprise, many different religions have views on cloning, in the Quran (Holy Book Of Islam), Bible
(Holy Book Of Christians) and also the Torah (Holy Book Of The Jewish). The rise of the current
age and the "period of reason" triggered the beginning of cutting edge exploratory investigations and
modern ideology that transforms society like a phenomenal power. Science is the learning about the
world, particularly taking into account examination and testing and on actualities that can be
demonstrated. An ascending science, biomedical examination, as of late have demonstrated an
awesome potential in managing the world into a brighter future, where irremediable illnesses can be
cured, deficient organs can be supplanted and new limits can be pushed. Regardless of the debates in
regards to the ethics and morals of cloning, foundational microorganism research and in vitro
preparation, the headway of such medicinal examination exhibits the unlimited conceivable
outcomes for humanity that is generally choked by religious confidence and good ambiguities. Like
most technology that precede human medicine analysis, the grounds to new discoveries evolve bit
by bit although innumerable experiments and exploration into unmapped grounds, ultimately
generates a helpful map of where we are,

Risks Involved With Vitro Fertilisation Essay
Focus questions;
What are some disadvantages or risks involved with in–vitro fertilisation? Unfortunately with the
procedure of In–Vitro fertilisation success is not guaranteed, in fact less than 50% of procedures
ultimately result in pregnancies. Obviously because it is an operative procedure there is always the
risk of infection and/or haemorrhage. Another risk associated with IVF is OHHS or Ovarian hyper
stimulation syndrome: This is when the ovaries are stimulated through the use of medications to
make multiple eggs in which your ovaries can become swollen and painful. The use of frozen
embryos during IVF, however, may slightly increase the risk of miscarriage. About 2 to 5 percent of
women who use IVF may experience an ectopic pregnancy; This is when the fertilised egg implants
outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. The fertilised egg can't survive outside the uterus, and
there 's no way to continue the pregnancy. Although not considered a risk the use of IVF can be
financially, physically and emotionally draining. The emotional stress will negatively effect your
physical health, and cause strains on your relationships.
Why isn 't IVF available to everyone? What are the costs involved? The following fees are
associated with fertility treatment:
Consultations with your fertility specialist (including initial and follow up)
Any investigations or tests you may require (e.g. semen analysis or AMH testing)
Fertility treatment, and the medications involved

Infertility: Fertility In The United States
Approximately 7.3 million Americans are infertile during their reproductive years. That number
places about one out of ten American couples diagnosed with fertility problems. Infertility refers to
the inability to conceive after regular unprotected sex or a female who cannot carry a pregnancy full
term. Numerous risk factors are contributed to infertility. The most common factor we think of when
it comes to infertility is hormonal imbalance. Hormonal imbalance is characterized by irregular
menstrual cycles or short, long, or heavy periods. The lack of ovulation, the releasing of eggs from
an ovary, is a factor in hormonal imbalance. Another common health factor that can affect fertility is
being overweight or being underweight. Body fat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On average the cost of artificial insemination is about $865. While being the most commonly used
method, the success rate depends purely on the woman's age and the quality of the man's sperm.
Generally, the chance of conception per cycle is 15–20%, with a 60–70% chance of pregnancy after
six cycles. Due to so many fertility drugs, there is a very wide cost depending on whether the drug is
a pill or an injectable. The cost can vary between $60 to $6,000 per cycle. The success rate of the
pill is 40–45% while the injectable is 50%. Although the success rate of the in vitro fertilisation
varies on the age of the woman, the cost on average per cycle is $8,000. The price of IVF alone does
not include the additional prices of medication that are suggested to take during the cycle. While the
chances of fertility choosing the zygote intrafallopian transfer method are again depending on age
and health, 36% of couples become pregnant with only 29% going on to deliver. The cost of the
ZIFT for one cycle is anywhere between $8,000 and

Pros And Cons Of In Vitro Fertilisation ( IVF )
"In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside
the body, in vitro("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory
process, removing and ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from the woman's ovaries and letting sperm
fertilise them in a liquid in a laboratory. The fertilised egg (zygote) undergoes embryo culture for 2–
6 days, and is the transferred to the same or another woman's uterus, with the intention of
establishing a successful pregnancy."
"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) refers to the genetic profiling of embryos prior to
implantation, and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization.
PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal diagnosis. When used to screen for a specific
genetic disease, it's main advantage is that it avoids selective pregnancy termination as the method
makes it highly likely that the baby will be free of the disease under consideration. PGD thus aids
assisted reproductive technology, and requires in vitro fertilization (IVF) to obtain embryos or
oocytes for evaluation."
While PGD has many benefits, especially for potential parents who may be at risk of passing on
genetic defects, opposition to the use if this technology has come in many forms.
Opposition ranges from the view which believes an embryo has full moral status from the moment
of conception to the other end of the scale where people believe that the use of this technology will
lead

Infertility Research Paper
Introduction –
Infertility is the inability to conceive a pregnancy after 12 months of sexual intercourse, infertility
can be caused by many factors; These include problems with the production of male and female
gametes, the function of the reproductive systems and/or immune conditions. Individuals should
seek help if they desire a child and have been trying for many months, usually after 12 months or
longer (www.ivf.com.au/about–fertility/infertility–treatment, Virtus health 2016).
Ovulation is the first stage of pregnancy, this is when an egg is released from the ovaries. Every 28
days, cysts are formed on the ovaries; once the cysts burst an egg is released. The egg then starts to
travel down the fallopian tubes towards the uterus. Fertilisation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In men, infertility may be caused by; blocked or absent vas deferens (the tube that carries sperm to
the urethra), a low sperm count/poor sperm production, the failure of sperm production, anti–sperm
antibodies (cells that fight the sperm), sperm DNA fragmentation and/or genetic diseases such as
cystic fibrosis or a chromosomal abnormality. The main cause of all male infertility is the failure of
good quality sperm production. According to Virtus Health, 40% of couples' infertility is attributed
towards the males' sperm count/quality. Cystic fibrosis is a disease caused by mutations in a pair of
genes located on chromosome 7, one gene on chromosome 7 produces a protein called cystic
fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). These mutations cause the production of CFTR to be
disrupted, leading to abnormal electrolyte and water movement in and out of the epithelial cells (the
cells that line most body cavities). It results in thick, sticky mucus in the lungs and pancreas leading
to respiratory infections and/or obstructed pancreatic and liver ducts leading to impaired fat and
protein digestion (http://www.labtestsonline.org.au/learning/index–of–conditions/cystic–fibrosis,
Lab Tests

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Reproductive Cloning
Reproductive cloning could take the form of In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF). This is where fertilisation
takes place outside the body. Many embryos grow in a petri–dish for 2–5 days then the best embryos
are selected and implanted into the womb of the mother (Babies, 2011). This form of conception
could eventually allow parents to choose certain characteristics or traits that they want their child to
have or not to have. Genes could be manipulated and selected to satisfy the wants of the parents.
This is commonly referred to as "Designer babies" (Biggs, 2004). Reproductive cloning could also
be used to create siblings of children to have the exact DNA match enabling the "Saviour Sibling" to
have perfect compatibility with his/her sick sibling. Organs, blood, bone marrow and anything else
the unhealthy child needs can be harvested from the sibling that was created to have the same DNA
(Springgs & Savulescu, 2002). My sister's keeper, a book written specifically related to "Saviour
Siblings", is an example of where this form of cloning has been used to save the life of a child that
was terminally ill. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reproductive cloning is also a very expensive procedure. In the case of In Vitro Fertilisation in
humans, not all the embryos are implanted back into the female. The embryos that are not implanted
are destroyed therefore the ethical issue of abortion is raised (Murnaghan, 2014). Reproductive
cloning has unethical aspects for many individuals therefore most countries have put laws in place
preventing people from practicing reproductive cloning.
The legislation of South Africa regarding

Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis
Pre–implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a procedure couples use to test the normality of their
offspring's genes. This procedure is used for couples that have a known risk of passing on a genetic
abnormality to their offspring. PGD is used all around the world to help couples become pregnant
with healthy babies that aren't diagnosed with a genetic disease passed down from them. PGD is
used to select an embryo that isn't affected by a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis. PGD is
available to test for single gene disorders, translocations, inversions, chromosomal, aneuploidy or
X–linked disorders. Pre–implantation Genetic Diagnosis is a procedure used prior to implantation to
help identify genetic defects within embryos. This serves to prevent certain genetic diseases or
disorders from being passed on to the child. The embryos used in PGD are usually created during
the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF). When used to screen for a specific genetic disease, its main
advantage is that it avoids selective pregnancy termination as the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Those eggs are then fertilised using the male partner's sperm. The resulting embryos are cultured in
the laboratory.
At day 3 of the embryo development, a small hole is made on the outside shell of the embryo (the
zona pellucida) with a delicate laser beam. On day 5/6, an embryo biopsy is performed. By this
time, the embryo should have reached the blastocyst stage which consists of an inner cell mass
(forms the foetus) and trophectoderm cells (forms the placenta). The trophectoderm cells should
have herniated through the hole made in the outer shell of the embryo on day 3 in which these cells
(approximately five cells) are collected for analysis.
The biopsied cells are transferred to a small tube for genetic testing. Due to the time taken to
perform the genetic testing, the embryos must be frozen after the

Assisted Reproductive Technology ( Vitro Fertilisation )
A successful fertilisation event refers to a sperm and an oocyte meet at a right place and a right time.
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) includes IVF (in vitro fertilisation) or ICSI
(intracytoplasmic sperm injection) treatments have helped xxx of women got pregnant and deliver
around xx of newborns to couples in the UK every year. However, the overall pregnancy rate is
remain low. Only a minority (15–30%) of embryos implanted in the uterus result in a successful
pregnancy. It is approximately xx%, it means xx of embryos fail to develop, implant or form a baby.
The first selection point in the clinic is xx hours post IVF/ICSI. Embryologists examine and select
the "normal" zygotes that indicate two pronuclei (one derived from the mother: female pronucleus;
and the other derived from the father: male pronucleus). Unfortunately, not every single oocyte can
be "normal fertilised." Based on the literature, it ranges from 2.7 to 17% of ICSI or IVF procedures
produce zygote with only one pronucleus in the clinics worldwide, but the causes remain elusive.
We have very recently reported molecules named Hira and H3.3 involving the central role for a
successful fertilisation event. Lack of Hira/H3.3 molecule in mouse results in abnormal "one
pronucleus" zygotes which provides a link to the cause and effect of one pronucleus phenotype in
human IVF clinic.
In this study, we would like to investigate the occasion and dissect the mechanisms based on our
previous animal model as

Essay on In-Vitro-Fertilization: Should it be Used?
Jennifer Rosenberg on about.com (n.d.), had stated, "On July 254, 1978, Louise Joy Brown, the
world's first successful 'test–tube' baby was born in Great Britain." This was advancement in the
medical history for women everywhere who had difficulty getting pregnant; this medical
breakthrough, known as In–vitro fertilization, or IVF, since Louise Joy Brown's birth had only
grown in ease and the amount of people that use this technology is at an all–time high. The CDC
(2014) stated on their website that, "Number of women ages 15–44 who have ever used infertility
services: 7.4 million." This is a massive number of people that use this service. In–vitro
fertilization's advancement in medical technology allows people to have children despite ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
IVF is a way to raise the chance for that number of live births to grow in women over forty–three,
they Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago also shows that In–vitro was an option for women up
until the age of fifty. A woman's physical disability can lead her to an impaired ability to have
children, leaving them to suffer or spend money on an infertility treatment. Other physical
disabilities, such as a wounded soldier being injured and put into a coma–like or paralysis, can lead
to difficulties with siring a child, Michelle Tan, a writer for Navy Times wrote about Army Staff Sgt.
Ed Matayka and his wife, Sgt. Karen Matayka (2013), Staff Sargent Matayka had been gravely
injured during a tour in Afghanistan, losing both of his legs above the knee, spinal injuries in two
places, and brain trauma. Because of this incident, after Staff Sargent's recovery, leaving him
without his legs and a partly paralyzed arm, the two sought out fertility treatment, something that
Tricare, their insurance, did not cover. The two had pressed on, and Sargent Karen Matayka had
gotten pregnant with twin boys. (Tan 2013). The image shown above is the Matayka family, Sargent
Karen and Staff Sargent Ed, as well as their twin sons who were successfully born using In–vitro
Fertilization, also showing Staff Sargent Ed Matayka's injuries, his double amputation above the
knee and semi–paralyzed arm (the one not holding his son). Their

Drinking Embryos
A little girl, who is yet to be named, was made using an embryo that was frozen 18 years before by a
hospital in Shanghai. In 1988, The mother of the baby, named Huang Qiong who was 27 years old at
the time had trouble getting pregnant as she had been diagnosed with blocked fallopian tubes and
was undergoing fertility treatment. So Huang decided to have her embryo frozen. During those
years, she experienced two failed frozen embryo transfers both times and had also failed one fresh
embryo transfer.
Huang took a break from the IVF treatment to focus on her work. In 2014, one of Huang's friends
who was treated at the same hospital, got pregnant with a set of twins through IVF. This encouraged
Huang to try for a baby again. She re–started ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"It's a transformative technology."
IVF – Biological issues and the future of IVF In vitro fertilisation (IVF) literally means 'fertilisation
in glass'. That's where the familiar term 'test tube baby' came from. During the IVF process, eggs are
removed from the ovaries and fertilised with sperm in the laboratory. The eggs and sperm are
brought together in a laboratory glass dish to allow the sperm to fertilize an egg, the fertilised egg,
or embryo, is later placed in the woman's womb. Benefits of IVF In Vitro Fertilisation helps many
couples who struggle with infertility and otherwise unable to conceive. The biggest advantage of
IVF is to successfully go through a pregnancy only to be pregnant to a healthy baby. IVF allows this
to become reality for people who can't have the privilege to have babies maybe because of:
Blocked tubes: For women with blocked or damaged fallopian tubes prevents them from having
babies, so IVF provides the best opportunity of having a child using their own eggs.
Male infertility: Couples with a male infertility problem will have a much higher chance of
conceiving with IVF than conceiving naturally. We have a number of laboratory techniques to
facilitate this.
Unexplained infertility: 1 in 6 couples will suffer fertility problems and sometimes these remain
undiagnosed after investigation.
Endometriosis: Patients with

Vitro Fertilisation ( Ivf ) Essay
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a form of assisted reproduction where the eggs from the woman are
extracted under anaesthetic and placed in a culture dish with thousands of sperm, allowing the
process of fertilisation to take place outside the body. The resulting embryos are grown in the
laboratory over 2 – 5 days before being transferred back into the woman's uterus increasing the
chance that a pregnancy will occur.
Pre–implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a screening test used to determine if genetic or
chromosomal disorders are present in embryos produced through in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis screens embryos before they are transferred to the uterus so
couples can make informed decisions about their next steps in the IVF process. Embryos unaffected
by the genetic or chromosomal disorder can be selected for transfer to the uterus.
Why is the use of pre–implantation genetic diagnosis a socio–scientific issue?
Pre–implantation genetic diagnosis is a socio–scientific (PGD) issue because it includes biological
and social implications. People have different views and opinions on PGD because while it can
determine whether or not an embryo has a genetic disease or not, it presents the idea that we are
dehumanizing those who already have these diseases and that we are 'playing God.' PGD gives the
opportunity to couples to select the embryo that they wish to be transferred. It gives them the option
to choose the embryo before becoming

Using Ivf ( Vitro Fertilisation )
x PDG stands for Pre Implementation Genetic diagnosis it is a technique used to help examine and
recognise a specific genetic defect within embryos created using IVF (In–Vitro Fertilisation). This
technology is performed to prevent disorders or diseases being passed on to the child. The ultimate
aim for couples attempting to use PGD is to produce an offspring free of chromosomal genetic
defects. In New Zealand this technology is very limited and every application must be sought
through and gain approval by the Ethics committee. Only specific severe conditions with a 1 in 4
chance of inheriting the disease are considered to carry out this process. IVF is a procedure where
the egg is fertilised by sperm outside the body. In–Vitro translates to "In Glass" hence why the
babies are called test tube babies. In order to be eligible for IVF all contenders must attempt to
conceive a child for a year before making an appointment. They are then transferred onto a waiting
list which can take as long as 1 and a half years. Pre–implantation genetic diagnosis is a socio–
scientific issue. The definition being a problematic social issue which relates to science. These
issues are seen by some as open ended with several outcomes or solutions. There are countless
beliefs and views about almost every topic in

Ivf Morality

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