"عسى أن تكون علما ينتفع به" Stress free early chick management releases production potential

1. Release Genetic Performance Potential
Part 1
Stress Free Early Management
Part1

2. Plan of Talk – Part 1
 Introduction
 Chick placement
 Thermo neutral Zone
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Ventilation
 Lightening
 Water
 Feed

3. Plan of Talk – Part 1
 Introduction
 Chick placement
 Thermo neutral Zone
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Ventilation
 Lightening
 Water
 Feed

4. Introduction
The objective of proper brooding is to
develop appetite as early as possible.

5. Cont. …
The proper management during the
first 48 hours of chick age would
maximize;
1. Immunity
2. Performance
3. Livability
Achievement of these objectives come
from absorption of yolk sac and from
feed consumption.

6. Cont. …
The proper;
1. Chick placement
2. Temperature
3. Humidity
4. Air quality
5. Feeding program
6. Water management
7. Light management
are essential components of brooding to avoid stress.

7. Cont. …
It is essential to assess and correct
early management problems to
achieve full genetic performance
potential and maximum immunity.

8. Cont. …
During the first days of life, chickens are still developing;
1. The immune system.
2. The thyroid gland.
3. Intestinal tract.

9. Cont. …
The thyroid gland is responsible for producing thyroxin (and
ultimately, T3), a hormone involved in;
1. Protein synthesis
2. Growth
3. Development of the skeleton
4. Development of the nervous systems
5. Tolerance of stress

10. Cont. …
 These organs/systems help form the
basis of performance that reaches the
genetic potential.
 Damage to these systems will
irreversibly affect growth and feed
conversion for the life of the flock.

11. Cont. …
It is essential to protect the
development of these organs through
stress-free early management.

12. Cont. …
Avoiding stress through proper management is critical because
stress:
1. Induces the release of corticosteroids, an immuno-
suppressing agents.
2. Encourages the growth of unwanted pathogens such as
Salmonella, E. coli or Campylobacter.
3. Can turn very minor infections into life and performance
threatening infections.

13. Plan of Talk – Part 1
 Introduction
 Chick placement
 Thermo neutral Zone
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Ventilation
 Lightening
 Water
 Feed

14. Chick Placement
 If the flock comes from different age
breeder flocks, chicks should be grouped
by breeder age as much as possible.
 Expected delivery time of chicks should
be established so they would be
unloaded and correctly placed as quickly
as possible.

15. Cont. …
 The longer chicks are in transport boxes, the greater the
degree of dehydration, which may result in:
1. Early mortality.
2. Reduced growth potential.
 Chicks must be placed quickly, gently and evenly over the
brooding area.
 Empty boxes should be removed from the house as soon as
possible.

16. Cont. …
 Chicks should be left to settle for 1–2 hr in order to become
accustomed to their new environment.
 After this time, make sure that:
1. All chicks have easy access to feed and water.
2. Chicks are active.
 Regularly check this every 4–6 hr after placement for the first
24 hr.

17. Plan of Talk – Part 1
 Introduction
 Chick placement
 Thermo neutral Zone
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Ventilation
 Lightening
 Water
 Feed

18. Thermo neutral Zone
The thermo neutral zone is the place where
1. Temperature
2. Humidity
3. Ventilation
interact to produce a chick that is neither heat nor cold stressed.

19. Temperature

20. Cont. …
Definitions:
 Ambient Temperature (Air Temperature)
 Effective Temperature (Chick Feel)

21. Cont. …
 Early in life, the chick is poorly
equipped to regulate its metabolic
processes to raise or lower body
temperature.
 Maintain the correct temperature is a
crucial factor in chick brooding,
especially during the first 7-10 days
of the chick's life.

22. Cont. …
Maintain proper temperature levels and use good husbandry
practices to prevent long-term effects such as;
1. Low growth rate.
2. Reduced uniformity.
3. Poor feed conversion.

23. Cont. …
 Temperature extremes
– lead to death.
 Chilling or overheating
– Negatively affect young chicks
without causing death.

24. Cont. …
Temperatures of 35°C or higher cause a highly
significant drop in cardiac output and blood
pressure.

25. Average Body Temperature By Age
Age of Chicks in Days Average Body Temperature
1 39.7
2 40.1
4 41
5 41.4
10 41.4

26. Recommended Brooding Temperature
By House Type And Age
Age
Brooding temperature
Conventional House Controlled Environment House
1st week 32.2 29.4 - 31.0
2nd week 29.4 26.7 - 28.3
4rd week 26.7 23.9 - 25.5
4th week 26.7 23.9
5th week 23.9 21.1
6th week 21.1 21.1

27. Cont. …
If a house is too
cold,
Chick's
body temperature
will decrease
Stunt chick growth and
more susceptibility to
disease.
If the house is
too hot,
Chick's
body temperature
will rise.
Dehydration problems.

28. Cont. …
Avoidance of temperature stress, either hot or cold, is key to
proper development of the thyroid and gastro-intestinal tract of
the young bird.

29. Cont. …
The actual environmental temperature is
the single greatest determinant of chick
temperature, but it is influenced by both
humidity and airflow.

30. Humidity

31. Humidity
 Chicks does not have sweet glands.
 Chickens lose heat to the environment by evaporation of
moisture primarily from the respiratory tract.
The recommended RH:
 First three weeks 60 to 70%
 Next four weeks 40 to 60%

32. Humidity and Temperature
 Humidity is the heat transfer agent.
 Sufficient humidity must be present to transfer heat:
Away from warm chicks
To cold chicks
+ °C
- °C

33. Cont. …
High RH
Increases apparent temperature.
Low RH
Decreases apparent temperature.
Increase the speed at which heat is
lost from chicks in a cold environment.
- °C
Cause rapid overheating in a hot
environment.+ °C

34. Humidity and Feed Consumption
 Increased relative humidity results in depressed feed
consumption.
Dry-Bulb Temp / RH% 37 49 56 67 73 82
Feed Consumed in Gm
32.2 44 14
27.2 56 50
22.2 61 47

35. Ventilation

36. Importance of Ventilation
 Air quality is critical during the brooding period.
 Ventilation is required during brooding period to:
1. Maintain temperatures at the targeted level.
2. Allow sufficient air exchange to prevent accumulation of
harmful gases such as:
1. Carbon monoxide.
2. Carbon dioxide.
3. Ammonia.

37. Air Flow
 Establishing minimum ventilation rates from
one day of age will ensure fresh air is supplied
to chicks at frequent, regular intervals.
 Stirring fans can be used to maintain
evenness of air quality at chick level.

38. Cont. …
Functions of Air flow
1. Distributes temperature uniformly throughout the
environment.
2. Removes excess heat especially in stacked chicks.

39. Cont. …
Low Air Flow
 Gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia are heavier than
oxygen.
 If they are present in the house, they will tend to sink to floor
level, displacing oxygen.
 This results in:
1. Ammonia blindness due to high ammonia concentration
at the floor.
2. Ascites due to low oxygen at floor level.

40. Cont. …
Too Much Air Flow
Chill chicks

41. Air Velocity and Cooling Effect
Air Velocity FPM
Feet Per Minute
1 Week Old
°C
4 Week Old
°C
7 Week Old
°C
100 -2 -1
200 -6 -3 -1
300 -12 -6 -3
400 -8 -4
500 -10 -6

42. Estimate Wind Chill Effect Broiler Chick
Air Velocity FPM 1 Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 5 Wk 6 Wk 7 Wk
100 2 1.75 1.5 1 0.5 0.25 0
200 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1
300 12 10 8 6 5 4 3
400 14 12 9 7 5 4
500 10 9 7 6

43. Minimum Ventilation Rate
The most practical way to calculate the air-flow is by the rule of
thumb provide 0.22 cubic feet of air-flow per minute per
kilogram of body weight of the chickens in the house for each 1
F of temperature of outside air.

44. How To Calculate CFM
Bird Age Body Weight NO. of Birds Total Body Weight CFM/Kg Total CFM
1 0.075 10,000 750
0.5
375
2 0.225 9,900 2,228 1,114
3 0.680 9,850 6,698 3,349
4 1.086 9,800 10,643 5,322
5 1.708 9,750 16,653 8,326
6 2.040 9,650 19,686 9,843
7 2.480 9,550 23,684 11,842

45. Chick Felt at Air Temperature 32°C
Age in Wks
Target
C
Air Velocity FPM
100 200 300 400
1 33 30 26 20
2 30 30 27 22 18
3 29 30.5 28 24 20
4 28 31 29 26 24
5 24 31.5 30 27 25
6 22 32 30.5 28 27

46. Chick Felt at Air Temperature 22 C
Age
Target
C
Air Velocity FPM
100 200 300 400
1 33 20 16
2 30 20.25 17
3 29 20.5 18 14
4 28 21 19 16
5 25 21.5 20 17
6 22 21.75 20.5 18

47. Plan of Talk – Part 1
 Introduction
 Chick placement
 Thermo neutral Zone
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Ventilation
 Lightening
 Water
 Feed

48. Lighting Program
 Historically, lighting programs have consisted of continuous
light regimens to maximize daily weight gain.
 These regimens consist of:
1. A long continuous period of light.
2. A short dark period (e.g. 0.5–1 hr) to allow birds to
become accustomed to darkness in the event of a power
failure.

49. Cont. …
 Lighting programs have been designed to:
1. Modify growth
2. Minimize FCR
3. Reduce mortality

50. Lighting
 Light duration: 23 hr light
 Light intensity at the feeder level:
– 20–25 lux, at placement.
– To be reduced by 3- 5 lux at 28 days.
 Light intensity should be uniform throughout the house.

51. Plan of Talk – Part 1
 Introduction
 Chick placement
 Thermo neutral Zone
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Ventilation
 Lightening
 Water
 Feed

52. Water
 Ideally, the chicks should be placed at the farm and provided
water and feed in less than 8 hours from hatch.
 Longer delays could lead to dehydration and chick weight
shrinkage.

53. Cont. …
A newly hatched chick is 85% water.
 When 10% of this water is lost, it
becomes a cull chick.
 When there is 20% dehydration, the
chick could die.
 It is important to hydrate the chick
adequately and promptly.
 This will promote feed consumption and
better body weights.

54. Water Quality
 Drinker lines should be flushed and sanitized prior to chick
arrival.
 Water quality, purity, and temperature must be checked in
advance.
 Water temperature range 18–24°C
 All chicks must be able to eat and drink immediately on
placement in the house.

55. Water – Adding Sugar
Add some sort of sweetener substance, like sugar to the water
(4% solution) for the first few hours of life.
1. Sugar helps replenish depleted chick energy, and stimulates
chicks to consume feed.
2. Sweet water may loosen up the impacted intestine and
prepare the gut linings for the incoming feed.

56. Water – Adding Vitamins
 After the addition of sugar, it is
recommended to add a vitamin
supplement to the water for the
first three days of life, to boost the
chicks' vitality.

57. Water – Adding Chlorine
 With the exception of water vaccination time, drinking water
must be adequately chlorinated.
 The chlorine level at the drinker level should be
1. 1PPM-nipple drinkers
2. 2PPM-plasson drinkers
3. 3PPM-trough drinkers

58. Plan of Talk – Part 1
 Introduction
 Chick placement
 Thermo neutral Zone
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Ventilation
 Lightening
 Water
 Feed

59. Feed
 Prior to chick delivery, a final check must be made of feed and
water availability and distribution within the house.
 Feed must be within the comfort zone of the chicks.

60. Cont. …
Supplemental feeders should be filled
and placed in the brooding area in a
proper ratio (e.g. with box lids – 1/100
chicks).

61. Feed
 Proper physical composition (good
crumbles, not pellets or mash) will
encourage uniform distribution of
nutrients and efficient consumption by
the chicks.
 Proper nutritional composition will give
the chicks a good start.

62. Feed
 To monitor if chicks are consuming
adequate feed, it is recommended to
select chicks and palpate their crops.
 The crops should be quite full.
 If the crop feels half empty or empty,
there must be something wrong in
the management.

63. The Good Start
If water and feed are consumed in sufficient amounts and
correct brooding temperature and air quality are provided,
 A broiler chick should be able to quadruple (4x) the post-
hatch body weight by seven days of age.
 Day Old Chick =40g
 7 Days old chick =160g