The document discusses different types of loads and forces that act on structural elements like beams, walls, and roofs. It defines dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and service loads. It also describes structural forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear that occur in beams, walls, and roofs due to these loads. Structural elements experience different types of stresses depending on whether the force is compressive, tensile, or causes bending or shear. Simply supported beams and cantilevered beams experience specific stress patterns from applied loads.

1. Prepaid by
Pawan Chaudhary2nd assignment

2. Task 01

3. Force acting on structural member
1. Struts and Ties
2. Wall
3. roof
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4. Struts and Ties
All structures have forces acting on them. The part of the structure that
has a tensile force acting on it is called a TIE and the part that has a
compressive force acting on it is called a STRUT.
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5. Wall
The beam is held in position by a
steel rod. The weight of the beam is
stretching the rod.
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6. Roof
The roof beams are under pressure
from the weight of the tiles on the roof
(compressive force). The floor beam is
being stretched (tensile force).
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7. LOAD AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOAD
• Load - The force applied on the particular body or structure is called as
load
• Different Types Of Loads
1. Dead load
2. live load
3. Wind load
4. Service load Prepaid by
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8. Dead load
Dead load is primarily due to self weight of structural members,
permanent partition walls, fixed permanent equipment's and weight
of different materials.
Eg:
the load of any beam , column and slab , etc. are the examples
of dead load.
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9. DEAD LOAD
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/01_loads_loading/01_primary_loads/images/page_002_
dead_load.jpg
Volume of beam 10.0 x 0.6 x 0.3 = 1.8 m3
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m3
Therefore, dead load of beam = volume x unit weight
= 1.8 m3 x 24 kN/m3
= 43.2 kN
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10. Live load
The weight of unfixed items or the members which is not permanent are
called as live load
Eg:
The human beings is the best example for live load.
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11. http://www.nishkian.com/nishcore/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Live-Loads-Pic.jpg
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12. Wind load
It is a horizontal load which caused due to the air movement.
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/01_loads_loading/01_primary_loads/images/page_004_wind_load.jpg Prepaid by
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13. Service load
The maximum intensity of load expected during the life span of
the structure is known as service load.
Eg :
load of big machines of factories coming of the structures .
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14. FORCES AND SYSTEM OF FORCES
• Force :
It means the push or pull
It tends to the change in the position of the object
• Force system
When two or more forces act on a body then they are said to be force
system
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15. Types of force system
1) Concurrent force system
2) Non-concurrent force system
3) Coplanar force system
4) Non-coplanar force system
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16. Concurrent force system
The forces which meet at a point are called as concurrent force system.
http://web.mit.edu/4.441/1_lectures/1_lecture7/1_lecture7_pic1a.gif Prepaid by
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17. Non-concurrent force system
The forces which act on a different points are known as Non-
Concurrent forces
http://web.mit.edu/4.441/1_lectures/1_lecture7/1_lecture7_pic1c.gif
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18. Coplanar force system
two or more forces act from
the same common point but pull in
different directions.
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19. Non-coplanar force system
Line of action of all forces lie on a different
planes they can be at a different direction it known
as non-coplanar force system.
http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structures/struct1/forces/Figure_3.jpg Prepaid by
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20. Point load
Point load (P) is a force applied at a single point at a set distance from the ends of the
beam.
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21. STRESS
Internal resisting force
Internal Stress = FORCE / AREA (P/A)
The unit of stress is (KN/mm2 or KN/m2) , (N/mm2 or N/m2).
https://qph.is.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-1b8988bee0306220e99244b3526b4ae6?convert_to_webp=true
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22. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL)
A uniform distributed load (UDL) is a distributed load which has a constant value .
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23. Types of stress
1. Compressive stress
2. Tension stress
3. Bending stress
4.Shear stress
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24. compressive stress
When the section is subjected to axial push acting normally across the section, the
stress induced is a compressive stress. Compressive stress result in the reduction of the
length of bar .
http://www.workspacetraining.com.au/timberplustoolbox/toolbox13_05/unit5_grading_softwood/images/compressi
ve_stress.gifc
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25. Tensile stress
When the section is subjected to axial pull T acting normally across the section, the stress
induced is a tensile stress. Tensile stress result in the elongation of the bar .
http://www.masterbond.com/sites/default/files/lpimages/physical-strength_properties-tensile.png
Prepaid by
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26. Bending stress
When the beam is subjected to external loading applied vertically then resistance
offer by internal stress to bending is called bending stress.
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27. Shear stress
the shear force of any section beam is the algebraic sum of vertical force acting either side of
the section of the beam.
http://mechlogy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Shear-Stress.jpg
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29. Structural Behavior Under the Action of External load
to Simply Supported Beam (SSB)
1. Compressive stress
2. Tensile stress
3. Shear stress
4. Bending stress
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30. +ve and –ve Bending forces in Cantilevered Beam and
Simply Supported Beam
Simply Supported Beam
1. When the force is in upward vertical directions then the bending is -ve bending force and shape of beam is hogging .
2. When the force is in downwards vertical directions then the bending is +ve bending force and shape of beam is
sagging .
Cantilevered Beam
1. The load (UDL) is applied at the end of cantilevered beam is bending downward vertical direction then it is sagging
+ve bending .
2. Where the beam is joint that side portion is –ve bending force at upward vertical direction then it is hogging .
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31. Action of compressive stress and tensile stress is
Applied to (SSB)
When the compressive forces is applied to the SSB the dimensions of the SSB in Change and at some extent
the substance get break .
When the tensile forces is applied to the SSB it get bend and the dimensions of SSB is change .
The upper portion is Compressive and the down portion is tensile in SSB .
https://www.teachengineering.org/collection/cub_/lessons/cub_images/cub_brid_lesson02_figure2.j
pg
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32. Bending stress acting on SSB beam
When bending forces is applied the condition will be sagging when bending is on positive
directions and the condition will be hogging when the bending is in negative directions
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Beam_bending.png

33. Shear Force in Simply Supported Beam and
Cantilevered Beam
• The Shear Force is consider as positive when vertical force act upwards to the left side
of section and downward to the right of section it is in +ve .
• The Shear Force is consider as negative when the vertical force act downwards to
the left of the section and upwards to the right of the section it is –ve .