Energy Erasmus Plus

SAFE ENERGY, ENERGY FOR FUTURESAFE ENERGY, ENERGY FOR FUTURE
PROJECTPROJECT
RESOURCES OF ENERGY ANALYSIS INRESOURCES OF ENERGY ANALYSIS IN

Today, the need of energy
increases because of the
human population and
industrialization. In a
world where the need of
energy increases every
day, energy usage is an
important fact for some
countries to develop.
Energy is a strategical
source for companies and
countries. Countries need
renewable and clean
energy to increase their
living standarts and also
increase their economies.
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In this case when we
look at Turkey, we can
easily see that Turkey’s
import and usage of
energy increase our
country has limited
sources of energy. That’s
why we cant afford our
own energy. Also the
difference between our
production and
consumption of energy
increase everyday. It is
getting more cruicia for
us to create our own
energy.
ENERGY

Turkey's importance in world energy
markets is growing, both as a regional
energy transit hub and as a growing
consumer. Turkey's energy demand has
increased rapidly over the past few years
and likely will continue to grow in the
future.
According to the International Energy
Agency (IEA), energy use will continue
to grow at an annual growth rate of
around 4.5% from 2015 to 2030,
approximately doubling over the next
decade. The IEA expects electricity
demand growth to increase at an even
faster pace.
Meeting this level of growth will require
significant investment in the energy
sector, much of which will come from
the private sector. Although Turkey is
planning large investments in natural gas
and electricity infrastructure, the
government seeks to reduce the
country's dependence on imported
natural gas by diversifying its energy
mix.
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TURKEY
In addition to being a major market f
energy supplies, Turkey's role as an
energy transit hub is increasingly
important. Turkey is a key part of oil
and natural gas supplies movement
from Russia, the Caspian region, and
the Middle East to Europe. The
country has been a major transit poin
for seaborne-traded oil and is
becoming more important for pipelin
traded oil and natural gas. Growing
volumes of Russian and Caspian oil
are being sent by tanker via the
Turkish Straits to Western markets,
while a terminal on Turkey's
Mediterranean coast at Ceyhan serve
as an outlet for oil exports from
northern Irag and for both oil and
natural gas exports from Azerbaijan.

The gross electricity
consumption in Turkey in 2012
was 242,4 billion kWh, while this
figure rose by 1,3% in 2013,
reaching 245,5 billion kWh. At the
same time our electricity output
fell by 0,1% when compared to the
previous year (239,5 billion kWh)
to 239,3 billion kWh. According
to the highly probable scenario of
an increase of 6,9% to 392 TWh in
the base scenario, electricity
consumption in the year 2020 is
expected to rise by 5,5% to 357,4
TWh. In 2013, power plants
containing a total of 6.985 MW
additional capacity were added to
the system, and our capacity has
risen to around 64.044 MW.
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ELECTRICITY
43,8% of our electricity
output in 2013 came from
natural gas, 24,5% from
coal, 24,8% from hydraulic
energy, %2 from liquid
fuels, and 4% from
renewable sources.
It is aimed that a
transparent and competitive
market be formed in the
electricity sector, and that
the environment for
investment be developed in
this way. Within this scope,
the efforts to establish
EPIAS (Electricity Markets
Operating Corporation) are
continuing.

From the year petrol
exploration began in our country to
the end of 2009, 1.424 exploration
wells and 1.808 production,
injection and development wells
had been opened, and 23 natural
gas fields and 102 oil fields, of
various sizes, had been discovered.
In 2012, 55,50 person/months
geological of field work, and 44,46
team/months of geophysical field
work was undertaken in our
country, a total of 158 wells – 82
exploration wells, 24 detection
wells, 51 production wells and 1
reconnaissance well – were
opened, and 298.442 meters of
drilling was carried out.
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PETROL
Within the scope of activities
directed at meeting the ever
increasing demand for petrol and
natural gas from domestic sources,
the studies being carried out in the
basins of our country, which have
not been sufficiently explored, and
in particular on the sea in the Black
Sea and Mediterranean areas, have
gained great momentum.
It is planned that the efforts
directed at searching for and
producing shale gas, which has re-
shaped the dynamics in the natural
gas markets throughout the whole
world, be undertaken in the South-
Eastern Anatolian region. Apart
from the South-Eastern Anatolian
region, it is also believed that there
are significant amounts of available
shale gas in the Hamitabat and
Mezdere areas of the Thracian
region, which have yet to be taken
into the scope of the operating
agreement, but which may be put
on the agenda in the coming
period.

As of the end of 2012, our
remaining producible natural gas
reserves were 6,8 billion m3. Our
installed capacity using natural gas
for the generation of electricity as
of the end of 2013 was 20.268 MW,
and this value meets 31,6 percent of
our total installed capacity.
Domestic petrol and natural gas
search and production activities will
continue to be prioritised, and
protect their importance. Strategic
importance will be placed on the
passage of project directed at the
transportation of natural gas to
Europe, in order for the increasing
natural gas demand of Europe to be
met from the resources in our
region. Our policies directed at our
country becoming a natural gas hub
in the medium and long term will be
continued with persistence.
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GAS

As a result of the serious coal
exploration activities carried out in
recent years, the lignite reserves in our
country have increased significantly.
Together with this, the efforts directed
at classifying the said reserves in
accordance with international
standards, and determining our
economically exploitable reserves, are
continuing.
Our country is evaluated as being at
medium levels in terms of the reserves
and production amounts of lignite, and
at low levels in terms of anthracite.
Approximately 1,6% of the total world
reserves of lignite are in our country.
Together with this, as the grade of a
large portion of our lignite is low, its
use in thermal plants has stood out.
Approximately 46% of the lignite
reserves in our country are located in
the Afsin – Elbistan basin. The most
important anthracite reserves of our
country are in Zonguldak and the
surrounding regions. The total
anthracite reserves in the Zonguldak
basin are 1.322 billion tonnes, and the
visible reserves are around 519 million
tonnes.
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COAL
In 2012, our country possessed 121 Million
Tonnes of Equivalent Petrol (MTEP), with
the share of coal in the total primary energy
consumption being 31%.
As of the end of 2013, the power plant
installed capacity dependent on coal in our
country, was 12.563 MW, and this is equal
to 20% of the total installed capacity. The
installed capacity using domestic coal is
8.515 MW (13,3%) and using imported coal
is 4.048 MW (6,3%).
In 2013, a total of 61,5 TWh gross electricity
was generated from coal, and this is around
25,7% of the total gross electricity generation
amount. An increase of a total of around 5,8
billion tonnes of reserves was realised
between 2005-2012. The level of lignite
reserves in 2005 were 8,3 billion tonnes,
while at the end of 2012 this level had risen
to14 billion tonnes.
The efforts directed at putting our lignite
fields, whose reserves have been determined,
and which possess the features required to
establish thermal plants, into operation
quickly, rather than using natural gas, which
is an imported resource, in the generation of
electricity, and of adding new units to
existing plants, are continuing.

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HYDRAULICS
Among the various sources of
energy, hydroelectricity power
stations are preferred due to their
being environmentally friendly and
carrying low potential risk.
The theoretical hydroelectricity
potential of our country is 1% of
theoretical potential of the world,
while its economic potential is 16%
of the economic potential of Europe.
Our hydraulic resources, which hold
the most important position in the
renewable energy potential of our
country, possess a hydroelectricity
potential of 433 billion kWh, while
the technically usable potential is
216 kWh, and the economic
hydroelectricity potential is 140
billion kWh/year. As of the end of
2013, 41% of the potential which is
said to be economic, was in
operation, and 27% was in the
process of being built (including
private sector projects).
As of the end of 2013, there
were 467 HES plants, with a
total installed capacity of
22.289 MW. This is the
equivalent of 34,8% of the
total potential. In 2013,
24,8% of our electricity
output came from
hydraulics.
It is aimed that all of the
hydroelectricity potential
which can be evaluated –
both technically and
economically – be used in
the generation of electricity
until 2023, with the target of
using all of our 36.000 MW
hydroelectricity potential by
that year.

The wind energy potential
of Turkey has been
determined as 48.000
MW. The total area which
is equivalent to this
potential is just 1.30% of
the total surface area of
Turkey.
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WIND

Our country is very lucky to
possess a high solar energy
potential, in terms of its
geographical location.
According to the Solar Energy
Map (SEM) of Turkey prepared
by the Renewable Energy
General Directorate, it has been
determined that the total annual
insolation time is 2.737 hours (a
total of 7i5 hours per day), and
the total solar energy derived per
year is 1.527 kWh/m2 per year
(total 4,2 kWh/m2 per day).
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SOLAR

The top 5 countries in geothermal
heat and hot springs applications
are China, the USA, Sweden,
Turkey and Japan.
As Turkey is situated on the Alps
– Himalayas belt, it is a country
with quite a high geothermal
potential. In theory, the
geothermal capacity of our
country is 31.500 MW. 79% o the
areas with a potential within our
country are situated in Western
Anatolia, 8,5% in Central
Anatolia, 7,5% in the Marmara
Region, 4,5% in Eastern Anatolia
and 0,5% in the other regions.
94% of our geothermal resources
are low and medium heat, and
suitable for direct applications
(heating, thermal tourism, the
output of minerals, etc.), while
6% are suitable for indirect
applications (the generation of
electricity energy).
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GEOTHERMAL
In theory, the electricity
which can be potentially
generated through
geothermal energy in Turkey
has been estimated as 2.000
MW. As of the end of 2013,
the geothermal electricity
generation potential of those
who had obtained licenses
from EMRA, reached 706,4
MW. This figure is expected
to reach 1.000 MW by the
end of 2023. There are a total
of 15 geothermal energy
plants in our country as of
today, and our installed
capacity has reached 404,9
MW.

In our country, biodiesel is a fuel
which can be used in every area
where diesel is used, except for
our very cold regions. While
biodiesel is used in place of
diesel in the transport sector, it is
also a fuel which can be used as
fuel oil in the housing and
industrial sectors.
The total consumption of fuels in
our country is 22 million tonnes.
3 million tonnes of this is petrol.
In contrast to this the installed
capacity for biodiesel in our
country is 160 thousand tonnes.
Our biomass sources are
comprised of agricultural,
forestry, animal, organic, urban,
etc. waste. Our waste potential is
close to 8,6 MTEP, and 6 MTEP
of this is used for heating
purposes.
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BIO-FUELS

Nuclear reactors are the systems
which convert nuclear energy
into electricity energy.
In respect of the continuity of
electricity generation, nuclear
plants are safer and more
disposable than thermal and
hydraulic plants.
The ideal of our country for half
a century has been to establish a
nuclear power plant. This has
begun to be realised with the
signing of the Agreement
Concerning the Cooperation for
the establishment and Operation
of a Nuclear power Plant in the
Akkuyu Field, between the
Government of the Republic of
Turkey and the Russian
Federation, on 12 May 2010.
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NUCLEAR
In order to meet the fast rising
demand for electricity, and
reduce the risks associated with
being dependent on imports, it
is planned to take 2 nuclear
power plants into operation by
2023, and to begin the
construction of a further 3
during the same period.
Based on the supply and
demand projections for
electricity energy in our
country, it is aimed that the
share of the electricity
generated by nuclear energy
plants within the total, reach
5% by 2020. With this purpose
in mind, the Legislation on the
Establishment and Operation of
Nuclear Power Plants, and their
Sales of Energy, numbered
5710, was passed in 2007.

The fuel from the heat
emanated by the sun and
the other stars in response
to thermo-nuclear reactions
is hydrogen, which is the
basic energy source of the
universe.
Researches have shown
that under current
conditions hydrogen is
approximately three times
more expensive than other
fuels and that its
widespread use will be
dependent on the
development of
technologies which will
lower the cost of hydrogen
production.
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HYDROGEN
Together with this, the
storage of any excess supply
of electricity energy, which
may become available from
time to time (on a daily or
seasonal basis) as hydrogen,
can be evaluated as a valid
alternative for today. The
widespread use of the energy
stored in this way (for
example for mass transport
vehicles) is dependent on the
development of automotive
technologies using fuel cells.

RENEWABLE
ENERGY IN
TURKEY
R E N E WA B L E E N NIYGRE T
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This questionnaire is prepared by
students and teachers as a part of the
ERASMUS plus program’s project
‘’Safe energy – energy for the
future’’.
Let’s have a look at the results.
R E N EW A B L E E N NIYGRE T
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QUESTIONAIRE

R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y I N T U R K E Y
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SG
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ERIANOI
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DNW
P LORE
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D R A SCI
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