3. Venus has a beautiful name
Food, religion and dress a distinctive speech style are
all ways that ethnic minorities may use to distinguish
themselves from the majority group .
Scots people tend to retain features of their Scottish
English , by the pronunciation of ‘r’ in words like part
and star and is widely noted as a marker of Scottish
ethnicity
4. One of its most distinctive features is
the complete absence of the copula
verb ‘be’ in some social contexts and
‘is’ . African American Vernacular
English
AFRICAN AMERICAN VERNACULAR
ENGLISH
AAVE don’t need a distinct variety or
code as a way differentiating themselves
from the majority group because this
group has developed a distinct variety of
English known as African American
Vernacular English
5. AAVE speakers also simplify the consonant cluster at the end of words ,
but they do so much more frequently than speakers of standard English .
For example :
last time They drop the first ‘h’ so the consonant cluster ‘st’ at the end
becomes simply ‘s’
FOR EXAMPLE:
African American Vernacular English
she be at school on weekdays she very nice
American Standard English
she’s always at school on weekdays she’s very nice
6. A social network: is a social is structure made up of
a set of actors (such as individuals or
organizations) and the dyadic ties between these
actors Social networks
SOCIAL NETWORKS
7. the men they work with and mix with outside work are also their
relation and neighbors, and they all speak alike. The patterns noted in
the previous sections suggest that, as members of the working class,
they will tend to use more vernacular forms that other social groups.
• they frequently delete th [ð] in mother and brother
for example, and pronounce man as [mo:n], and map as [ma:p].
there are two technical terms which have proved very useful for
describing different types of networks : Density Plexity
density refers to whether members of a persons network are in touch
each other.
plexity is a measure of the range of different of transaction people are
involved in with different individual
8. Communities of practice and the construction of
social identity
● the concept community of practice has been adopted by
some sociolinguists to permit a focus on social categories like these which
make more sense to participants than abstract categories such as class
and gender. Communities of practice develop around the activities which
group members engage in together, and their shared objectives and
attitudes.
For example :
At school, Jo constructs her burnout identity, using particular vocabulary (e.g.
poins) and innovative variants of vowels in the pronunciation of words like fun
and line.
