PLM and CAD hardware

UNIT-I: Product Lifecycle
Dr.D.Sreeramulu
Professor

Background
In today’s global competition, industries cannot survive unless they
introduce new products or existing ones with:
 Better Quality
 Shorter lead time
 Lower Cost
®Educational Purpose Only
Role of Computers
Computers have come to play an important role in helping industries
achieve these goals.
How?
 Enables automation
 Helps integration of cumbersome and separate Life-Cycle tasks

Product Life Cycle in Design and Manufacturing (CAX) environment

The Design Process
Geometric Modeling
Engineering Analysis
Design Review and
Evaluation
Automated Drafting
The CAD Process

ICG (Interactive Computer Graphics): Denotes a user oriented system in
which the computer is employed to create, transform and display data in
the form of pictures and symbols.
CAD :Use of computer in creation, modification, analysis and optimization
of a design.
CAD is more than a drawing tool, it is a tool :
• For managing and manipulating surfaces/volumes.
• Based on a core/engine that utilizes mathematical
representations to track, manipulate, and communicate
geometry.
CAM is used to translate geometric representations into information you
can use to instruct machines.
CAE is a tool used for Mathematical modelling and analyses.
CA(X) – Computer Aided (X)

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
• Use of computer systems to assist in
the creation, modification, analysis,
and
optimization of a design
• Typical tools:
– Tolerance analysis
– Mass property calculations
– Finite-element modeling and
visualization
• Defines the geometry of the design

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
• Use of computer systems to
plan, manage, and control
manufacturing operations
• Direct or indirect computer
interface with the plant’s
production resources
• Numerical control of
machine tools
• Programming of robots

Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
• Use of computer systems to
analyze CAD geometry
• Allows designer to simulate
and study how the product
will behave, allowing for
optimization
• Finite-element method (FEM)
– Divides model into
interconnected elements
– Solves continuous field
problems

• While Product Design is carried out using
Geometric Modeling (Wire frame, Surface, Solid)
in CAD, the designed geometry is analyzed in CAE
by deducing a Mathematical Model out of the
Geometric Model.
• Mathematical Model is subjected to boundary
conditions by modern techniques known as FEM.
• FEM/FEA helps in approximating the errors in the
design by different numerical
methods/algorithms.
Introduction to FEM/FEA

Components of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems
Major component is hardware and software
allowing shape manipulation
• Hardware includes graphic devices and their
peripherals for input and output operations
• Software includes packages that manipulate or
analyze shapes according to user interaction

Components of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems

CAD/CAM-Hardware
(Computer Hardware)

Major Accessories in a Computer

Typical Hardware Configuration of a Standalone CAD System
Secondary
Storage
CPU
Graphics
Terminal
Input
Devices
Output,
Plotters
etc…

CPU
• Central Processing Unit - also called “The Chip”,
a CPU, a processor, or a microprocessor
• CPU or microprocessor is often described as the
brain of a computer.
• CPU is an integrated circuit or “chip” which
processes instructions and data.
• CPU types.
– Intel Pentium II, III, IV
– Intel Celeron
– AMD Athlon

• The three major components of the CPU are:
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (Computations performed)
Accumulator (Results of computations kept here)
2. Control Unit (Has two locations where numbers are kept)
Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for analysis)
Program Counter (Which instruction will be performed next?)
3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)
Motherboard: The place where most of the
electronics including the CPU are mounted
CPU Continued…

Primary Memory
• Primary storage or memory: Is where the data and program that
are currently in operation or being accessed are stored during use.
– Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast and
expensive.
– Two types:
• RAM (non-permanent)
– Programs and data can be stored here for the computer’s use.
– Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shuts
down.
• ROM (permanent)
– Contents do not change.

Memory (RAM)
RAM or Random Access Memory
• “Waiting room” for computer’s CPU.
• Holds instructions for processing data,
processed data, and raw data.
• RAM is measured by:
– Capacity (in Megabytes or Gigabytes)
– Speed (in Nanoseconds)

• Amount of RAM installed will determine.
– Which software applications will run (efficiently)?
– How many software applications can be open simultaneously
(multitasking ability)?
• RAM upgrades are cost-effective and easy to install.
• All software applications will have RAM specifications listed
on their packaging.
• Many applications list both a minimum and a recommended
amount of RAM necessary to run the software.
 Be cautious about buying software for a system based on
minimum requirement.
Memory (RAM) Continued…

Output Devices
• Graphics Terminals (Monitors)
The basic two techniques used in current computer graphics
terminals are
1) Stroke Writing 2) Raster Scan
• Monitors are the most commonly used output device.
• Most monitors use a bitmap display.
– Allows user to resize the display.
– Divides the screen into a matrix of tiny square “dots” called pixels
(phosphor picture elements)
– The more “dots” a screen can display, the higher the resolution of the
monitor.

Graphic Terminals
• Hi-resolution monitors come in two types:
– Cathode ray tube (CRT) - Streams of electrons make
phosphors glow on a large vacuum tube.
– Liquid crystal display (LCD) - A flat panel display that
uses crystals to let varying amounts of different
colored light to pass through it.
• Developed primarily for portable computers.
 Three types of graphic terminals are available
with today’s CAD systems.
1) Directed Beam Refresh
2) Direct View Storage Tube (DVST)
3) Raster Scan Terminal

CRT
 Cathode in vacuum glass tube
pouring a ray of electrons.
 Anode positive
• Pulling negative electrons off
from Cathode
 Phosphor
• Glows when hit by beams of
electrons.

LCD
Polarized light changed by liquid crystal.

Output Devices
Printers
– Dot matrix
• Seldom used in a classroom.
• Still frequently used in business.
– Bubble or ink jet
– Laser
Projection systems or classroom TVs
can display information from a
computer system on a larger screen
for whole-class instruction.

Input Devices
• Input is all information put into a computer.
Input can be supplied from a variety of sources:
– A person
– A storage device on computer
– Another computer
– A peripheral device
– Another piece of equipment, such as a musical
instrument or thermometer
• Input devices gather and translate data into a
form the computer understands.

The primary operator input devices are:
1)KeyBoard - Most common input device; used to type in
commands and data
2)Digitizer – It consists of a large, smooth board and an electronic
tracking device which can be moved over the surface to follow
existing lines.
3)Cursor Control Devices – The cursor normally takes the form of
a bright spot on the CRT screen, that indicates where lettering or
drawing will occur.
Different Cursor Control devices include i) thumb wheels ii)
Direction keys on Keyboard Terminal, iii) Joysticks, iv) Tracker
Balls, v) Light Pen, vi) Electronic Tablet/pen
Input Devices Continued…

Storage Devices
• Electronic devices that store, retrieve, and
save instructions and data.
• Today’s microcomputers or PCs include several
types of storage devices.
• Capacity and speed are important
considerations when selecting a new storage
device for a PC.

• Magnetic storage devices
store data by magnetizing
particles on a disk or tape.
They have a limited life-span
of 1 to 5 years, depending on
the device.
• Optical storage devices store
data as light and dark spots
on the disk surface. They
have an unlimited life-span.
Storage Devices: Continued…

Hard Disk Drives
• Capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB or
billions of bytes).
• Typically permanently installed.
• Used to store operating system, application
software, utilities and data.
• Magnetic storage device.
Storage Devices Continued…

Floppy Disk Drives
• Capacity is 1.44 to 2.0 megabytes (MB or
millions of bytes).
– Storage device with the smallest capacity
– Most portable storage media
• Magnetic storage device.

• Optical Disks: CD-ROM and DVD
– CD-ROM (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory)
• By its definition, CD-ROM is Read Only.
• Special CD drives “burn” information into blank CDs.
– Burn: A laser is used to “burn” craters into the surface to
represent a binary 1.
– Two main types of CDs:
» CD-R (Compact Disk - Recordable)
» CD-WR (Compact Disk - ReWritable)
• It takes longer to write to a CD-R than a hard drive.
• Special software is needed to record.

• DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
– Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7 GB
to 17 GB).
– Compatible with older CD-ROM technology.
– The four versions of the DVD:

Other Types of Drives
• Zip Drives – Several different capacities are
available.
• Tape Drives – Generally used for system
backups, becoming less common.
• USB Mass Storage Devices (Pen Drives, External
HDD)

Storage Devices Continued…
• Storage Requirements: How much storage
capacity is needed for…
– One keystroke on a keyboard. 1 byte (8 bits)
– One page single-spaced document. 4.0 K
– Nineteen pages formatted text. 75 K
– One second of high-fidelity sound. 95-110 K
– Complete word processing program. 8.4 MG
• Storage Capacity: How much data can be stored
on…
– One inch of 1/2 in. wide magnetic tape. 4 K
– One 3 1/2” floppy disk, high density. 1.4 MG
– One Compact Disk. 650 MG
– One DVD. up to 17 GB

Benefits of CAD
Three Dimensional Modeling: Creating 3D models
manually is a very difficult and tiresome job. 3D CAD
packages have many more powerful features for creating
the 3D models easily.
Easy to Modify: Modifying the CAD geometry is easy; you
will always have “copy”, “cut”, “paste”, “delete”, “move”
or some similar editing options available with each of the
packages.
Easy to Reproduce: Draftsmen used to take days to
complete a drawing by manual drafting, and reproducing the
drawing meant recreating the drawing from the beginning.
But, in case of the CAD, you can reproduce the drawing in
no time and make as many copies as you want.

Benefits of CAD
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM): The 3D CAD
geometry is used as input for the CAM packages for
generating NC codes. The manual drawings cannot be used
for CAM packages.
Computer Aided Engineering (CAE): The 3D CAD geometry
is used as input for the CAE packages. The CAE packages
can simulate the loading conditions and tell whether the CAD
geometry can withstand the real loading or not. The drawings
created manually cannot be used for CAE.
Simulation of the Mechanisms: The 3D CAD geometry can
be used for simulating the mechanism, thus you can check the
functionality of a machine without investing in prototype
building. Manual drawings cannot be used for mechanism
simulation.

Benefits of CAD
Database Creation: The CAD files can be used to create a
PDM/PLM database. Once created, the CAD database can be
accessed through a wide area network. The drawings created
by manual drafting can only be stored locally.
Logical: CAD models or geometry entities are logically
connected, or in other words you cannot create a CAD model
which is not possible practically. The drawings created by the
manual drafting method do not have such checks, and you can
create anything.
Environment Friendly: Manual drawings are necessarily
created on paper, but the CAD drawings can be stored and
used electronically without using paper.
Access Control: Some of the drawings and design documents
are very crucial for a company’s business, and such drawings
should not be accessible to all.

May 2010 43
min
xw max
xw
min
yw
max
yw
Clipping Window
min
xv max
xv
min
yv
max
yv
Viewport
Viewport Coordinates
The clipping window is
mapped into a viewport.
Viewing world has its own
coordinates, which may be
a non-uniform scaling of
world coordinates.
World Coordinates

May 2010 44
2D viewing transformation pipeline
Construct World-
Coordinate Scene
From Modeling-
Coordinate
Transformations
World
Coordinates
Modeling
Coordinates
Convert World-
Coordinates to
Viewing-
Coordinates
Viewing Coordinates
Transform Viewing-
Coordinates to
Normalized-
Coordinates
Normalized
Coordinates Map Normalized-
Coordinates to
Device-Coordinates
Device
Coordinates

Raster Scan Display
Raster scan Display: The whole display surface is divided into a matrix of
small dots called pixels and the electron beam scans whole surface area
line by line like television.
Raster scan Graphics: conversion of vectorial information of the drawing
into equivalent raster format, this is known as rasterization.
Most common graphic elements are Line and circle.
Pixel: It is the smallest addressable area on a screen. An NxM resolution
defines the screen with N rows and M columns.
1280X1204 - 4096X4096
DDA (Digital Differential Analyzer) Algorithm

THANK YOU

PLM and CAD hardware

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