Integrative Approaches To Psychology And Christianity...

Integrative Approaches To Psychology And Christianity...
Entwistle (2015) discusses the philosophical, historical, and practical approach to integrating
psychology and Christianity in his book, Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity.
The author proposes that psychology and Christianity are ultimately creations of a Sovereign God
designed to give complementary enlightenment to mankind for worshiping God and to care for the
suffering. Integration is defined as "...a multi–faceted attempt to discern the underlying truths about
the nature and functioning of human beings from the unique vantage points of psychology (in its
various subdisciplines, utilizing diverse methodologies) and Christianity (in theology, faith, and
practice)" (pp. 260–261, italics in original). Psychology discerns truth through empirical means
through the scientific process of hypothesizing and testing. The author describes it as a study of the
book of "God's Works". As a discipline, it focuses on methological naturalism, which canonizes only
what may be empirically tested. Theology is the discernment of truth through the interpretation of
God's Word, and of reason. As a discipline, it focuses on the supernatural and morality, how man
ought to live, not simply how man does live.
Psychology as a science, emerged in Europe during the nineteenth century from modernism
philosophy, in a world where science and religious establishment had a history of conflict. Entwistle
notes that the "...rise of science represented a shift in how the world was understood
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

A Philosophical View Of Animal Rights
A Philosophical View of Animal Rights
Should animals be harmed to benefit mankind? This pressing question has been around for at least
the past two centuries. During the early nineteenth century, animal experiments emerged as an
important method of science and, in fact, marked the birth of experimental physiology and
neuroscience as we currently know it. There were, however, guidelines that existed even back then
which restricted the conditions of experimentation. These early rules protected the animals, in the
sense that all procedures performed were done so with as little pain as possible and solely to
investigate new truths. Adopting the animals? perspectives, they would probably not agree that these
types of regulations were much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Rodd 4). So, it is easily seen how many views have accumulated over time. The task of determining
animal rights has also come into the context of examining these inherent differences on qualitative
and quantitative levels. We can say, for instance, that on a qualitative level, a cow is less intelligent
than a human. But, we must then determine, on a quantitative level, how much more unintelligent
that cow really is when compared to humans. And, once we decide that, we must then decide if that
margin of intelligence is enough for us humans to slaughter that cow in order to benefit human kind
from its products.
Questions like this and others, which are very similar, have become the snowballing debate over the
question of animal rights. Where do we draw the line? How do we determine the value of another
being?s life? Well, up to this point, we as a society have been pretty confident in judging the lives of
millions of animals worldwide (or so we can conclude by looking at the number of animals
sacrificed each year for the purpose of experiment, education, goods, etc.). We must first step back
and analyze the ethical dilemma at hand and then proceed to carefully weigh its consequences.
If we examine the question of animal rights cautiously, it is most often viewed as an ethical dilemma
as opposed to an economic or

What Are The Top Four Mainstream Philosophical Views On...
Micah Sample
Prof. Henson
English 120
Due: 4/04/2016
"What are the top four mainstream philosophical views on human purpose, and what logical flaws
might they include, if any?"
Human beings are perhaps the most complex of all living organisms, embodying properties which
are unprecedented in the animal kingdom. Other creatures behave according to nature's dictum, but
mankind utilizes nature in order to serve higher purposes. The question of what sets mankind apart
is easily answered: man is a philosopher, who attempts to discover meaning in what would
otherwise be a completely mechanistic universe. Humanity is hardwired with a belief in its own
purpose. There are three mainstream views that atheists resort to on the topic of man's purpose:
namely, existentialism, absurdism, and nihilism–however, these philosophies are riddled with logical
flaws. On the theistic spectrum, Christianity provides an alternative response, which solves the
problems introduced by the atheist worldviews.
As stated earlier, there are those who resort to existentialism. While this broad line of thinking is not
totally incompatible with a theistic worldview, the specifically secularized form of existentialism
does remove the need for divinely orchestrated purpose. It does so by placing the value of humanity
in its own freedom. Jean Paul Sartre said that "Man is condemned to be free; because once thrown
into the world, he is responsible for everything he does (Sartre, Being and Nothingness, an Essay on

Continuity And Summary Of Chapter 5 Oswalt
which is the worldview of "continuity" or "correspondence." "Continuity is a philosophical principle
that asserts that all things are continuous with each other."4 There are many versions of this idea, but
the core is the same. Myth relies on the rationale that all things are continuous with each other. No
matter which definition is used, the Bible is not a myth.
Chapter 3: Continuity: The Basis of Mythical Thinking
As Oswalt revealed in the other chapters the worldview is continuity, myth's distinct character, and it
is pantheistic in nature. This means, "there is no fundamental distinction between the three realms:
humanity, nature, and the divine."5 Oswalt verbalizes in this chapter, those who believe this concept,
the visible world is a reflection of the invisible (divine) world. What happens to one in the divine,
happens to them in the world, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2) Iconoclasm – God cannot be represented through the making of any type object. (3) First
Principle of Spirit – God the Spirit came before everything else, He is the one who brought matter in
to the existence. (4) Absence of Conflict in the Creation Process – Creation of the world was
completed only through the will of God, and not because of some interstellar struggle between
forces. (5) High View of Humanity – God created humanity in His image which is not consistent
that gods were made in the image of humanity, this placed us in a more valued sense of being than
simply serving the gods. The Reliability of God – God is consistent in all He does, and He will have
mercy and bless those that follow him. (6) God is Supra–Sexual – He is not sexed, and as a result
sexuality does not play apart in the ultimate reality. Because of this, if a man and a woman have sex
together nothing happens to God or nature. (7) Prohibition of Magic – Humanity is

Analysis Of The Philosophical Views Of The Other Presented...
Assignment: Final Paper the Other
Nancy Barahona
National University
Philosophy 337
August 1, 2015
Professor Martin Gomez
In looking at the philosophical views of the Other presented by Emmanuel Levinas we will consider
whether we act strictly for the good of others without investing any self interest in what we do or do
we do what we desire most at the end of the day; however, we will find many of our daily
interactions including working, caring for another and just basic interactions are all done in self
interest not in the interest of the Other. According to Rosenstand (2013) Levinas explains the Other
as a term seen in philosophy about a person who is different from oneself; it is when one is facing
something or someone that one is fundamentally unfamiliar with. (Rosenstand, 2013, p. 82) He goes
onto explain that this stranger can be a person of a different sex or race or even someone who has
different experiences than oneself. Levinas sees the bottom line of all human existence as the
encounter with the Other. (Rosenstand, 2013, p. 513) When people meet people they will more often
than not meet someone who is different from them. They will be a different color. A different sex. A
different social class. It will be someone who has grown up in a different environment than them.
And instinct will set in and one will try to change the Other; they will perceive that they are helping
the Other but really they are helping themselves. One person will

Essay on Response to Bitzer's Rhetorical Situation
In The Rhetorical Situation, Lloyd F. Bitzer argues that what makes a situation rhetorical is similar
to that which constitutes a moral action as he writes that, "an act is moral because it is an act
performed in a situation of a certain kind; similarly, a work is rhetorical because it is a response to a
situation of a certain kind".(3) By defining the rhetorical situation in this way, Bitzer further
contends that rhetoric is a means to altering reality. (4) It is through the use of discourse that one is
capable of changing reality through thought and action. (4) Bitzer then elaborates upon the nature of
a rhetorical situation by explaining that rhetorical discourse enters a situation when: providing a
response to its state of affairs; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although Bitzer continues in the third section of his essay, by outlining the general characteristics or
features of a rhetorical situation, it is his discussion of sophistical rhetoric that is most interesting.
(11) He notes that a sophistic situation is one where a contrived exigence is, "asserted to be real...
alleged constituents are due to error or ignorance,... and [it derives] from fantasy in which exigence,
audience, and constraints may all be imaginary objects of a mind at play". (11) He concludes that,
"rhetoric is distinguished from the mere craft of persuasion which, although it is a legitimate object
of scientific investigation, lacks philosophical warrant as a practical discipline". (14) While Bitzer's
insights into how one may think about the way in which rhetorical discourse acts upon and therefore
alters the reality of a situation, it is difficult to see his point in stating that the "mere craft of
persuasion" lacks philosophical warrant as a practical discipline. The clearest reason it seems, is
implied from the examples that Bitzer uses, none of which are theological or religious in nature, but
rather the examples he provides are usually political. Although one is left to speculate as to what
categories Bitzer would include in sophistical rhetoric (other than a play or novel), might theological
and religious discourse be subsumed under

Two Different Philosophical Views in Grendel and Beowulf...
"Beowulf" and Grendel are two tales similar in many ways, yet different from each other. These
stories are like a coin; you cannot have one side without the other. Just as the sides of a coin share
the same coin, these stories share a similar plot, a setting, and tell of the same events. The sides of a
coin also have differences as do "Beowulf" and Grendel. In the case of these two tales this
difference is in their respective philosophical views. "Beowulf" portrays the philosophical views of
life that many people still regard today. Those views helped to shape and define the ideal Dane in
their culture. For example, the traits looked for among the Danes were honesty, bravery, and
humility. These three "requirements" in the Danes were but ... Show more content on
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In contrast to the Danes of "Beowulf", Grendel searched for his very reason of existence by asking
the questions "Why?" and "How?" for answers. Grendel started off in the book struggling with
finding meaning in his life while watching the people clearly doing things that gave their lives
meaning. He became upset as he saw that he couldn't deter their spirits no matter what he did and
started to feel jealous of their self–found purpose. He realized that through various ways the people
attained meaning. In response to his confusion over their self–discovered purpose, Grendel started
listening to the Shaper's words when he spoke to the people shaping their very beliefs which
confused Grendel even more on the meaning of life. After listening to the Shaper for a while,
readers can see Grendel in a state of contradiction. He started off killing people as a simple, bestial
monstrosity but in the end he is shown as quite intelligent and capable of choosing whether to kill or
not. Soon, Grendel started seeking answers to his questions from a dragon. The dragon's very
philosophy on life was that there is no meaning of life which started to influence Grendel. Upon
Grendel's persistent questions of "Why?", the dragon told him "You improve them, my boy! Can't
you see that yourself? You stimulate them! You make them think and scheme...You are, so to speak,
the brute existent by which they learn to define themselves

The Philosophical Investigations Essay
The Philosophical Investigations
ABSTRACT: The Philosophical Investigations is an inherently pedagogical work. Wittgenstein
claims throughout his later writings to be teaching a method and this method is both philosophical
and pedagogical. It is the claim of this paper that if we do not take Wittgenstein's methodological
claim seriously, we do not engage with the text in the manner for which it was written.
Consequently, we begin and end in the wrong places and the text becomes (in the words of
Wittgenstein) 'variously misunderstood, more or less mangled and watered–down.' §1 is
philosophically and pedagogically complex. It presents the philosophical problems to which
Wittgenstein will respond in the text which follows and it also, ... Show more content on
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Consequently, we begin and end in the wrong places and the text becomes (in the words of
Wittgenstein) 'variously misunderstood, more or less mangled and watered–down' (PI xe). (3) An
examination of §1 provides an introduction to the philosophical and pedagogical complexity of
Wittgenstein's Investigations.
Wittgenstein begins the Investigations with a quotation from Augustine's Confessions. Augustine
writes:
When they (my elders) named some object, and accordingly moved towards something, I saw this
and I grasped that the thing was called by the sound they uttered when they meant to point it out.
Their intention was shewn by their bodily movements, as it were the natural language of all peoples:
the expression of the face, the play of the eyes, the movement of other parts of the body, and the
tone of voice which expresses our state of mind in seeking, having, rejecting, or avoiding
something. Thus, as I heard these words repeatedly used in their proper places in various sentences,
I gradually learnt to understand what objects they signified; and after I had trained my mouth to
form these signs, I used them to express my own desires (PI 1).
According to Wittgenstein these words give us a particular picture of the essence of human
language; a picture in which individual words name objects and sentences are combinations of such
names. In this picture of

Hellenistic Skepticism Analysis
This essay will be exploring the Hellenistic Philosophical movement of Skepticism in its beginnings
in academia as well as the teachings and positions of Pyrrhonist skeptics. Hellenistic skepticism at
its core is striving to "Suspended judgment", as well as question the basis of truth. In accordance to
this proverbial philosophical quest for truth, the Hellenistic skeptic would take a different path
compared to their contemporary schools of the thought, by negating perceptual belief, and not
affirming anything. To these ancient skeptics this will lead the philosopher down the path to
"Suspended Judgement" in which, they seek. This "Suspended Judgement" will bring tranquility to
the mind or at least these ancient Pyrrhonist skeptics believed this to be so, thus this being the key
reason why this is the central goal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Arcesilaus core tenants of thought are as followed "(i) his dialectical method, (ii) discussion of
whether there is a criterion of truth, and (iii) his defense of the skeptic's ability to act."(SEP)
Arcesilaus often uses the same dialectical method that was originated with Socrates, however
Arcesilaus took the skeptical approach to this method with the goal to weed out "Dogmatic"
justifications and conclusions on reality. His criterion of truth, which often was in objection to the
stoic tradition, as well as most other Hellenistic schools of thought, besides of course the cynics.
However, the skeptic's approach to truth is that of trying to gain the most objective answer, often by
refuting arguments made earlier in order to see all sides of the question, thus having no true answer
but instead a multitude of ideas that the Hellenistic skeptic would is both true but also false.
Arcesilaus would also argue that there could not be a criterion of truth. Often arguing against the
stoic claim of "Cognitive impressions" for the skeptics. His main disagreement is if there is
impressions of this type. Due to

The Problem Of Evil, By Robert B. Evans
Author Bio
Jeremy A. Evans is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Baptist Theological
Seminary in Wake Forest, North Carolina. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Texas A&M
University, a M.Div. in Biblical Languages from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, and a
Ph.D. from Texas A&M University. Dr. Evans has published two main works through B&H
publishing company, The Problem of Evil: The Challenge to Essential Christian Beliefs, and The
Legitimacy of Christian Moral Thought in the Marketplace of Ideas. Dr. Evans strives to accomplish
two things in his teaching and writings; "one, to edify students by challenging them to engage their
mind for Christ, and two, provide the necessary tools for independent research ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Evans also looks to distinguish the difference between a defense and a theodicy. Evans' purpose
introducing these theodicies is to merely show that each has its own place within the discussion of
the problem of evil, but none of them sufficiently answers the problem of evil. The second chapter
found in The Problem of Evil, begins to address the logical problem of evil. Within this chapter
Evans breaks down Alvin Plantinga and the free–will defense. Here Evans compares the logical
arguments of J.L. Mackie and Alvin Plantinga. Mackie uses a deductive argument to state that if
God is all–knowing, all–powerful, and all–good, then evil cannot exist. This would be a
contradiction to logic. Plantinga provides a valid argument involving free will to make the case for
the existence for evil. Evans uses the remainder of the chapter to compare and contrast the two
views. Chapter three evaluates the evidential problem of evil. In this chapter Evans uses William
Rowe's version of the evidential problem. Using Rowe's argument as a base, Evans then notes the
various ways that prominent philosophers such as Kvanvig, Alston, and Wykstra have questioned
Rowe's argument. The author also states that anytime the problem of evil is considered, expanded
theism should be the subject. In chapter four the author looks at the defeat of good and evil. Evans
processes the mechanics of defeat, conversion and the defeat of evil, and the disposition to act.

Ted Nachazel. 360 Degree Photography Affordances And...
Ted Nachazel
360 Degree Photography Affordances and Constraints
Media has changed vastly over the decades. We have different styles of media, different ways to
view media, and so many different options when it comes to creating media. A recent technology
that has started to gain traction is 360–degree photography. This new technology allows people to
view more than traditional 2–D perspective. With this new way of being able to capture a scene
comes many affordances and constraints.
Being able to capture everything around you, then allow another person to experience entirely the
same scene is something that has never been able to be done before. The technology for 360–degree
photography is most likely early in its development. That being ... Show more content on
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Having devices that allow us to put on a headpiece and be put into another reality is a huge step for
media.
With these devices, unfortunately, come many constraints. The content creator has more options for
what the viewer can see, but at the same time it may not be what they want the viewer to see. In
most forms of media today there is a main point that the viewer is observing. 2–D perspective video
creators are able to change perspectives of how the viewer sees the media, but with 360 degrees the
viewer may not see it in the same way the original creator intended. The viewer may even miss main
points entirely because they were looking around and the main point of a video was behind them.
On top of this the viewer may not even be able to watch the video. Many people report nausea when
watching videos in 360 degrees. If there is not a way to ensure people do not feel sick while
watching the videos, that means that this media will be limited by the number of people who are
able to tolerate it. Being able to create the quality of content that is currently available on 2–D
platforms may be difficult could also be an issue. Movie shoots require a lot of people and
equipment, which is all behind the camera when only shooting one perspective. In a 360–movie you
have to make sure you are capturing the things you want and nothing more. There is most likely
going to be more work creating

Kim Dovey Becoming Places Summary
In Kim Dovey's Becoming Places, she begins by introducing the concepts of place and space. As
Dovey distinguishes between the two concepts, she explains that place tends to connect social and
spatial, whereas space is simply concerned on the physical space itself. In other words, as Dovey
describes, "while a space has physical dimensions," intensity" gives rise to the "potency" and
"primacy" of place (Dovey, pg. 3). Dovey goes on to explain the general use of place in academic
discourse and how it tends to differ from the use of the concept in everyday life. From a
philosophical standpoint, place has emerged from the Greek topos, a concept which stresses the
inseparable nature of both place and being or existence. Moving forward through time,

Wittgenstein Picture Theory Essay
There are many objections to the picture theory of meaning and unfortunately a large number of
these are due to misinterpretations of the Tractatus. Because The Tractatus is such a complex and
cryptic book, and because Wittgenstein can be quite vague in his explanations, readers interpret it in
many different ways and take different meanings from it and so objections and also defenses can be
based on underlying misconceptions. In "Wittgenstein's Picture Theory of Language", David Keyt
remarks that it is difficult to see how Wittgenstein meets some of the common objections to his
Picture Theory. Because of this it is difficult to examine the strengths of the Picture Theory, and this
extends to the Tractatus as a whole. (p ) He argues that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a one to one correspondence between the parts of a proposition and the objects of the states
of affairs pictured by the proposition. 2. Propositions are linear structures. 3. Every possible state of
affairs can be expressed in language." (497) Wittgenstein asserts that every fact can be expressed
through language when he says "Man possesses the ability to construct languages capable of
expressing every sense." (4.002) Keyt considers solutions to this so called paradox but does not find
any to be satisfactory, therefore viewing this paradox as a huge flaw in Wittgenstein's picture theory.
Another objection comes from Anthony Kelly, In chapter 4 of his book "Wittgenstein." He raises an
interesting objection to the picture theory. His concern in his objection is how exactly we can have
the knowledge of what a picture represents. Kenny imagines a musical score containing symbols
that represent sound. These symbols are intended to represent some kind of musical sound He states
that Wittgenstein "does not here make clear what, in addition to A's having logical structure, and
pictorial relation to B, is needed for A to be a picture of B rather than the other way round." (Kenny,
70) . Wittgenstein does not offer up any solution to this

The Incredibles: A Personal Analysis
According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, when referring to individuality, identity means "the
distinguishing character or personality of an individual". I would simply define identity as who you
are or what makes you different. When quickly compared to peers, we may seem like copies of each
other. We wake up, go to school, eat, sleep and hangout with friends, but there is still something that
makes me, me. "Your identity is your most valuable possession. Protect it". Although said by
Elastigirl from the pixar movie The Incredibles, this quote is powerful. Our identity is a powerful
possession, as it helps us establish who we are and what our purpose is in the world. We live in a
very public and socially active society and your identity, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Humans may be able to accept the concept of consciousness, but we can not provide the mechanism
for it. McGinn describes it as a existential naturalist view point. Written in 1974, What is it like to be
a bat, written by Nagel argues that materialist theories of the mind discard crucial components to
consciousness. Nagel says multiple things about physicalism including "it would be a mistake to
conclude that physicalism must be false" and "physicalism is a position we cannot understand
because we do not at present have any conception of how it might be true". It can easily be pleaded
that Nagel is contradicting himself, but if we assume we cannot understand physicalism, the
arguments are compatible. If we do not understand a concept, we do not know what we mean when
we discuss "physicalism". In Buddhism, there are three characteristics of existence; dukkha, anicca
and anatta. Anatta is the doctrine that there is no permanent, underlying substance that can be called
the soul in humans. We, as humans, are constantly changing and are never really the same person.
David Hume concludes that we are constantly changing and there is no permanent "self", but it is
just a mere illusion or idea. Hume states "... there is no impression constant and invariable. Pain and
pleasure, grief and joy, passions and sensations succeed each other, and never all exist at the same
time". He also goes on to say "It cannot, therefore, be any form of these impressions, or any other,
that the idea of self is deriv'd; consequently there is no such idea". Hume argues that because our
emotions are constantly changing, we are not the same. Which I can understand, certain situations I
have gone through make me the person I am today. My identity and personality are constantly
changing, so much that next year I could be

Christian Worldview
Dr. Glenn Marin's, Prevailing Worldviews of Western Society since 1500, contains principle views
that have existed within the Western world since the sixteenth century and are explored throughout
the text. This work was written as a way to perform sufficient research of the various worldviews by
taking into account the various individual worldview's particular answer to some of the most basic
philosophical questions. In order to understand the text and the opinions offered, a worldview
should be defined. According to the Oxford dictionary, a worldview is defined as a "particular
philosophy of life or conception of the world." Christians and non–Christians alike lack the ability
to explain their beliefs in reference to the most basic philosophical ... Show more content on
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It is clear throughout the book that Marin establishes his belief in Christianity as he offers an
argument that encourages the idea of a God who knows all things and is active in the world. When
contemplating the entirety of the book, the evidence presented suggests that Martin's argument to his
readers is one in which an individual's worldview plays a role in shaping society and recognizes the
need for God in human activity. Critique For one to properly examine the Prevailing Worldviews of
Western Society since 1500, a reader must consider both the primary strengths and weaknesses of
the text. Exploring the numerous strengths and weaknesses found within this text will help the
reader in acquiring a greater understanding of various worldviews while allowing the reader a
deeper sense of the world's foremost worldviews. Furthermore, within the book, various strengths
can be found which provide detailed analysis of the various worldviews offered by Martin's
arguments which favors the belief in God. With that said, this text will offer

The Philosophical Perspective And Historical View Of...
Throughout the course of this class I learn several things about the way our government started and
how it works. It started off by the philosophical perspective and then went through its historical
view and slowly moved on into the way it works in modern society. Although I did learn a vast
majority of new things, there is a limit to what I have to write; therefore, I will focus more on the
philosophical perspective and historical view of government, and the evolution of mass media.
Our government started with three men, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean–Jacques Rousseau, and
their way of seeing our government. Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher, believed we were all
beasts and thought all humans were self–seeking beings who would do ... Show more content on
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And then there is Baron De Montesquieu who thought that every man that had power is led to abuse
it and that there should be the need of a measure of prevention.
We then learned the historical perspective of government. It started with the Declaration of
Independence on July 4, 1776. This was a declaration that was formed by the Continental Congress
in which the original thirteen colonies that were at war with Great Britain considered themselves as
thirteen newly individual states and not a part of the Britain Empire. In the Declaration of
Independence it states where these thirteen colonies were given the right to be treated as
independents states; " these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent
States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political
connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and
that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract
Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may
of right do"(Declaration of Independence, 1776).
There was then The Articles of Confederation which was drafted in 1775 but ratified until July 9,
1781. In this document the thirteen original states established the first type

The Philosophical View Of Mathematics
Many philosophers use pure mathematics and/or mathematical truths as a basis for their
philosophical claims. Saying that beliefs and concepts are possible because of mathematics is
possible due to the unchanging nature of the subject. Mathematics is known to be an absolute truth
that is not doubted, allowing it act as a fixed truth for new ideas. However, what would life and
philosophy be like if we did not have a basis of pure mathematics and/or mathematical truths to rely
on?
Descartes' based almost all of his claims on the fact that mathematics, was what he called "the most
certain truth" (Descartes). Without that basis of mathematics, many of his claims of what does and
does not exist would have no meaning. Descartes claims that because mathematics exists as
something clear and certain, it must be possible for other things to exist in this same manner. He
uses this argument to defend more conceptual and philosophical beliefs like his belief in God.
Descartes says "I no less find the idea of a God in my consciousness, that is the idea of a being
supremely perfect, than that of any figure or number" (Descartes). When analyzing this quote,
Descartes is saying that he finds the idea of God just as plausible as that of the reliable figures and
numbers that are present in mathematics. However, if mathematics wasn't plausible, would that
mean that God is henceforth implausible by association? This seemingly necessary association is
shown more clearly when Descartes

Worldview : The World View Of The World
What is a world view? As the word itself suggests, a worldview is an overall view of the world. It's
not a physical view of the world, but rather a philosophical view, a broad perspective on everything
that exists and matters to us. Like for instance family, friends, school and maybe even church but
everything and anything that we have in our lives. Our worldview shapes us to who we are right
now. There are three worldviews we all have. Optimistic, pessimistic, and Realistic are the three
main worldview people have. Starting with Optimistic people, Optimistic people like to view the
world as everything is positive. People who are optimistic see everything as a wonderful dream land
and tend to ignore all problem's keeping the bad in and acting trying to make everything look okay
when actually they are hurting inside. Overly pessimistic are those who look at the world being
dangerous. Everyone is out for their head and views the world as a rotten place. This makes some
people dangerous and angry at the small things in life. Sad to say that I am kind of one these people.
I not fully pessimistic but I have my days where I hate the world and see my life being useless. Last
but not least is the Realistic viewpoint. Looking at life with a realistic viewpoint, you look around in
their life finding evidence of dangerous before they get comfortable. World views also affect what
people believe and how they live their life on a day to day basis. It has a big part in our life

Essay On Wittgenstein Concept Of Grammar
One of the essential aspects of philosophy is the capability for good communication. It is because
this discipline involves a practice of articulating thoughts and opinions or of disseminating
arguments. In simple sense, it circumscribes sharing of ideas and information between two or more
persons.
However, as a philosopher one must take into consideration the aptness to establish and justify one's
personal opinion, to acknowledge others perspective, and to specify logically the reason for
considering one's own view as advantageous to the alternatives.
In response to this reason, Ludwig Wittgenstein claimed that one of the most important aspects of
communication in philosophical standpoint is grammar. It is in view of the thought that Grammar ...
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The primary source of this research is the Philosophical Investigation which is considered as
Wittgenstein later philosophy. The researcher will also use philosophical books as secondary sources
that talks about Wittgenstein's concept of grammar from the library of Don Bosco College and
Postnovitiate Seminary, Canlubang. Thus, E–sources (i.e., books, journal, thesis, essay, articles,
commentaries...etc.) that tackles about the Wittgenstein concept of grammar will essentially be
surfed will also be utilized.
Organization of the Thesis
This Thesis will be divided into five chapters. Each chapter demonstrates a development that would
answer the main question, "What is Wittgenstein's concept of Grammar?" The content of each
chapter will be as follows:
Chapter one: This part focuses on the Introduction of the whole study. Here the following–the
background of the study, the problems related to the topic, the scope and limitation, then the related
literature, and the methodology– will be discussed. Then in chapter two, life and works of
Wittgenstein will be discussed. Thirdly in chapter three, an account of the similarities between
Wittgenstein concept of grammar and the Linguistics conception of grammar will be presented.
Hence, in chapter four, an exposition of Wittgenstein concept of grammar as uses of words and
meaning will be recounted. Lastly, chapter five will relay the conclusions

Philosophical Understanding and a New View
Philosophical understanding
Philosophy is the study of legitimacy, existence, and the manner in which things exist. Philosophy
incorporates an immense range of topics and every person, place, thing, and idea has its roots
implanted in it. Everybody has their own beliefs in life whether it's from religion, morals, or in
essence everything in general. Philosophers try to answer the unknown questions in life that
everyone is wanting to examine and have the answers to. I never even thought twice about the world
we live in, I thought that it was just life and that's all to it; we live and we die. Throughout the
semester I have learned many different views of the world by diverse philosophers. Many I agreed
with, many I did not but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The new born baby would be able to hear the noise of the people in the hospital room, feel the arms
around him, see the smiling faces, smell and taste the placenta he has been resting in for so long.
The baby without senses would not even know it exists without having senses to understand his
surroundings. Epistemology is how we gain and acquire knowledge. My empiricist epistemological
view point is that nothing in the mind was put there without the help of the senses. Everything we
know is based on learning from different people, or on our own. Rule books are not just zapped into
our heads about how to do things. Every daily task we have in life goes back in time to the first
person who thought of the idea. For example the first person to create a car, they would not have
created it if they could not see, walk or talk. The person who created the first car would not know
the long hours it takes to walk somewhere far away because they would not be able to feel the pain
of soreness the day after. They would have never been able to experiment ways to create machinery
that would make everyone's lives easier someday. I'm sure he did not get it right the first time, but he
learned through experience. I believe we learn something new every day through our senses, and we
will continue to learn things through our senses. I cannot think of anything that

Compare And Contrast Worldviews
Comparing Worldviews
Worldviews vary from person to person and faith to faith, resulting in everyone seeing the world
through their own assumptions and beliefs. Out of the many worldviews discussed in the text,
Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, and in class three stood out to me for
comparison. These three worldviews consist of Naturalism, Pantheism and Polytheism. Worldviews,
although not always correct, are how people see the world and reflect on our expectations about life.
Differences can be seen in beliefs such as if they believe in a spiritual world, a material world, or
both. Worldview's purposes are to explain the purpose of man and the world. All three worldviews
attribute the problems in the world to different aspects based on their beliefs and have diverse
notions of how to resolve the world problems. Although a few similarities can be found among these
world views, there are multiple differences found.
When attempting to explain the purpose of man and the world, all three worldviews use different
approaches. Naturalism believes man is here by chance, that humanity just happened and one day it
will phase off the earth. Polytheism takes the approach of men and creatures on earth being the
creation of gods and were put here to entertain the gods and spirits. Pantheism believes only in a
spiritual world, so everything outside the spiritual world is an illusion. Naturalism and Pantheism
are on complete opposite ends of the spectrum

The Philosophical View Of Anthropocentrism Essay
Introduction
1788. The year that Indigenous Australians would mark in shame and the rest of Australia would
celebrate. From the perspective of 2016, the events which took place in 1788 were barbaric,
destructive and horrific to say the least. Indigenous Australians were shot, enslaved and stolen by
the early settlers, all because they were seen as inferior, less civilized and were thus, merely savages
for the benefit of a superior kind. The first part of this essay will therefore discuss how the
philosophical view of anthropocentrism was embedded into the early European culture, and how it
justified their actions. Further, it will be shown how a legal pluralism was used to manipulate the
Indigenous Australians, and how it seemingly justified their actions. These philosophical views will
aid in the understanding of why the Indigenous were treated in so harshly, and why they deserve
recognition for their injustices. Further, this discussion will aid in understanding of why the
relationship between the Indigenous and the state has developed in such an undesirable manor.
The second part of this essay will discuss proposed mechanisms which will try and provide
solutions, such as recognition, to the historical wrongs associated with colonisation. These
mechanisms include the proposal of an amendment made to the Constitution, whereby Indigenous
Australians will be granted constitutional recognition. Further, a proposed mechanism is the creation
of a treaty between the Indigenous

Does Moore Successfully Refute The Skeptic 's Argument?
Student Number: 2121206
Professor Kisolo–Ssonko
Knowledge and Justification
22 October 2015
Does Moore Successfully Refute the Skeptic's Argument?
I. Introduction In his paper "Proof of an External World," G. E. Moore discusses what exactly
defines an external world, and how we can know that one exists. He addresses Kant, who laments
the following: "It still remains a scandal to philosophy...that the existence of things outside of
us...must be accepted merely on faith, and that, if anyone thinks good to doubt their existence, we
are unable to counter his doubts by any satisfactory proof." Kant does not actually seem to be a
skeptic, but rather a philosopher wishing for factual proof of an external world.
Moore presents, in his paper, exactly the evidence that Kant is searching for, in a clear and simple
argument that seems to answer 'the skeptic's' main concern as well. There are many variations of
skeptical arguments against the existence of an external world, but we can more generally define 'the
skeptic' as someone who does not believe that it is possible to have adequate justification for a
knowledge claim–in this case, knowledge claims about an external world's existence. In other
words, they claim no one can know anything for certain, even about the existence of the world
around us. Moore's argument, however, makes skeptics' concerns seem rather silly, compared to his
sensible, much more obvious points.
But since his publication, other philosophers skeptical of Moore's

Do Animals Have Rights...a Philosophical View
Do Animals Have Rights? Should animals be harmed to benefit mankind? This pressing question
has been around for at least the past two centuries. During the early nineteenth century, animal
experiments emerged as an important method of science and, in fact, marked the birth of
experimental physiology and neuroscience as we currently know it. There were, however, guidelines
that existed even back then which restricted the conditions of experimentation. These early rules
protected the animals, in the sense that all procedures performed were done so with as little pain as
possible and solely to investigate new truths. Adopting the animals' perspectives, they would
probably not agree that these types of regulations were much ... Show more content on
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There are many viewpoints concerning this issue that need to be dealt with in order to fully grasp the
mindset of those so deeply involved in the struggle to determine what, if any, rights that animals
possess. Tom Regan, a professor of philosophy at North Carolina State University and one of the
leading proponents of this theory, claims that animals have "rights" – the right to be treated in a
certain way. Regan claims that animals have preferences, goals, and most importantly, mental states
that enter into the explanation of their behavior. In his words, animals are "subjects of a life" just
like humans and each subject of life contains "inherent value". What Regan means by this is that by
performing experiments on animals, you are reducing them to mere tools and violating their basic
rights. He justifies his theory by using an example containing the retarded and insane. He says that if
these types of persons are allowed moral rights, despite their inability to think rationally, then all
mammals should have moral rights. Also, he states that discriminating on the basis of species is
really fundamentally just the same moral mistake as discrimination on the basis of race or sex.
Discriminating on these terms is morally irrelevant and fails to accord equal consideration, states
Regan. Another theory that is against cruelty to animals in such

Camus Philosophical View Of Absurdism In Meursault's The...
The Stranger reflects Camus philosophical stance as an absurdist. There is no logical meaning to
life, there is no higher–order or law governing it or people, and there is no rational explanation to
the chaos as according to The Stranger. There is no truth no certainty nor any unwavering non–
relative laws in life and there is no sense in pursuing such impossibilities. This is shown through
camus's main character Meursault. No opening sentences of the novel and body somersaults
absurdist outlook on life, his emotional indifference and detachment to people, and his passive be
quiet alienation from the rest of society. he doesn't even know which day his mother died and to him
it, 'doesn't mean anything' anyway. Throughout this novel camus ... Show more content on
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The reality came to him after he had a conversation with the chaplain who seemed to play the game
way too well. " the chaplain new the game well too, I could tell right away: His gaze never faltered.
And this voice didn't falter either when he said 'have you no hope at all? And do you really live with
the thought that when you die you die and nothing remains?' 'Yes' I said. (Camus 117). Those who
don't play the game don't win. the trial is not about Justice for the Arab the murder victim but the
people playing the roles set out in the unwritten rules of the game.
Camus Philosophical thought on absurdism is not shown throughout this novel. Though camus does
not explicitly refer to the notion of absurdity, the events of absurdity operate within the novel.
Neither the external World in which Meursault lives nor the internal world of his thoughts possesses
any rational order. Meursault has no discernible reason for his actions, such as his decision to marry
Marie or his decision to kill the Arab. "For the first time baby, I really thought I was going to get
married." (50). This quotation shows the true unpredictability of this novel, and with that it shows
how life can be so absurd. Though the stranger is a work of fiction, it contains a strong sense of
camus philosophical notion of absurdity. Though critics still argue that absurdism is essentially
meaningless because acceptance of it entails life without meaning. This,

The Moment Of Conception Of The Zombie
The Moment of Conception For an object to be considered monstrous, it must deviate from its
natural order. It is something unnatural. When a family is enjoying a nice walk in the park and a
flesh–eating zombie suddenly approaches them, the zombie is considered monstrous, a monstrosity;
a monster. Zombies do not fit in the normative expectations for human beings. How and when these
zombies deviate from the expectations for humans is the great question. When does a zombie
become a zombie? The moment of conception for a zombie is when they lose their consciousness:
the essence of self. To the modern person, zombies are known as the flesh–eating, gory looking
corpse of a human being that is searching the world for brains and bodies. This allusion of what a
zombie is comes from the recent decade's depiction of them in our culture. Movies Shaun of the
Dead (2004), Zombieland (2009), and popular television series The Walking Dead (2010–present)
all portray zombies to be a menace to society. They are aimlessly roaming the world in search of
food, which coincidently happens to be humans, and often killed by humans in fear of their safety.
None of these depictions of zombies tell us what a zombie actually is. A zombie can be defined in
countless ways. The author Robert Kirk looks at zombies in a philosophical manner, allowing us to
view them in a way similar to humans.
"Philosophical zombies are exactly like us in all physical respects, right down to the tiniest details,

Skeptecism of History and Science
A skeptic is defined in two different ways, a skeptic could be considered as a person who question
the validity and raise doubts to all accepted opinions or accepted conclusion; a skeptic could also be
a philosopher who denies the possibility of knowledge, or even rational belief, in some sphere.When
knowledge is primarily presented by an abundance of assumption is brought up. Generally, a skeptic
often is required to proceed a thorough evaluation of the assumption or hypothesis presented in
order to provide factual clarity. What may seem correct has the potential to be completely faulty
when another evidence clashes with the primary idea. The two areas of knowledge that requires to
an individual to thoroughly evaluate, question their claim, ask for clarity, consistency in logic and
adequacy of evidence is history and science. When analyzing a historical event, ideally information
is required to be traced back in both quantitative and qualitative variables. History could be easily
manipulated, misinterpret and biased. For a particular historical event, many claims could be laid
out with certain amount of evidence. For example, many historians claim that the Holocaust did not
happen and the conspiracy theory that America did not plan on the moon. The reality that anyone is
able to propose various theories that contradicts what may seem as 'facts' to others proves that there
are multiple perspective that needs critical analysis. Historians evaluates the evidence proposed,
they

Personal Identity: Philosophical Views
Personal Identity: Philosophical Views
Tim V Kolton
Alan Watts once said, "Trying to define yourself is like trying to bite your own teeth." The task of
personal identity is to define a quality of a human which makes him or her a unique self. The person
whose identity is in question must realize themselves, and other people must identify this person.
In other words, what makes John unique from Bob? One must consider both internal (mind) and
external (body) perspectives. There are several general philosophical theories of this identity
problem. In the following paragraphs one will find the body theory, soul theory, and a more detailed
explanation of the conscious theory. One theory of personal identity is known as ... Show more
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This theory is based upon Locke's theory of the mind being blank, and building from experiences.
One would have personal identity because only one being can go through the same experiences in a
finite space. This theory does solve some problems arrived at by other theories. Say for instance
there are two twins.
This would be difficult to explain in the body theory of personal identity, but with the conscious
experience theory it would be simple. Although they have identical bodies, since the day they are
born they go through different experiences. Therefore the twins do have their own identity since
they have both had different experiences. However, there are some problems that arrive with this
theory. First, the definiens is not necessary. Say for instance a person has two different conscious
experiences. Some people have a multiple personality disorder, but that does not mean they are truly
different people, although they may have several identities. Another problem is the definition is not
sufficient. Say for instance a brain was replicated and was put into a computer. At the exact time the
brain was replicated, both "brains" had the same experiential content. Yet the most devastating
deviation from this theory is the simplest. The biggest problem is that we cannot consciously
remember every experience of our lifetime. For instance, when one tries to remember what they got
for their fifth birthday the day after their birthday they would be

A Philosophical Point Of View Essay
Ethics in a philosophical point of view allows humans to fully understand the importance of
morality in a society. Throughout history, numerous philosophers have had their own sense of
morality. For instance, Thomas Hobbs considered morality as simply as a social contract between
cultures through the establishment of laws, however others like Immanuel Kant saw it as an internal
duty that all humans unconsciously share and owe each other. Most people must side with one
spectrum of a topic than the other to determine an action is moral. Topics such as abortion, war,
marriage etc... have infiltrated modern liberal's conversations. I will write this paper about abortion
and, to support my opinion, I will first compare the arguments previously made by four well known
philosophers: Mary Ann Warren, Patrick Lee, Robert P. George, and Judith Jarvis Thomson. After
partaking on whichever side, I will then apply a specific ethical theory that will help explain what
influenced my decision, then cover any possible objections and finish with any current
improvements being made to appease the tension from the topic. Abortion is the deliberate
termination of a human pregnancy. For such a heartfelt topic, it needs has been a practice since the
ancient times They always contradict with the people that consider themselves traditional.
Abortion as most people know, can be a difficult topic to speak of. It contains the preservation of
human life against the choice of protecting one's body and

The Philosophical Philosopher Paul Tillich 's View Of Faith
Philosophical theologian Paul Tillich's view of faith is intriguing and full of depth. Tillich professed,
"Faith to be a state of being ultimately concerned." (Morrison, 2011). In life, people are concerned
about several things that are above our personal existence and every living being has concerns about
something. For example, we, as people live our lives daily concerned about our basic needs, i.e.
food, shelter, and clothing. Furthermore, Tillich acknowledged there are some concerns "which are
spiritual in nature, such as cognitive, aesthetic, moral, and political that can have an elevated level of
ultimacy." (Smith, 2003, p. 1). Although these concerns are of great importance, Tillich's idea of
ultimate concern supersedes all other concerns, as it is our greatest and tends to take on a religious
nature. Accordingly, our ultimate concern can be about anything (Smith, 2003). Tillich proclaims
this is the concern that requires full surrender and will be benefit one the most relinquish all
personal stipulations and submit fully to reap those rewards. Now, to some, this ultimate concern
could be their success. A person may place all their faith into their career and give all of themselves
to their job in order to obtain that level of success to make them feel rewarded. Tillich further
expresses, "faith is that which comes upon a person, deeply moving, and taking hold of him or her,
such that no conditions or limitations can be placed upon its seriousness." (Smith,

Ludwig Wittgenstein's Word Games
Introduction:
It is a common tendency for philosophers to invent their own vernacular, usually giving new
connotations and definitions to terms we find ordinary. An instance of this is Heidegger's "Dasein".
He takes two very common German words: "Da", meaning "there" and "sein", meaning "to be", but
"Dasein" has the heavy connotation of not only physically existing there, but being present in a
multitude of ways (Heidegger, 1927). Another example is from Foucault expanding the word
"government" not simply in the common notion of managing a country, but further to the ability to
govern one's self or one's family through discipline or common ground (Foucault, 1979)
Denoting particular connotations onto existing words enables philosophers to give voice to
meanings that would be trying or even impossible to say, but the redefining of words can also bring
confusion to the reader. As Lois Shawver points out in his article Postmodernizing the Unconscious,
if one, as the reader, gives into the assumption that the language is used in the usual way, then the
philosopher's words will appear to be outlandish and enigmatic (Shawver, 1998).
This begs the question: how does the reader then know if the writer is using an ordinary term or
their newly defined meaning of that same term? In order to make this distinction and to understand
of the redefined and coined terms, one must read with an intentional awareness of the terms.
Wittgenstein understands this difficulty and aids his readers

Socrates 's View Of Philosophical Thought
Socrates was a novel philosopher who challenged the limitations of philosophical thought during his
lifetime. More specifically, Socrates was a key proponent for the idea known as 'Dualism', in which
the mind (Soul) and the body are not mutually exclusive entices, bur rather interact in a tangible
manner in which they come to have a reciprocated relationship. Throughout many religions and
spiritual movements, Socrates view of a interaction between the immortal soul and the physical
body is evident.
The body is considered to be an obstacle to the afterlife and play no part in gain of knowledge be.
"An evil tomb that imprisons our Goodness" 14.Socrates brings up points that our body is limited
and only with us for so long and it has limitations desires, fears and much more nonsense. He begins
to talk about how no two bodies are alike, and how we should not rely on our senses for perceive
information. He gives us an example of the form that is called recollection if you place a straight
stick halfway in the water, it will look bent. Take it out, it looks straight again, but is the stick really
straight? " I don't mean a log to a log a stone to a stone or anything else of that sort..."75.Our senses
try to trick us." Socrates believes we should pay no attention to the sensible world because it 's like
an illusion and can trick because it 's always changing.
The soul was the most important thing according to Socrates. His belief that our souls existed before
birth and is

Critique on Kingdom Education Essay
Critique on Kingdom Education
Summary
Kingdom education is a process that begins with a child accepting Christ as their Lord and Savior
and continues with the goal of that child reaching maturity in Christ. As such, evangelism and
discipleship are part of a kingdom education that will train children to know God and have a biblical
worldview. This worldview is taught through Bible stories, but is also incorporated into every
subject and into educational methods that reflect a biblical philosophy.
Ultimately, parents are responsible before God for their child; however, it is the role of the church
and the school to support the parents in their God given responsibility. In Kingdom education, these
three cords must work in harmony to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kingdom education has two purposes. The first is universal and involves the call of God upon each
child to accept him as Lord and Savior. The second is personal and involves training each child to
obey God's individual call to serve him throughout their earthly life. Schools prepare students to
obey God in this world and "to stand before God for eternity." (2006, p. 168).
A detrimental philosophical element that exists in society today is dualism. Dualism is the belief that
life, and truth, can be divided into the secular and the spiritual. Some truth and reality is secular, and
some is spiritual. This compartmental view of life causes spiritual truth to be seen as less accurate
and real than scientific fact, and considers God relevant in a religious context, but irrelevant to most
of life. Christians must view all truth as God's truth, and see everything from this supernatural
perspective.
Personal Response
Education plus God equals success. While this statement is true, the job of incorporating the truth
about God into everything taught is becoming increasingly more difficult. Schultz charted public
education's view of reality, truth and value throughout the history of the United States to show how
an unbiblical worldview has increasingly taken hold of society, the educational system and

The Philosophical View Of Empiricism
Today in society, many people are free to follow which ever philosophical view that they feel is
right for them. Each philosophical view has a different set of beliefs, and many philosophers went
through great lengths to prove that the philosophical view of their choice was the best one. In this
paper I will be talking about two philosophical theories. The first one is called Empiricism, and it
was made famous by a philosopher named David Hume. Empiricism states that our knowledge
should come from sensory experience, impressions, and observation. The other philosophical view I
will be taking about is called Rationalism. Many people who don't agree with empiricism lean more
towards Rationalism. Rationalism was made famous by a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
With thoughts, your mind thinks about certain feelings, but you don't experience them first hand.
With impression, you experience things such as hearing, seeing, and feeling first hand, instead of
just thinking about them. For example, an impression can be used to describe a man who is "in fit of
anger" , and a man who is thinking about anger, but not actually in a "fit of anger" would be
considered to be a thought. A thought can also be considered as an idea. Hume describe ideas as
being "less vivacious than impressions". He feels that impressions are drawn from memory or
imagination, thus causing them to be less lively and vivid. Our mind consist of many complex ideas,
and according to Hume these ideas are the things that influence our imagination. He claims that
complex ideas are combined into one big idea, thus resulting to a single idea. For example, when we
think of a golden mountain, our mind use the memories we have of the color gold, and the memories
we have of a mountain, and combine the two into a single image of a golden mountain. Another
example is our idea of God. When we think of the supremely good and intelligent nature of God, we
are doing nothing more than, comparing his goodness to the goodness of a human beings. Hume
claims that we can only have knowledge of things that we have experienced before. Since a blind
man can't see, his knowledge of the colors will be very limited. The only way

Worldview Essay
Concept of Worldview
The phrase "worldview" is a mental framework of all people and groups to interpret the nature of
reality and the world we live in. It is philosophical, metaphysical or an ideological reality of the
world we live in. The worldview is also used in understanding the law governing relationships
among human beings, nature and the purpose of human life. They are attitudes and ideas about the
world we live in and a thorough understanding of the systems of all the beliefs which hope will
provide all the answers to the range of questions within ourselves as human beings. In most cases,
worldviews are as a result of our human life experiences, and they subsequently shape as individuals
in the approach we have to live. This paper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, there are significant influences to these worldviews whether informed or inherited. Two of
these most prevalent influences are what we call the identity–based worldview or the survival–based
worldviews which have been in existence throughout human history. Subsequently, both worldviews
have different cause communities to conflict or harbor violence because of their differences in
worldviews.
It is important to note that a worldview is not immediate as it developed over the course of one's
lifetime and passed on from generation to generation through factors such as tradition, beliefs,
education, political orientation, mass media, and social interaction. When a child is born, they do not
know what is moral or immoral, acceptable or unacceptable or have any attitudes and beliefs; they
do not have a worldview. For the most of our lives, these worldviews develop in us over time, and
we take them for granted, and so they just remain below the surface of our consciousness or
awareness. Typically as human beings, we are partially conscious of the world views we have, and it
is to mean that we are not fully aware of them. The development and comprehension of our
worldviews are an evolution and a process, and for this reason, the world views evolve in a direct
response to our collective cultural histories and individual and unique life experiences.
Consequently, depending on the type of worldview we adopt in the

Professional Skepticism and Auditors' Workpaper
Professional Skepticism and Auditors ' Workpaper Review
Kathy Hurtt
University of Wisconsin
Martha Eining and David Plumlee
University of Utah
Draft version
March, 2001
February, 2002
Please do not quote without permission of the authors. Comments are welcome.
We thank the workshop participants at Arizona State University, University of Utah, University of
Wisconsin and Bentley College for their comments on earlier versions of this paper.
Review of subordinates ' workpapers by more experienced auditors consumes a significant portion
of the effort on an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research on SEC Enforcement Actions (1987–1997) by Beasley, Carcello and Hermanson
concurred with this assessment, indicating that 60% of the enforcement actions were related to a
lack of professional skepticism (AICPA 2000). and that "people failure" is the most common cause
of audit failures (Choo and Tan 1998). In response to the SEC 's concern about the quality of
financial audits, the Public Oversight Board established a panel that recommends recommended to
audit firms that they provide guidance to their audit personnel about the concept of professional
skepticism (POB 2000). Thus, understanding the role of professional skepticism in workpaper
review may provide important insight into a recognized problem within the audit profession.
A critical step in conducting research involving professional skepticism is a means of identifying
individuals who can be characterized as skeptical. Recent research by Hurtt (2001) has resulted in a
30–item psychological scale that measures the degree of skepticism possessed by an individual. In
addition, a model linking an auditor 's degree of skepticism and certain behaviors has been proposed
(Hurtt, Eining and Plumlee 2001). The model of skepticism, developed from surveys of professional
accountants as well as literatures from

Euthyphro
Main question of the Dialogue
The main question of this dialogue is the definition of the word holy or piety. Euthyphro brags that
he is more knowledgeable than his father on matters relating to religion. In this case, Socrates
suggests to Euthyphro to define that term. The first definition fails to satisfy Socrates because of its
limitation in application. Apparently, Socrates perceives this definition as an example rather than a
definition. Subsequent arguments and line of questioning lead to five sets of definitions that are
refined to find the general definition. Socrates expects that the acceptable general definition of the
question will act as a reference point in his defense.
Problems with Euthyphro's initial definition
According ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case, the argument would imply that the justification is both holy and unholy, which is
rationally impractical.
What Socrates uses to Combat Euthyphro's Conceptions of holiness
At the core of Socrates' argument is the need to break down the definition of holiness into smaller
coherent characteristics. Socrates uses a series of question that are consistent with Euthyphro's
argument to ensure that he [Euthyphro] offers a consistent flow of definitions of the word holy.
Euthyphro accepts these ideas because he offers different definitions that are in line with the
clarified ideations. Socrates uses basic philosophical question "What is holy?" , which leads to a
myriad of definitions with different characteristics. Euthyphro sums up all these characteristics in
the final definition.
Euthyphro's problem is that he is trying to show his prowess among social and philosophical elite by
proving his father to be impious. His ego coupled with his father's flattery obscures Euthyphro from
developing concrete definitions.
Deeper (Philosophical) Point of 'Justice'
Socrates point on justice is that everything that is termed just ought to be entirely holy. On the other
hand, not everything that is deemed holy is just. However, the term just is used interchangeably with
the term morally good. I think Socrates point is to find enough proof to support any premise beyond
reasonable doubt.
Significance of the abrupt

Culture and Worldviews
Culture and Worldviews Culture is a way of life. It can be defined as a group of people linked by
geographical location, ethnicity, gender or age. Culture can be reflected through language, clothing,
food, behavior, spirituality and traditions. The behavioral patterns developed through culture are
difficult to change. Cultures are formed from the human need for preservation and significance.
According to unit 4's lecture on western thought worldviews and culture "culture is emergent and
developmental: cultures are learned or invented through internal and external changes" (western
Thought–Worldview and culture, 2013, para 3). An example of cultural traditions made–up through
internal and external changes is the Thanksgiving Holiday. The Thanksgiving holiday is a national
holiday that primarily is celebrated in North America. The original purpose of this holiday was to
celebrate the harvest of the previous year and give thanks. Throughout the years the Thanksgiving
holiday has transformed to celebrate food, love and family (western Thought–Worldview and
culture, 2013). Cultural knowledge has an impact on the way people within the culture view the
world, interact with each other and make decisions. It is a collection of values and beliefs that hold a
culture together. World views are not independent from culture. Worldviews are a set of primary
viewpoints concerning reality. The fundamentals of a person's worldview include beliefs about
knowledge, the existence of God,

Opposing Views Of Zhuang Zi's Philosophical Perspectives
Zhuang Zi was born in Song State in 375 BC, and he is supposed to have died at the age of 75.
Zhuang is credited with establishing the classical Dao School, and he was a prominent historian. His
writing presents profound truths on how individuals should view life and other objects in their
environment. In particular, it is possible to evaluate different issues based on the philosophical
perspectives of Zhuang. Furthermore, looking at other things, based on the other individuals'
perspectives can be instrumental in enhancing people understanding of specific issues. As a result,
Zhuang theory provides a rationale for solving challenges based on an in–depth creative thinking.
On the other hand, Yin–yang can be considered as the epitome of Chinese ... Show more content on
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To Zhuang, the butterfly could have been dreaming about becoming himself. Based on this dream,
this could not be equally unresolved given that it transcended above the dreamer. Fundamentally,
this objective perspectivism can be critical in engaging with different people and understanding their
unique perspectives based on their experiences. Probably, Myanmar government officials ought to
reason on the feelings of the displaced Rohingyas and how their situation can be addressed based on
a higher metaphysical

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