I have made this presentation by thinking about IT students and thought that I can made their small help in IT Best of luck.

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Submitted By – Nitin AgarwalSubmitted By – Nitin Agarwal
Submitted To – Sandeep SirSubmitted To – Sandeep Sir
Class – IXClass – IXthth
FF
Topic – Computer Hardware and SoftwareTopic – Computer Hardware and Software

2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Hardware and Software
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3. Learning Outcomes
• Define hardware and software
• Describe the hardware categories
• Describe the computers categories by size
• Define the two types of software
• Describe the role of the operating system and
utility software
• Compare the uses of vertical and horizontal
market software
• List the common input, output, storage, and
telecommunication devices
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4. Information Technology (IT)
• IT is any computer-based tool that:
– Includes everything that is necessary to
process. It stores or transfer data in a
digital form
–People use to work with information
–Support the information and information-
processing needs of an organization
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5. Hardware: The Basics
• Hardware – physical aspects of
computers, telecommunications, and other
information technology devices
– Example: Keyboard, monitor, computer
cases, mouse, motherboard and many others.
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Mouse

6. Six Categories of Hardware
• Input Device
• Output device
• Storage device
• Central processing unit (CPU)
• Telecommunications device
• Connecting device
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7. Software: The Basics
• Software -a general term for the various
kinds of programs used to operate
computers and related devices
– Example: Microsoft Excel, Internet Explorer,
Adobe Reader, Opera Mini etc.
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8. Two main types of software
• Application software - software used to solve
specific problems or perform specific tasks
• System software - handles tasks specific to
technology management and coordinates the
interaction of all technology devices
– Operating system software - supports the
application software and manages how the hardware
devices work together
– Utility software - provides additional functionality to
the operating system
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9. Computer Categories
• Personal digital assistant (PDA):
a small hand-held computer that
performs simple tasks
• Notebook computer:
a fully functional computer
designed to be carried around
• Tablet computer:
a pen-based computer that
provides the screen capabilities of
a PDA with the functional
capabilities of a notebook
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10. Computer Categories (continued)
10
• Desktop computer
• Minicomputer - designed to meet the computing
needs of several people simultaneously in a small to
medium-size business environment
• Mainframe computer - designed to meet the
computing needs of hundreds of people in a large
business environment
• Supercomputers - the fastest, most powerful, and
most expensive type of computer

11. Software
• Software contains the instructions that
the hardware executes to perform an
information processing task
• Without the aid of software, the computer
hardware is useless
• Two categories of software
– Application
– System
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12. Application Software
• Application software is used for specific
information processing needs, including:
– Payroll
– Customer relationship management
– Project management
– Training
– Word processing and many others
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13. Application Software (continued)
• Personal productivity software :
used to perform personal tasks such as
writing a memo, creating a graph, or
creating a slide presentation
• Examples:
– Microsoft Word
– Microsoft Excel
– Internet Explorer
– Quicken
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14. Application Software (continued)
• Vertical market software :
application software that is unique to a
particular industry
– Patient-scheduling software
– Nursing allocation software
• Horizontal market software :
general enough to be suitable for use in a
variety of industries
– Inventory management software
– Payroll software
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15. System Software
• System software controls how the various
technology tools work together along with the
application software
• Operating System controls application
software and manages how the hardware
devices work together
– Example: Microsoft Windows XP Home,
Mac OS, Linux
• Utility
– Uninstaller software, spyware software 15

16. Data Representation
• Binary digit (bit)
– the smallest unit of information that a
computer can process
• ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
– the coding system that most personal
computers use to represent, process, and
store information
• Byte
– a group of eight bits to represent a character
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17. Common Input Devices
• Input device is a tool
used to capture
information and
commands
• Examples include:
– Keyboard
– Point-of-sale (POS)
– Microphone
– Mouse
– Pointing stick
– Touch pad
– Touch screen
– Bar code reader
– Optical mark
recognition (OMR)
– Scanner
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18. Common Output Devices
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• Output device is equipment used to see, hear, or
otherwise accept the results of information
processing
• Monitors
– Cathode-ray tubes (CRTs)
– Flat-panel displays
– Liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors
– Gas plasma displays
• Pixels - the dots that make up an image on the
computer screen

19. Common Output Devices (continued)
• Printers
– Inkjet printers - make images by forcing ink
droplets through nozzles
– Laser printers - form images using an
electrostatic process, the same way a
photocopier works
– Multifunction printers - scan, copy, and fax,
as well as print
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20. Common Storage Devices
• High-capacity floppy
disk
• Hard disk
• CD-ROM (compact disc
- read-only memory)
• CD-R (compact disc-
recordable)
• CD-RW (compact disc-
rewritable)
• DVD-ROM
• DVD-R
• DVD-RW or DVD+RW
• Flash memory device
• Memory card
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22. Telecommunication Devices

23. Communication Software
• Connectivity software
– enables a computer to “dial up” or connect to
another computer
• Web browser software
– enables a computer to surf the Web
• E-mail software
– enables electronic communication with other
people by sending and receiving e-mail
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24. Wireless Connection
• Infrared also called IR or IrDA (infrared data
association) - uses red light to send and receive
information
• Bluetooth - standard for transmitting information in the
form of short range radio waves over distances of up to
30 feet and is used for purposes such as wirelessly
connecting a cell phone or a PDA to a computer
• Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) - standard for transmitting
information in the form of radio waves over distances up
to about 300 feet
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25. Wireless Connection (continued)

26. Connecting Devices
• Connecting devices enable the hardware
to communicate with each other
– A parallel connector is used to plug a printer
into a system box
– Parallel connector interfaces with a parallel
port that is connected to an expansion card
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27. Buses, Expansion Slots, Expansion
Cards; Ports, Connectors
• Expansion bus - moves information from the CPU and
RAM to all of the other hardware devices
• Expansion slot - a long skinny socket on the
motherboard into which an expansion card is inserted
• Expansion card - a circuit board that is inserted into an
expansion slot
• Ports - simply the plug-ins found on the outside of the
system box into which a connector is plugged into
• Popular connectors include:
– USB (universal serial bus)
– Serial connector
– Parallel connector
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28. Random Access Memory (RAM)
• RAM - temporary
storage that
holds the current
information, the
application
software
currently being
used, and the
operating system
software 28
RIMM
DIMM
SIMM

29. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• CPU - the actual hardware that interprets and executes
the program instructions and coordinates how all the
other hardware devices work together.
– Control unit - interprets software instructions and
tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on
the software instructions
– Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) - performs all arithmetic
operations and all logic operations
• CPU Speed
– Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of CPU
cycles per second
– Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU
cycles per second
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30. Types of Monitors
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
• This monitor uses a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). CRT
tube creates an image on the screen using a beam of
electrons. CRT consists of one or more guns that fire a
beam of electrons inside the screen. The screen is
coated with very tiny Phosphor dots from inside. The
beam of electrons repeatedly falls on the surface of
screen. Every beam fall takes only a fraction of second.
CRT in color monitors consists of three guns. These
guns generate red, green and blue (RGB) colors. The
other colors are generated with a combination of these
three colors. Nowadays, most of the CRT monitors are
replaced by Flat Panel Monitors. 30

31. Flat Panel Monitors
•Flat Panel Monitors take less space and are lightweight.
These monitors use much less power than CRTs. It does
not emit harmful radiations. It is much expensive than CRT.
Notebook computers, PDA and cellular phones use flat
panel monitors. Flat panel monitors are available in
different sizes such as 15”, 17”, 18” & 19” etc.
•Flat panel display is made up of two plates of glass. These
plates contain a substance between them. The substance
is activated in different ways.
•There are two types of technologies used in flat panel
display screens.
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32. Liquid Crystal Display
•Liquid crystal display screen contains a substance
called liquid crystal. The molecules of this substance line
up in such a way that the light behind the screens blocked
or allowed to create an image. LCDs provide a sharper
picture than CRTs and emit less radiation. LCD
displays requires less power and take up less space than
CRT.
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33. • Gas plasma Display
• Gas plasma display uses gas plasma
technology. This technology uses a layer of gas
between two glass plates. The gas release
ultraviolet light when voltage is applied. The
pixels on the screen glow due to this ultraviolet
light and form an image. Plasma display is
available in the sizes of up to 150 inches wide. It
provides richer colors than LCD monitors but are
more expensive. That is why, it is not commonly
used. It provides higher display quality. This type
of monitor can hand directly on a wall.
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34. • Touch Screen Monitors
• Touch screen monitors are used for input as well as
output. A touch screen is a special type of visual display
unit. It has a grid of light beams or fine wires on the
screen. It lets the user to interact with a computer by the
touch of a finger rather than typing on a keyboard or
moving a mouse. The user enters data by touching icons
or menus identified on the screen.
• Most touch screen computers use sensors to detect
touch of a finger. Touch screen is well suited for simple
applications like ATM. It has also become common
in department stores and supermarkets.
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35. • Types of touch Screen Monitors
• There are different types of touch screen
technology. The most common types are
Resistive, Surface wave & Capacitive.
• Resistive Touch Screen
• This monitor usually has a coat of thin
electrically conductive and resistive layer of
metal. A change in electrical current occurs
when it is pressed. The input can be processed
by a computer. These monitors are the most
popular types of touch screen monitors used
today. They are usually not affected by dust or
liquids which make them very reliable.
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36. • Surface Wave Touch Screens
• These monitors use ultrasonic waves to process input
from the screen. These waves flow over the touch
screen. The wave is absorbed and processed by
computer when a person touches the pad.
• Capacitive Touch Screen
• These screens are coated with indium tin oxide. This
material provides continuous current across the screen.
The current can be measure by the processor when the
pad is touched. It is usually used with a bare finger
instead of stylus. These screens have high clarity and
are not affected by dust. Nowadays most of the
smartphones have Capacitive Touch screens.
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