2. The Andes - Info • "Young" fold mountains around 65 million years old • Highest peak is 6,962 meters • Two main countries that contain Andes are Chile and Peru • Andes formed by South American colliding with Nazca plate • Longest range of fold mountains in the world (7,000km)
3. The Andes - Mining • Range of important minerals such as tin, nickel, silver and gold. • Gold is formed at destructive plate margins due to magma cooling • Yanacocha is Peru's largest open pit gold mine • Yanacocha employs approx 2,300 staff and 6,700 contractors
4. The Andes - Farming • Their diet is potatoes because they are very durable to grow • Mainly soya, rice, maize and cotton. mostly personal but some comercial • Llamas are used as pack animals as the have adapted to the environment • They use terraced farm land to make flat land out of the steep slopes
5. The Andes - Terraced Farming • They cut into the slopes to contain water and soil with dry stone walls • Without the walls, the water would erode the soil • They use permeable dry stone walls so they don't flood • Therefore means that soil is more fertile and crops can grow
6. The Andes - Tourism • Most popular attraction is Machu Picchu • To get there, a trail called Inca trail treck • A three day trek stops at a height of 4.214m • Due to erosion limit on trail is 500 people • 2000 visit each day, increase employment
7. The Andes - Hydro Electric Power (HEP) • Micro-hydro power is small scale harnessing of energy from falling water • Using renewable energy, micro-hydro plants power homes, hospitals, schools • HEP potential is large in the Andes due to steep slopes and narrow valleys • Snow melt floods small rivers helping micro-hydro plants • Rural areas in Peru wouldn't get electricity without this. increases QOL
8. Yellowstone super volcano - location • Located in Wyoming in USA about 4424N 11042W • National park covers 3,472 square miles • Yellow stone is in 3 states. 96% Wyoming, 3% Montana and 1% Idaho
9. Yellowstone - Volcanic Winter • Volcanic winter is a climate cooling caused by an extremely large eruption • It releases ash and sulfur dioxide in huge quantities. • When they reach stratosphere sunlight is reflected • Stratosphere also absorb some heating it up • A result is a drop in temperature on the ground
10. Yellowstone - Caldera • Caldera is like a volcanic crater but is created by collapsing inward • Caldera is a volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land after eruption • In the case of such eruption, volcanoes magma chamber is empty enough • Yellowstone erupted 650,000 years ago, it released 1000km cubed of ash ect.
11. Yellowstone - Eruption History • Large volumes of rhyolitic lava flows were erupted 180,000 - 70,000yrs ago • No magma-tic eruptions have take place since then • Hydro-thermal explosions have take place during the Holocene near the lake • 2 million years ago, there was an eruption that swallowed 80km of mountains • since then only 2 more eruptions, 1.3 million years ago and 640,000yrs ago
12. Yellowstone - Effects (ASH) • Within 3-4 days, a fine dusting ash could fall across europe • It is predicted that ash would spread following a 9 day eruption • Yellowstone would release 1000 cubic km of ash and gas • The ash would cover much of North America in debris up to 2 metres thick
13. Yellowstone - Effects ( Climate change) • Yellowstone would eject sulphur gas into the upper atmosphere • The sulfur would form sulfuric acid aerosols that spread across the globe • Sulfuric aeroosols are the main cause of climatic cooling after an eruption
14. Yellowstone - Effects (life) • Scientist believe that the monsoon would fail as a result • Even larger temperature changes in the southern hemisphere • This then causes mass starvation in Asian countries that depend on rain
15. Kobe Earthquake 1995 MEDC • 17th January 1995 Kobe, Japan • Lasted 30 seconds - 3 mins • Magnitude of 6.9
16. Kobe MEDC - Why? • Philippines plate and Eurasian plate • Philippines subducted under Eurasian • Created an volcanic Island Arc
17. Kobe MEDC - Primary Effects • Poorly built or unimproved buildings were destroyed • Over 300 fires broke out and no clean water for 10 days • Liquifaction destroyed the port which was reclaimed land • 300,000 people were homeless • 6,434 people died
18. Kobe MEDC - Secondary Effects • 5% of Japanese industry was affected • Cost 220 billion which is 2% of Japans GDP
19. Kobe MEDC - Immediate response • Search and rescue • 7-elleven provided essentials • Motorola set up free communications for a month • Schools and churches were used to accomodate
20. Kobe MEDC - Long term response • 134,000 new houses were build • Retro fitted older buildings • Laws passed for earthquake proof buildings • Railway was back by august • Water, electricity and gas back by July
21. Haiti Earthquake 2010 LEDC • 12th January 2010 5pm • Magnitude 7 • Caribbean plate and north american plate • Shallow focus
22. Haiti LEDC - Primary effects • fires dues to ruptured gas pipes • 230,000 people died & 300,000 were injured • 1 million were homeless • Airport unusable • Main prison damaged and prisoners escaped
23. Haiti LEDC - Secondary Effects • Looting and violence • Cholera broke out in camps • Traffic chaos • Economic loss
24. Haiti LEDC - Immediate Response • Within 24 hours medical help arrived from Iceland • The chinese medics were sent
25. Haiti LEDC - Long term Response • 172,000 people still living in camps with disease and limited water • Cost the government 7.9 billion which is 120% or Haitis GDP
26. Japan Tsunami 2011 • A earthquake off the northeast coast of japan caused it • The earthquake measured 9 on the Richter scale • equivalent to an explosion of 476 mega-tonnes of TNT • Eurasian plate and the subducting pacific plate • focus was 32 km bellow sea level
27. Japan - Short term effects • thousand of homes and large areas of farm land destroyed • four trains and a ship carry 100 people swept away • A Dam burst its banks sweeping away homes • Power lines and gas and water services were disrupted • 15,400 died, 8,000 missing at time of impact
28. Japan - Long term effects • half a million people living in shelters, difficult for families to reunite • damaged rail and road links meant hard for rescue teams • Fukishima power plant exploded releasing harmful materials. • damaged gas lead to fires spreading • without clean water disease spread quickly
29. Japan - Short term response • 100,000 people started disaster relief mission • 230 agency teams to the worst areas • USA helped look for bodys • Shelters had been erected in schools and churches • disaster relief charity set up sending 1,500 boxes with tents and food
30. Japan - Long term response • Launched a early warning system • Huge sea walls and flood gates been built • New seismic building levels enforced • Retro-fitted older buildings • Skyscrapers base isolation
