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Pengantar Interpretasi dan
Pengolahan Citra (Bagian 2)
IF4073 Interpretasi dan Pengolahan Citra
Oleh: Rinaldi Munir
Program Studi Teknik Informatika
Sekolah Teknik Elektro dan Informatika
Institut Teknologi Bandung
2021
Computer Vision
• Computer vision merupakan proses otomatis yang mengintegrasikan
sejumlah besar proses untuk persepsi visual, seperti akuisisi citra,
pengolahan citra, klasifikasi, pengenalan (recognition), dan membuat
keputusan.
• Computer vision terdiri dari teknik-teknik untuk mengestimasi ciri-ciri
objek di dalam citra, pengukuran ciri yang berkaitan dengan geometri
objek, dan menginterpretasi informasi geometri tersebut.
• Vision = Geometry + Measurement + Interpretation
• Pada hakikatnya, computer vision mencoba meniru cara kerja sistem
visual manusia (human vision).
• Human vision sesungguhnya sangat kompleks. Manusia melihat objek
dengan indera penglihatan (mata), lalu citra objek diteruskan ke otak
untuk diinterpretasi sehingga manusia mengerti objek apa yang
tampak dalam pandangan matanya.
• Hasil interpretasi ini mungkin digunakan untuk pengambilan
keputusan (misalnya menghindar kalau melihat mobil melaju di
depan).
• Proses-proses di dalam computer vision dapat dibagi menjadi tiga
aktivitas:
1. Memperoleh atau mengakuisisi citra digital.
2. Melakukan teknik komputasi untuk memperoses atau
memodifikasi data citra (operasi-operasi pengolahan citra).
3. Menganalisis dan menginterpretasi citra dan menggunakan hasil
pemrosesan untuk tujuan tertentu, misalnya memandu robot,
mengontrol peralatan, memantau proses manufaktur, dan lain-
lain.
• Proses-proses di dalam computer vision dalam hirarkhi sebagai
berikut :
Image Processing  Computer Vision
• Rangkaian kesatuan dari image processing ke computer vision dapat
dipecah menjadi low-, mid- dan high-level processes
Low Level Process
Input: Image
Output: Image
Examples: Noise removal,
image sharpening
Mid Level Process
Input: Image
Output: Attributes
Examples: Object
detection and recognition,
segmentation
High Level Process
Input: Attributes
Output: Understanding
Examples: scene
understanding,
autonomous navigation
Kuliah IF4073 sampai di
sini saja
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Image Processing v.s. Computer Vision
7
Image Processing
Computer Vision
Low Level
High Level
Acquisition, representation,
compression, transmission
image enhancement
edge/feature extraction
Pattern matching
image "understanding“
(Recognition, 3D)
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image
Acquisition
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Segmentation
Representation
& Description
Image
Enhancement
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Aquisition
Image
Acquisition
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Segmentation
Representation
& Description
Image
Enhancement
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
Images
taken
from
Gonzalez
&
Woods,
Digital
Image
Processing
(2002)
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Enhancement
Image
Acquisition
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Segmentation
Representation
& Description
Image
Enhancement
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
Images
taken
from
Gonzalez
&
Woods,
Digital
Image
Processing
(2002)
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Restoration
Image
Acquisition
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Segmentation
Representation
& Description
Image
Enhancement
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
Images
taken
from
Gonzalez
&
Woods,
Digital
Image
Processing
(2002)
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Morphological Processing
Image
Acquisition
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Segmentation
Representation
& Description
Image
Enhancement
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
Images
taken
from
Gonzalez
&
Woods,
Digital
Image
Processing
(2002)
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Segmentation
Representation
& Description
Image
Enhancement
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
Images
taken
from
Gonzalez
&
Woods,
Digital
Image
Processing
(2002)
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Object Recognition
Image
Acquisition
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Segmentation
Representation
& Description
Image
Enhancement
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
Images
taken
from
Gonzalez
&
Woods,
Digital
Image
Processing
(2002)
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Representation & Description
Image
Acquisition
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Segmentation
Representation
& Description
Image
Enhancement
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
Images
taken
from
Gonzalez
&
Woods,
Digital
Image
Processing
(2002)
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Compression
Image
Acquisition
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Segmentation
Representation
& Description
Image
Enhancement
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Colour Image Processing
Image
Acquisition
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Segmentation
Representation
& Description
Image
Enhancement
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
19
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
• Image editing …
1. Cropping
2. Removal
of unwanted
element
20
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
• Image editing …
3. Selective color change
4. Perspective correction
and distortion
21
• Image editing …
5. Selecting and merging of images
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
22
• Image editing
6. Special effects
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Image Inpainting 1
23
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Image Inpainting 2
24
Images of Venus taken by the Russian lander Ventra-10 in 1975
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
1. Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
Video Inpainting
25
Y. Wexler, E. Shechtman and M. Irani 2004
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
26
• Robotika
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Image Demosaicing
27
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
28
• Medis
Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) of brain
Normal (left) versus cancerous (right)
mammography image.
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
29
• Remote sensing
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
30
• Face detection
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
31
• Perdagangan
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Biometrics
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging
Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
Autonomous Vehicles
• Land, Underwater, Space
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging
Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
Traffic Monitoring
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging
Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
Face Detection
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging
Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
Face Recognition
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging
Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
Facial Expression Recognition
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging
Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
Hand Gesture Recognition
• Smart Human-Computer User Interfaces
• Sign Language Recognition
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging
Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
Human Activity Recognition
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging
Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
Medical Applications
skin cancer breast cancer
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques,
Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
Image Morphing
Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques,
Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Inserting Artificial Objects into a Scene
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging
Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
An image retrieval system is a computer system for browsing, searching and retrieving images from a large
database of digital images
Sumber: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2017/11/information-retrieval-using-kdtree/
Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
Human tracking
Citra Uji Standard
• Terdapat sejumlah citra yang sering dipakai sebagai citra uji di dalam pengolahan
citra atau computer vision.
• Citra-citra tersebut sering disebut sebagai standard test image, baik citra grayscale
maupun citra berwarna.
• Umumnya citra uji berukuran persegi (N x N) untuk memudahkan beberapa operasi
pengolahan citra yang mengasumsikan citra masukan sebagai citra persegi.
• Empat citra uji standard yang popular dan digunakan secara luas adalah citra Lena,
mandrill, camera, dan pepper.
• Koleksi citra uji dapat dilihat di laman situs web saya:
http://informatika.stei.itb.ac.id/~rinaldi.munir/Koleksi/Citra%20Uji/CitraUji.htm
Empat citra popular dalam bidang image processing
Citra uji lainnya:
Sejarah Citra Lena
• Lenna atau Lena adalah nama citra uji standard yang digunakan secara luas
di dalam bidang pengolahan citra sejak tahun 1973.
• Lena adalah citra seorang model Swedia bernama Lena Söderberg, yang
dipotong dari majalah Playboy.
• Foto Lena dari majalah tersebut dipindai oleh Alexander Sawchuk, dia
memerlukan foto wajah untuk ditampilkan di dalam sebuah artikel
ilmiahnya di sebuah konferensi IEEE.
• Alasan penggunaan citra Lena sebagai citra uji adalah karena citra ini
memiliki detil yang bagus, tekstur, dan bayangan, tetapi yang paling
penting adalah nilai-nilai pixel-nya tersebar secara merata (histogram).
• Tidak dipungkiri juga alasan karena ia seorang wanita cantik, seorang
model, dan seorang artis.
• Sejarah pertama kali citra Lenna dipakai sebagai citra uji ditulis
sebagai berikut:
Alexander Sawchuk estimates that it was in June or July of 1973 when he, then an assistant
professor of electrical engineering at the University of Southern California Signal and Image
Processing Institute (SIPI), along with a graduate student and the SIPI lab manager, was
hurriedly searching the lab for a good image to scan for a colleague's conference paper. They
got tired of their stock of usual test images, dull stuff dating back to television standards work
in the early 1960s. They wanted something glossy to ensure good output dynamic range, and
they wanted a human face. Just then, somebody happened to walk in with a recent issue of
Playboy.
The engineers tore away the top third of the centerfold so they could wrap it around the drum
of their Muirhead wirephoto scanner, which they had outfitted with analog-to-digital converters
(one each for the red, green, and blue channels) and a Hewlett Packard 2100 minicomputer.
The Muirhead had a fixed resolution of 100 lines per inch and the engineers wanted a
512×512 image, so they limited the scan to the top 5.12 inches of the picture, effectively
cropping it at the subject's shoulders.
Sumber: Wikipedia
Lena Söderberg tahun 1997:
Currently, Lenna lives
near Stockholm and
works for a government
agency supervising
handicapped employees
archiving data using,
appropriately, computers
and scanners.
Sumber:
http://www.ee.cityu.edu.
hk/~lmpo/lenna/Lenna97
.html
Lena saat ini:
I discovered that the last time she’d appeared
in public was in 2015, as a “special guest” at an
image processing industry conference in
Quebec City.
“I’m just surprised that it never ends,” Forsen
says about her unusual fame.
Sumber: https://www.wired.com/story/finding-
lena-the-patron-saint-of-jpegs/
Sumber bahan ajar ini
1. Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
2. Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department
of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee

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02-Pengantar-Pengolahan-Citra-Bag2-2021.pptx

  • 1. Pengantar Interpretasi dan Pengolahan Citra (Bagian 2) IF4073 Interpretasi dan Pengolahan Citra Oleh: Rinaldi Munir Program Studi Teknik Informatika Sekolah Teknik Elektro dan Informatika Institut Teknologi Bandung 2021
  • 2. Computer Vision • Computer vision merupakan proses otomatis yang mengintegrasikan sejumlah besar proses untuk persepsi visual, seperti akuisisi citra, pengolahan citra, klasifikasi, pengenalan (recognition), dan membuat keputusan. • Computer vision terdiri dari teknik-teknik untuk mengestimasi ciri-ciri objek di dalam citra, pengukuran ciri yang berkaitan dengan geometri objek, dan menginterpretasi informasi geometri tersebut. • Vision = Geometry + Measurement + Interpretation
  • 3. • Pada hakikatnya, computer vision mencoba meniru cara kerja sistem visual manusia (human vision). • Human vision sesungguhnya sangat kompleks. Manusia melihat objek dengan indera penglihatan (mata), lalu citra objek diteruskan ke otak untuk diinterpretasi sehingga manusia mengerti objek apa yang tampak dalam pandangan matanya. • Hasil interpretasi ini mungkin digunakan untuk pengambilan keputusan (misalnya menghindar kalau melihat mobil melaju di depan).
  • 4. • Proses-proses di dalam computer vision dapat dibagi menjadi tiga aktivitas: 1. Memperoleh atau mengakuisisi citra digital. 2. Melakukan teknik komputasi untuk memperoses atau memodifikasi data citra (operasi-operasi pengolahan citra). 3. Menganalisis dan menginterpretasi citra dan menggunakan hasil pemrosesan untuk tujuan tertentu, misalnya memandu robot, mengontrol peralatan, memantau proses manufaktur, dan lain- lain.
  • 5. • Proses-proses di dalam computer vision dalam hirarkhi sebagai berikut :
  • 6. Image Processing  Computer Vision • Rangkaian kesatuan dari image processing ke computer vision dapat dipecah menjadi low-, mid- dan high-level processes Low Level Process Input: Image Output: Image Examples: Noise removal, image sharpening Mid Level Process Input: Image Output: Attributes Examples: Object detection and recognition, segmentation High Level Process Input: Attributes Output: Understanding Examples: scene understanding, autonomous navigation Kuliah IF4073 sampai di sini saja Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 7. Image Processing v.s. Computer Vision 7 Image Processing Computer Vision Low Level High Level Acquisition, representation, compression, transmission image enhancement edge/feature extraction Pattern matching image "understanding“ (Recognition, 3D) Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 8.
  • 9. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 10. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Image Aquisition Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 11. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Image Enhancement Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 12. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Image Restoration Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 13. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Morphological Processing Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 14. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Segmentation Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 15. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Object Recognition Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 16. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Representation & Description Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 17. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Image Compression Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 18. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Colour Image Processing Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 19. 19 Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) • Image editing … 1. Cropping 2. Removal of unwanted element
  • 20. 20 Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) • Image editing … 3. Selective color change 4. Perspective correction and distortion
  • 21. 21 • Image editing … 5. Selecting and merging of images Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
  • 22. 22 • Image editing 6. Special effects Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
  • 23. Image Inpainting 1 23 Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 24. Image Inpainting 2 24 Images of Venus taken by the Russian lander Ventra-10 in 1975 Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) 1. Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010 Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 25. Video Inpainting 25 Y. Wexler, E. Shechtman and M. Irani 2004 Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010
  • 26. 26 • Robotika Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
  • 27. Image Demosaicing 27 Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
  • 28. 28 • Medis Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain Normal (left) versus cancerous (right) mammography image. Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
  • 29. 29 • Remote sensing Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
  • 30. 30 • Face detection Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
  • 31. 31 • Perdagangan Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
  • 32. Biometrics Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
  • 33. Autonomous Vehicles • Land, Underwater, Space Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
  • 34. Traffic Monitoring Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
  • 35. Face Detection Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
  • 36. Face Recognition Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
  • 37. Facial Expression Recognition Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
  • 38. Hand Gesture Recognition • Smart Human-Computer User Interfaces • Sign Language Recognition Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
  • 39. Human Activity Recognition Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
  • 40. Medical Applications skin cancer breast cancer Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
  • 41. Image Morphing Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision)
  • 42. Inserting Artificial Objects into a Scene Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Sumber: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee
  • 43. Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) An image retrieval system is a computer system for browsing, searching and retrieving images from a large database of digital images Sumber: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2017/11/information-retrieval-using-kdtree/
  • 44. Aplikasi Pengolahan Citra (dan Computer Vision) Human tracking
  • 45. Citra Uji Standard • Terdapat sejumlah citra yang sering dipakai sebagai citra uji di dalam pengolahan citra atau computer vision. • Citra-citra tersebut sering disebut sebagai standard test image, baik citra grayscale maupun citra berwarna. • Umumnya citra uji berukuran persegi (N x N) untuk memudahkan beberapa operasi pengolahan citra yang mengasumsikan citra masukan sebagai citra persegi. • Empat citra uji standard yang popular dan digunakan secara luas adalah citra Lena, mandrill, camera, dan pepper. • Koleksi citra uji dapat dilihat di laman situs web saya: http://informatika.stei.itb.ac.id/~rinaldi.munir/Koleksi/Citra%20Uji/CitraUji.htm
  • 46.
  • 47. Empat citra popular dalam bidang image processing Citra uji lainnya:
  • 48. Sejarah Citra Lena • Lenna atau Lena adalah nama citra uji standard yang digunakan secara luas di dalam bidang pengolahan citra sejak tahun 1973. • Lena adalah citra seorang model Swedia bernama Lena Söderberg, yang dipotong dari majalah Playboy. • Foto Lena dari majalah tersebut dipindai oleh Alexander Sawchuk, dia memerlukan foto wajah untuk ditampilkan di dalam sebuah artikel ilmiahnya di sebuah konferensi IEEE. • Alasan penggunaan citra Lena sebagai citra uji adalah karena citra ini memiliki detil yang bagus, tekstur, dan bayangan, tetapi yang paling penting adalah nilai-nilai pixel-nya tersebar secara merata (histogram). • Tidak dipungkiri juga alasan karena ia seorang wanita cantik, seorang model, dan seorang artis.
  • 49.
  • 50. • Sejarah pertama kali citra Lenna dipakai sebagai citra uji ditulis sebagai berikut: Alexander Sawchuk estimates that it was in June or July of 1973 when he, then an assistant professor of electrical engineering at the University of Southern California Signal and Image Processing Institute (SIPI), along with a graduate student and the SIPI lab manager, was hurriedly searching the lab for a good image to scan for a colleague's conference paper. They got tired of their stock of usual test images, dull stuff dating back to television standards work in the early 1960s. They wanted something glossy to ensure good output dynamic range, and they wanted a human face. Just then, somebody happened to walk in with a recent issue of Playboy. The engineers tore away the top third of the centerfold so they could wrap it around the drum of their Muirhead wirephoto scanner, which they had outfitted with analog-to-digital converters (one each for the red, green, and blue channels) and a Hewlett Packard 2100 minicomputer. The Muirhead had a fixed resolution of 100 lines per inch and the engineers wanted a 512×512 image, so they limited the scan to the top 5.12 inches of the picture, effectively cropping it at the subject's shoulders. Sumber: Wikipedia
  • 51. Lena Söderberg tahun 1997: Currently, Lenna lives near Stockholm and works for a government agency supervising handicapped employees archiving data using, appropriately, computers and scanners. Sumber: http://www.ee.cityu.edu. hk/~lmpo/lenna/Lenna97 .html
  • 52. Lena saat ini: I discovered that the last time she’d appeared in public was in 2015, as a “special guest” at an image processing industry conference in Quebec City. “I’m just surprised that it never ends,” Forsen says about her unusual fame. Sumber: https://www.wired.com/story/finding- lena-the-patron-saint-of-jpegs/
  • 53. Sumber bahan ajar ini 1. Yacov Hel-Or, Image Processing, Spring 2010 2. Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Mathematical Imaging Techniques, Department of Mathematics, IIT Roorkee