SYMBOLS OF STRENGTH

My Symbols Of My Life
When you are going through a tough time and having many problems, remember this story. It is refreshing to sometimes remember that whatever
our problem is, there are people in the world that wish that they have our problems. I aspire to be just like my sister, Erika, for her optimism,
everlasting joy, and determination. No matter what life through at her she always remained happy. Erika is my symbol of everything I want to be.
Erika was born in Rome, Italy just like me in 1986. She lived in Italy for the majority of her life and enjoyed many things. Such as Italian cuisine,
dancing, blogging, exploring, and spending time with her friends. She loved horses and her favorite color is purple. Erika was born with spina bifida.
Spina bifida is a condition of the spine where it doesn't develop fully or properly in the womb. Erika was wheel chair bound by the time she was two
or three. This didn't hold her back. Erika went through over twenty–five surgeries in her lifetime. She was often in pain and needed a caretaker, family,
or friend to help with every day care and needs. I moved from Rome when I was about four years old to the United States. Throughout my life in
America I took about five pleasure trips to Italy to visit family including Erika. She moved from Italy when I was about fourteen years old to live to
be more involved in my life and to be with our mother. My sister was determined to conquer this life given to her. Erika did many of things to be as
independent as
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Birth Defects Of Babies Are Serious Functional Or...
Birth defects in babies are serious functional or structural abnormalities that are present at birth in 3%("approximately 120,000"(Simeone 1104) ) of
infants in the United States each year. There are quite a few different types of defects that you may not even be able to see on the infant at first. It
could be something developmental that will only get worse as they get older. If you believe that birth defects are only caused by women doing illegal
drugs and drinking while pregnant, you're wrong. It could be a complete genetic disorder that the baby has inherited or a chromosome problem where
the baby is missing even just a part or a whole chromosome and in some cases gains an extra. Sometimes before the baby, is born you are able to do ...
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It could be very mild and be solved with therapy, or there are some extreme cases that need surgery as soon as the child is born.Spina Bifida is another
common structural defect that is very serious and it messes with spine. There is a three different types of spina bifida; the first type is
Myelomeningocele which is where the baby 's spine doesn't completely close. "With this condition, a sac of fluid comes through an opening in the
baby's back. Part of the spinal cord and nerves are in this sac and are damaged. This type of spina bifida causes moderate to severe disabilities."
(CDC) The next type is meningocele this has some similarities to the first type with the sac but with this the spine isn't in the sac, this type will only
have some minor disabilities. The final type is Spina Bifida Occulta which is the more mild out of the three. This is where there is only a small gap
in the baby's back with no sac. This is harder to find in infants usually is isn't even discovered until people are young adults, not many disabilities are
caused by this type. There is not only common structural defects, but also developmental or functional defects. A well known type that affects the
nervous system is Down Syndrome. This is when people either have an extra piece on a chromosome or they have a whole extra chromosome number
21. "It is the most common chromosomal cause of mild to moderate intellectual disabilities. People

Persuasive Speech On Spina Bifida
Sometimes saying thank you once isn't enough!
The continued support that you offer to SBCC is more than a source of general funding. To us it says, "I believe in your cause."
While we work to Connect, Support, Educate and Advocate for families living with Spina Bifida in the Greater Cincinnati area, we know that we do it
in partnership with those who care and have compassion for our community.
Because of your sponsorship of $700, a person with Spina Bifida can participate in a recreation or therapeutic activity of their choice to improve their
physical and social health. This year, SBCC paid for 53 families to attend conferences, camps, adapted sports programs, and gave direct financial aid to
several families when bills overextended

Evidence Based Outcomes And Utilizing Findings
Evidence–Based Outcomes and Utilizing Findings Evidenced–based practice (EBP) is now considered to be best practice but, although great strides
have been made in applying the research in practice, there is still progress to be made. EBP is central to delivering the highest quality healthcare and
ensuring the best outcomes for patients. However, EBP guiding the practice in healthcare systems is not the norm in many healthcare systems across
the United States (Melnyk & Fineout–Overholt, 2011). The most overwhelming evidence for using EBP in practice is that is provides better
outcomes in patients and provides a higher quality of care. Therefore, patients are more satisfied, healthcare costs are reduced and there is a reduction
in differences in delivery of care according to geographic area (Melnyk & Fineout–Overholt, 2011). Evidence–based practice is defined by Polit and
Beck (2012) as a practice that involves making clinical decisions on the best available evidence which is usually from disciplined research, while
research utilization is using an aspect of a study for something else unrelated to the original research. The two terms are sometimes used synonymously
but there is a distinct difference. In research utilization the emphasis is on translating the information into real word applications. Evidence–based
practice (EBP) is broader than research utilization and incorporates research findings with other factors (Polit & Beck, 2012). Many factors work to
either facilitate

Informative Essay On Spina Bifida
Imagine, never having the ability to stand up. Never feeling your legs. Never being able to run around like a normal kid, or playing a fun sport
using your legs. But stuck in a boring wheelchair for you whole life. This is a day in the life of somebody with spina bifida. Even though many
people have to deal with these and many more struggles of spina bifida daily, that doesn't stop them, and will not stop them from being successful. In
this paper you will learn about what spina bifida is, how you can avoid it, and if you can still participate in athletic sports with the disability.
What is Spina Bifida? First, I am going to talk about what spina bifida is. It is a congenital disability from the spine ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Turns out you can participate in athletic sports, but the options are limited. For example, you can do swimming or weights. Other sports you can
participate in with spina bifida are wheelchair sports. An example of that would be basketball, but everybody is in wheelchairs instead of on top of
their feet. Other wheelchair sports are, speed sailing, motor cross, tennis, softball, wheelchair racing and much more. Some of these people who play
these sports become very successful. If you have spina bifida you may also do things other than sports that are athletic, such as going to the park, or
for a stroll in your neighborhood. There are endless ideas of ways you could be athletic with spina bifida, indoors or

Essay On Spina Bifida
In Canada, a clinical study by De Wals et al was performed to assess whether or not folic acid fortification has an effect on the recurrence of NTDs
(neural tube defects), especially on upper and lower birth defects called spina bifida (De Wals et al., 2008). The study was performed in three different
regions in Canada: the eastern, western and central provinces (De Wals et al., 2008). Furthermore, the population of the study was conducted on three
different types of births which were livebirths, stillbirths, and termination of pregnancies, and the study was carried out through three periods included
prefortification, partial fortification and full fortifications (De Wals et al., 2008). The researchers followed the scientific investigation... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The researchers depended on birth defects statistics which can be found in medical record to support their results about the effect of folic acid
fortification on NTDs (Chen et al., 2008). This data showed that although there was a declining in NTDs' prevalence in prefortification, the NTDs'
prevalence did not continue to decline in postfortifcation (Chen et al., 2008). Hence, this study's results conflict with the results of De Wals et al's
study which claimed that folic acid fortification decreases the NTDs' prevalence after the full fortification period (De Wals et al., 2008). Another
study was conducted in Chile by Cortes et al, and this study's aim was similar to De Wals et al's aim which was whether there is an impact of folic
acid fortification on NTDs' prevalence or not (Cortes et al., 2012). The researchers held an observation program in a specific hospital to detect the rate
of occurrence of NTDs in stillbirths and livebirths (Cortes et al., 2012). The researchers showed that total NTDs' prevalence decreased from
prefortification period to postfortification period, and the reduction of spina bifida was about 52% in postfortification (Cortes et al., 2012). Therefore,
this study is one of the studies that

A Birth Defect
Different studies and different recourses show that about 1 in 33 babies that are born in the U.S have a birth defect. I decided to use this known fact
from the Human Biology thirteenth edition textbook by Sylvia S. Mader and Michael Windelpecht due to the fact that not many people know or even
care to think about it– that is– unless it happened to them or someone in their own circle. In order to understand how to prevent and test for a birth
defect you need to understand some common definitions and words that can be used while reading about the topic. For starters, as stated in the
merriam–webster dictionary, the medical definition of defect is "a lack or deficiency of something necessary for adequacy in form or function."
Another word that is used a lot when talking about this subject matter is test and testing. Based on the medical definition a test is "a diagnostic
procedure for determining the presence or nature of a condition or disease or for revealing a change in function." From this definition you can see
how the word test is also used in medical vocabulary to see what is wrong with a patient so the doctors can determine what to do next. The last term
that I want to explain briefly before continuing is one that people might get confused with, it is the word prevent. Although it might seem like an easy
word people still confuse it with the act of curing someone. The dictionary without a doubt states that the word prevent means "to keep from happening
or existing"

Spina Bifida Research Paper
Spina Bifida Spina Bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord does not develop correctly, or is not closed all the way while still in the mother. Back
many years ago people who were diagnosed with spina bifida were not expected to live very long. Their lifespan was only about 6–12 months and then
they would die. From having the spinal cord not developed it can cause massive defects on the child. It can be as simple as just a limp in the walk,
but it can get as bad as not being able to use their legs at all. These children still have the right to work out and become stronger individuals. The
children may also want to be involved in a sport. Many people may think this is impossible, but with slight modifications the child can participate...
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Children can go under go a countless amount of surgeries to help them work through spina bifida, however it is almost impossible for the child to
get through their lives without symptoms going unnoticed. There are many different stages of spina bifida going from minor symptoms like a
limp in their walk to being pretty much completely paralyzed. There have been many famous people with spina bifida such as athletes, actors,
writers, and more. By sharing these famous people with children with spina bifida it will help them look at life more positively. There are ways that
parents can have a better chance at avoiding spina bifida, however there is no way to completely get rid of the chances of the child having the
disease. Before scientists went into research on spina bifida the children were not likely to live past a year. Spina Bifida is a horrific birth defect, and
hopefully with continuing studies spina bifida average rate will continue to

Spina Bifida Research Papers
Spina Bifida in School Aged Children
Brooke Roose
For
Mrs. Julie Miller
10/16/16
Spina Bifida is a neural tube defect that is present at birth. It is thought to be caused by a folic acid deficiency in the first month of pregnancy. This
disease can be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. There are three types of Spina Bifida including: Spina Bifida Occulta, Spina Bifida Meningocele,
and Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele. The main treatment for Spina Bifida is surgery that occurs right after birth to close the spinal opening and could
include several more surgeries throughout the child's life.
Spina Bifida Occulta is usually asymptomatic. It could be undetected for years, and only found via diagnostic procedures for another diagnosis
completely. It may also present as a sacral dimple or a small patch of hair on the infants back at birth. People diagnosed with Spina Bifida Occulta can
lead a normal life without interference of the disease. There is usually no treatment needed for this form of Spina Bifida. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014)
Spina Bifida ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is to close the opening in the spinal cord, to prevent infection, and to prevent any further damage of the spinal cord. Shunts may be placed at this
time as well if they child was born with hydrocephaly. The treatment doesn't end there; children may be subject to many more surgeries throughout
their lives including: bowel and bladder surgery to help with incontinence, frequency, and constipation, they may also have surgery to correct
deformities in feet, ankles, legs or backs. The child may need to have their bladder enlarged by connecting the appendix to add more space causing
less incontinence, or they may have an opening to the outside of the body for an easier time catheterizing. (Southampton Children's Hospital, 2013)
They may also need a colostomy if they are unable to fix chronic

Spina Bifida
Working in the physical education field can be both rewarding and challenging and it is important for the success of all students that physical education
teachers rise to the challenges that they are presented with. One of the challenges a physical education teacher may face are different disabilities that
may impact their students in the physical education setting. Two examples of disabilities that teachers may see are Spina Bifida and Cerebral Palsy.
Spina Bifida is a birth defect in which a baby's spine fails to develop properly during pregnancy due to neural tube defects. These neural tube defects
prevent the backbone from forming around the spine and closing properly. Spina Bifida can be detected during pregnancy or after birth and in ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Twenty percent of cerebral palsy cases result from a brain injury that occurs during the birthing process. Acquired cerebral palsy accounts for around
ten percent of cerebral palsy cases and typically occurs in the first few months or years of life as a result of head injuries, vehicle accidents, or
bacterial meningitis.
Symptoms of cerebral palsy vary depending on which areas of the brain suffer damage and can include muscle tightness, involuntary movements,
irregular gait, speech problems, hearing or vision impairments, seizures, intellectual disabilities, bladder and bowel control issues, difficulty eating and
swallowing, difficulty breathing and skin

Spina Bifida Occulta
Abraham Maslow once said, "In any given moment we have two options: to step forward into growth or to step backward into safety." My whole
life I have had many medical issues typically preventing one from doing a lot of the "normal" things a child can do. But I truly believe that life is
not about the circumstances you were given, but much rather how you choose to react to them. So growing up I have always managed to find a
way to not let my disabilities hinder me from living my life like everyone else and defy the odds I was handed. When i was born, my spine was not
fully formed at the bottom, leaving an opening that would be the cause difficulties my entire life. I was diagnosed with Spina Bifida Occulta. Spina
Bifida is an incurable birth defect where the vertebrae is defective causing the spinal cord to fail a proper development. In most cases of Spina
Bifida the person is wheelchair bound their entire life along with other major health problems. Despite this, step by step I began walking on my own
just under one year old. I was also born deaf and in most cases of deafness, the person is also mute,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was required to do a lot of physical therapy sessions to try and loosen my ligaments enough to qualify for the team because of the tightness caused
from my spine. I was able to do cross country for a while before I ran into more issues. My pelvis began to dislocate off and on during practices and
meets followed up by bulging one of the disks in my back but still kept running for the following two years along with a year of track. Having so
many medical issues can make life harder than usual. These things among many other experiences in my life, have been difficult to overcome.
Inevitably, you have to find a way to claim what you have and the way you were born to be able to push through it. Your struggles in life should never
be treated like limits but much rather seen as goals and

Utah State University
Spina Bifida and the Speech Language Pathologist
Spina bifida is a lifelong disability that affects the spinal column. In regards to childhood speech and language disorders, spina bifida affects different
people in various ways. Although spina bifida is a disorder affecting the spinal cord, certain types may affect speech andlanguage development, which
may require speech therapy depending on the severity. Evaluation tools and methods are used to determine those individuals in need of speech therapy.
Once evaluations have been administered individuals receiving proper treatment can hope to achieve age appropriate or at least functional language
skills.
I. Introduction to the disorder
Spina bifida is a non–progressive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children are sociable and interested in conversations; however, they display contextually and socially inappropriate utterances (Spain, 1974). According
to Dennis and Barnes (2010):
"Interpersonal rhetoric is preserved in children with SBM, who are polite and friendly, sociable, cooperative, and interested in talking. In conversations,
they initiate appropriate conversational turns and exchanges, using a mental state vocabulary. However, their textual rhetoric is impaired, and their
communication is difficult to process, uneconomic, and unclear" ("Language" para. 2).
Semantically, children have a mature vocabulary; however, they lack text meaning (Spain, 1974). Dennis and Barnes (1993) found children to have
difficulty understanding social scripts, as well as coherence, clarity, and plausibility of narratives. They also found children with spina bifida were
unable to make inferences that link knowledge to text. Children with SBM perform well processing at the word–level, and sometimes at the sentence
level, but display difficulties at the text–level, affecting fluency and comprehension for texts (Dennis & Barnes, 2010). Children with spina bifida
think logically, can be excessively verbal, and often do not comprehend the meaning of the words they are using. Often words are out of context.
Researchers believe this is related to hydrocephalus and

Congenital Diseases : Congenital Disease
Congenital disease Congenital disease (birth defect) are defects of any kind that are present at birth. However, not all are caused by a mutation in
the DNA. Another way to say congenital disorder are birth defects. Congenital disease is where it "occurs at birth or even before birth...the
incidence is 2~5% in newborn and the percentage of congenital disease related to genetic or chromosome defects was 60~70%.; the other 30% of
etiology was unknown... congenital disease can be categorized into chromosome disorders, congenital anomalies, inherited metabolic disorders and
rare diseases" (Hospita). Major congenital diseases are abnormalities that lead to developmental or physical disabilities or require medical or
surgical treatment. There are more than 4,000 different known birth defects, ranging from minor to serious, and although many can be treated or
cured, they 're the leading cause of death in the first year of life. Birth defects can be caused by genetic, environmental, or unknown factors. For most
birth defects, the cause is believed to be an interaction of several genetic and environmental factors. Congenital diseases are common; "about 3 to 4
percent of babies are born with some type of birth defect" (Hospital). Most congenital diseases are caused by genetic or environmental factors or a
combination of the two. In most cases the cause could be unknown. Genetic and heretic causes include; chromosomal defects which is caused by too
few or too many chromosomes, or

Spina Bifida Disorder
Spina Bifida Spina Bifida literally means "split spine". It is the most common permanent disabling birth defect in the United States. It happens when the
brain, spinal cord do not completely develop. It is the most common neural tube defect in the United States– affecting 1500 to 2000 of more than four
million babies in each year. An estimate shows 166,000 individual lives with Spina Bifida in the United States. I choose this disorder because many
people do not about the effects, causes, symptoms and treatments about the disorder and I wanted to know more about spina bifida. Symptoms:
Symptoms of Spina Bifida depend on different types of diseases and how badly it affects the spinal cord and its surrounding. Spina bifida occulta is
the mildest... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The prevalence went down from Oct 1998 to Dec 1999 was 2.02 per 10,000 live births. It reduced by 22.9% (Mark, 2016). Later in the years from
1999–2000 and 2003–2005, the prevalence of spina bifida falls by 6.9%. The reason of the decrease is still unknown. This decreases the prevalence of
spina bifida with black population, but not within the white or Hispanic population. Those frequencies about spina bifida had been evaluated toward
1–2 cases for every 1000 population, with certain population hosting a greater frequency based on genetic predilection. Research showed folate can
reduce spina bifida by 70% and decrease the severity of the disease. Myelomeningocele is the most common form of spina bifida. In the United
States, approximately 1500 babies are born with myelomeningocele each year (Mark, 2016). The myelomeningocele and other neural tube defect had
been declined since 20th century. According to CDC, the prevalence of spina bifida is higher in white and Hispanic population, than in the black
population. According to Mark, spina bifida is detected 2 and 1.96 per in 10,000 live birth in Hispanic and white population and 1.74 per 10,000 live
birth in black

Treatment Options For Children With Adolescent Idiopathic
Treatment Options for children with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Parents of children diagnosed with AIS (Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis) face difficult decisions when determining a course of treatment. The
information received from the child's doctor or orthopedist may be the only reference parents have to base decisions on. This may leave many
unanswered questions regarding the child's treatment, effects of treatment and long term quality of life after treatment. Like most parents, upon
hearing my daughter's diagnosis, a million questions came to mind including what does this mean for her health, can she still play sports, will she
have pain, and mostly, will she live a normal life?
Background:
Scoliosis is defined as an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While back pain is not a normal sign of scoliosis, it was the only thing my daughter complained about and it can indicate a secondary condition such as
spondylolisthesis, syringomyelia, tethered cord, herniated disc or spinal tumor. (Asher & Burton, 2006)
Diagnosis for scoliosis via a standard exam can be easily detected using the Adam's Forward Bend Test. During this test, the patient leans forward with
his/her feet together and bends 90 degrees at the waist revealing any asymmetry on the truck or any abnormal spinal curvatures. If abnormalities are
detected an x–ray, spinal radiograph, CT scan or MRI will be used for more accurate diagnosis. Curves are then measured by the Cobb Method with
the higher severity depicted by a greater curve. (AANS, May 2016) Statement of Problem: Interventions and treatments for AIS have evolved over the
years, however long term study documenting outcomes are rare. To properly study a case from diagnosis to completion would encompass a minimum
of thirty years. Effects of treatment are unknown due to lack of comprehensive studies. This leaves parents of AIS patients at the mercy of doctors and
orthopedists who themselves have not

Chiari Malformation Research Paper
There are 4 different types of Chiari malformations. Type 1 is the most common and occurs when the cerebellar tonsil is found below the forman
magnum; usually affecting older children or adults and is the only type of malformation that can be acquired. Type II involves both the brainstem and
cerebellum below the forman magnum, this type is usually associated with other diseases such as spina bifida and myelomeningocele. This is usually
found in children and this type is responsible for the name Arnold–Chiari malformation. Type III is the most severe it results in the cerebellum and the
brain stem producing a pouch–like structure that protrudes from the back of the head and upper neck. This pouch contains brain matter and causes
severe neurological deficits. Finally, Type IV is extremely uncommon and involves the complete underdevelopment of the cerebellum ("Different",
n.d.).
There are several causes that can be associated with a Chiari malformation. Some of those causes are associates with a structural defect of the spinal
cord during fetal development, injury, or even a lack of nutrients provided to the fetus during development. The cause associated with injury can be as a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some are more pronounced than others depending on the type of malformation. However, the most common symptoms are posterior headache on
exertion with neck pain, hoarseness or swallowing problems, sleep apnea, weakness or numbness in an extremity, and balance problems. A Chiari
malformation can be difficult to diagnose because of the multitude or signs and symptoms that are associated with it and other diseases as well. For
instance, the symptom that is associated with pain/ spinal problems can include neck pain, pain across the shoulder blades, chest pain, and curvature of
the spine. Each of those symptoms are associated with other disorders as to include; muscle issues, heart attack, and scoliosis ("Chiari I",

Spina Bifida Birth defects are not uncommon in our society today. In fact, 1 in every 33 babies born each year in the United States, are born with a
birth defect. Overall, 120,000 children are affected with impairments and disabilities (CDC). Spina bifida falls under the category of neural tube defects.
Spina bifida is a birth defect that affects an infant's spinal cord and brain. Spina bifida affects around 1,500 to 2,000 children each year (March of
Dimes). There are several forms of this disability, each varying from life–threatening to mild. The neural tube in an infant forms early during pregnancy
, then closes twenty eight days after conception (CDC). Children born with spina bifida have complications with the development or closure ... Show
It occurs in about 5% to 10% of people. Many people who are affected with this form of the disability are unaware that they have it. In some cases, it
does not affect everyday life. Spina bifida occulta can affect one vertebrae or multiple. The number of vertebrae affected determines the severity of
the disability. Unlike the other types of spina bifida, occulta has no opening on the back, only on the spine. Birthmarks such as moles, dimples, patches
of hair, or discoloration in the center of the spine above the buttock area are a significant indication of spina bifida occulta. People who suffer from this
debility, could possibly have foot deformity, weakness and reduced sensation of the legs, change in hand function, bladder infections and incontinence
and bowel problems (Shine Charity).
The second type of spina bifida is known as Meningocele. Meningocele causes a sack of fluid to come through an opening of the infant's back
(CDC). The spinal cord is not connected to the sack on the infant's back. People who suffer from this type of spina bifida could have minor to no
damage of the nerves. Also symptoms vary for meningocele. Symptoms range from little to none, all the way to paralysis of legs with bladder and bowel

Congenital abnormalities occur during a fetus's development before birth. In the United States, about three to four percent of babies are born with
some sort of congenital abnormality. Spina bifida is the most common congenital abnormality, occurring in about one in every one thousand births.
Spina bifida happens when the spinal bones do not close properly during formation. Spina bifida can be seen in a newborn by a small sac located on the
spine. Surgery must be done within the first few days of the infant's life in order to remove the sac. The sac contains spinal fluid and damaged nerves,
but little can be done to repair the damaged nerves.
Later in life, there are many other issues that Spina Bifida causes. The most common of these is hydrocephalus.

Spina Bifida Pregnancy Disorder
Have you ever heard of the disorder spina bifida? Well, if you have not, you should learn many interesting facts about this particular defect. Spina
bifida is the most common neural birth disorder; affecting a little over 1,500 babies every year, in the United States alone. There are three stages of
spina bifida, spina bifida occulta, Meningocele, and Myelomeningocele. The last stage, 'Myelomeningocele', is the worst stage of spina bifida.
Scientists do not know why spina bifida occurs in newborns, but they do believe it is caused by a variety of factors during the first few months of the
pregnancy. These factors include radiation, genetic mutations, the use of drugs or alcohol, etc. Doctors can identify this disorder before the baby is
born with the help of an ultrasound. The ultrasound would show the small incision in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Speech and learning, paralyzation, clubfoot, sway back, and nystagmus are some of the difficulties spina bifida patients may also endure. Most
children who are born with the last phase of spina bifida may be wheelchair bound their whole life. Patients may also have trouble controlling their
bladder, they may suffer from depression, or be very distant from their peers. Spina bifida has very little life threatening symptoms, and many can be
corrected with surgery.
There are workshop classes for parents and children on how to make 'clean up kits' for those who cannot control their bladder. In these kits there
would be a clean pair of clothes, a small towel, washcloth, soap, and a mirror. In big cities, there are even sport clubs for kids who are wheelchair
bound and would like to participate, but are not allowed to participate in school activities. Wheelchair basketball is among one of the most popular of
the activities. 20 out of every 100,000 babies are born with spina bifida, most have spina bifida occulta or meningocele, it is rare to have

Spina bifida is a nervous system disorder that takes place during the first month of pregnancy. It looks like a sac on the infants back, varying in size.
In some cases, a part of the spinal cord and nerves can be enclosed in the sac. This can cause physical and neurological damage to the infant, the
severity depends on the size and area of opening or if the spinal cord and nerves are affected.
The cause of spina bifida is unknown, however, it may play a role in genetics. Folic acid may also play a role in developing spina bifida, women who
are pregnant are encouraged to take folic acid vitamins to help sustain adequate levels. It has been found that it is more commonly seen in Caucasian
and Hispanic infants. The neural tube in the spine fails to close completely during the first month of pregnancy, making the vertebrae unable to form
and enclose the spinal column correctly. While it endangers a vital part of the human body, the severity and damage to the infant can vary. There are 4
types of spina bifida: spina bifida occulta, closed neural tube defect, meningocele, and myelomeningocele.
Spina bifida occulta is the mildest form of this disorder, causing rarely any disabilities of symptoms. "Occulta" means "hidden", referencing to the layer
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a women's 2nd trimester of her pregnancy, she can have a blood test called the "quadruple screen" to determine if her child has spina bifida. The
fetus and placenta give off a protein called AHP (maternal alpha–fetoprotein), which will appear in the mother's bloodstream. If the test shows a higher
than average level of AFP (maternal alpha–fetoprotein) then it may indicate that the baby has a spinal opening. Sometimes doctors can diagnose with
an ultrasound on the baby in utero, many times the malformation can be seen. However, the baby may not be diagnosed until birth. In this case, the
doctor would run an MRI, CT, or X–ray to confirm the status of the

Spina Bifida Urinating
Spina bifida is a skeletal system disease and birth defect in which the neural tube fails to close properly during the first five weeks of pregnancy.
Since the neural tube failed to close, the child will have damage to the nerves, spinal cord, and brain that varies in severity. Although the disease
has declined since 1982, there has not been a significant decline and the disease has relatively stayed at the same percentile over the last several
years. When I was born, I had a hole above my anus, where the end of my spinal cord is, that was no larger than the tip of a pen, but was still
noticeable. After tests were conducted, it appeared to the doctors that I was almost a spina bifida newborn and that my neural tube barely closed in
time for the developmental process, which is why this disease is so appealing to me. Reading of the side effects that I almost contacted, this article
focuses on a major issue: urinating. Spina bifida children, and even adults, have various problems conducting daily activities alone and successfully,
such as their slowed motor and cognitive skills. What many people... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The children's parents chose the setting in which the experiment was conducted, with most of them choosing a home setting to provide a comfortability
factor for the participants. During the experiment, each child was timed from when they entered the bathroom, to when they exited. They quickly
realized that due to the motor skills that are significantly lower than an average person, the children could not keep their attention on the task at hand
and nearly half of the participants took five or more minutes to complete the task. It was found that if it took the children twenty–five minutes to
urinate, and due to NBD, had frequent urination, the patients could spend upwards to one–hundred minutes in the bathroom a

Spina Brifida
Throughout my research on individuals with Spina Bifida, I highlighted the effects of Spina Bifida on a person. My research showed me that when
someone has Spina Bifida, they can live a normal life just like anyone else, with a few adaptations to their daily life. Other research showed me that
life with Spina Bifida can be dramatically different than someone without this disease. I used evidence from the Mayo Clinic, My Child Without
Limits, and other Children's Hospital's doctors. I am also defending the side of the argument that believes women should not abort their babies if they
have Spina Bifida. I think that women should not be allowed to abort their children because they have a disability. As a result of the research I will
elaborate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike other diseases, Spina Bifida is a disease that cannot be cured with a drug or surgery. There is not a current cure for Spina Bifida, but there are
ways of making the symptoms more endurable. If the child has Myelomeningocele, soon after birth, the child will most likely need surgery. The baby
is at high risk of infection, so according to Seattle Children's Hospital,"Because part of your baby's spinal cord area is exposed, your baby is at risk of
getting an infection or having more damage to the spinal cord. To lessen the risk, our neurosurgeons will operate within your baby's first 24 to 48
hours of life" ("Myelomeningocele,"2016). The surgeon will cover the spinal cord and closes the muscles around the muscle cord. Lastly, they close
the skin to cover the spine. If the baby has hydrocephalus, which is when there is too much cerebrospinal fluid in the head and a shunt may be
required to drain the fluid ("Myelomeningocele,"2016). Since the child may have slight paralysis below the wound, the child may need physical
therapy. The Seattle Children's Hospital states, "Some may need aids like braces, crutches or wheelchairs"("Myelomeningocele,"2016). This will help
with the slight paralysis that the child may be experiencing. Lastly, the surgeon may be able to do a fetal surgery on the child. The surgery is usually
done around the 24th week of pregnancy ("Myelomeningocele,"2016). Depending on what

Spina Bifida, Ekaterina Trofimova?
Spina Bifida – Ekaterina Trofimova In my paper I am want to present the disorder called "Spina Bifida (SB)." Definition, frequency of appearance,
causes, diagnostic procedures, management, and prevention of this disorder will be included in my research. According to "The Mayo Clinic," SB is
part of a group of birth defects called neural tube defects. The neural tube is the embryonic structure that eventually develops into the baby's brain and
spinal cord and the tissues that enclose them. Normally, the neural tube forms early in the pregnancy and closes by the 28th day after conception. In
babies with SB, a portion of neural tube fails to develop or close properly, causing defects in the spinal cord and in the bones ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Rates are also higher among mothers with certain health problems, such as diabetes or seizure disorders (taking certain anticonvulsants), and
significantly higher among couples in which at least one has SB, and couples who have already had a child with SB." But, as "The HealthDay News"
reporter Robert Preidt noticed: "Serious birth defects of the brain and spine called neural tube defects have fallen 35 percent in the United States since
mandatory folic acid fortification of enriched grain products." Since that moment, 1,300 fewer babies are born annually with neural tube defects.
However, the Mayo Clinic Staff point out that doctors and researchers do not know for why SB occurs, they have identified few risk factors: race,
some medications, and family history of neural tube defects which are defined early in the paragraph. Also, sex, folate deficiency, diabetes, obesity,
and increased body temperature can be considered as risk factors of developing SB. First is sex, girls are effected more often. Second, folate (vitamin
B–9) is important to the health development of a baby. The systemic form, found in supplements and fortified foods, is called folic acid. "The Genetics
Home Reference" noticed that the gene called MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) provides instructions for making a protein that is
involved in processing the folate, and shortage (deficiency) of this vitamin

Personal Narrative: Spina Bifida
This was not my first pregnancy , but it would prove to test my faith like it has never been tested before. I spent many nights in that old recliner
pounding at my thoughts. Maybe, If had done something that GOD was angry at me for, or maybe he turned his back on me. I try to live my life right
that was pleasing to GOD. I prayed daily. I walked by faith and not by sight. I gave my last to help a fellow man. I prayed for my family more than I
prayed for myself. So when, the doctor told me 5 months ago that my twins had Spina Bifida I didn't understand. Not one but both girls had Spina
Bifida. Spina Bifida is a birth defect where there is incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord. I even blame myself
because as an License Practical Nurse for 11 years I was aware that Spina bifida was linked to an folic acid deficit. My doctor quickly reassured me that
this was not the case. All my lab work was okay. My faith taught me that GOD don't make... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of a sudden, I felt this sharp pain in my stomach. I thought nothing of it because I have had false labor pains the whole pregnancy. As I gently
rubbed my stomach humming my favorite song. " You are my Sunshine" not even halfway through the song another sharp pain. I thought, "okay
girls you don't like that song anymore or my singing maybe something else." So I eased my way out the recliner and decided maybe a glass of
water would help. Standing in the kitchen it happened again, but this time the pain has gone across my stomach down my spine, now the pain
seemed to be coming every 20 minutes. Then my water broke. Of course, this is where I begin to panic. I yelled out for my husband John who was
sounded asleep in the bedroom. He came running like the house was on fire. Without even speaking a word we both knew that we had to get to the
hospital fast. He asked," How far apart." I stated, about 20 minutes" with a long pause we knew we had to get to the hospital

Spina bifida, a type of birth defect meaning, "cleft spine" affects many babies around the globe in that their neural tube incorrectly closes and affects
their spinal cord and brain. The three most common types of spina bifida are spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele–in the order of
least to the most debilitating. The birth defect is most commonly diagnosed with the Maternal Serum Alpha–Fetoprotein blood test, as well as other
tests. The complications occurring with the most severe case of spina bifida include meningitis and the Chiari II malformation. Spina bifida can be
treated with a wide variety and number of surgeries such as prenatal surgery, as well as prevented by intake of folic acid. The birth defect, spina... Show
Prenatally, surgery is done in utero and consists of opening the mother's abdomen and uterus and sewing the opening over the spinal cord of the
developing baby (NINDS, 2014). This could correct the defect if it is done early on, but means taking many risks for the mother and baby. One
major risk factor of prenatal surgery would be inducing premature labor, when the baby has not yet fully developed. Postnatal surgeries include fixing
progressive tethering, and lower extremities and spine. As stated by NINDS (2014), "Children with myelomeningocele develop a condition called
progressive tethering..their spinal cord becomes fastened to an immovable structure..This condition can cause loss of muscle function to the legs, as
well as changes in bowel and bladder function" (NINDS, 2014). This surgery along with the prenatal surgery mentioned cannot fix the prior
neurological deterioration, but can prevent further deterioration. Surgeries are also done during childhood to correct problems with feet, legs, and
spine as consequences of spina bifida. Physical therapy is used to aid with nerve development and to help children walking with crutches when they are

Anencephaly: When the Neural Tube Fails to Close during...
Between day twenty–five and twenty–seven of pregnancy, normally before a woman even knows she is pregnant, the neural tube that ultimately
becomes the brain and spinal cord begins to develop and eventually close. When the neural tube fails to close, the outcome is a neural tube defect called
anencephaly. Anencephaly is a congenital birth defect and is characterized by the absence of the prosencephalon (fore–brain), cerebrum, cerebellum,
and cranium. Part of the brain–stem is usually present. The head usually stops just above the eyebrows and slopes backwards. Since the head stops so
suddenly, many babies appear to have bulging eyes. Some are born with cyclopia, the presence of only one eye centered in the middle of the forehead.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exposure to high levels of mercury or lead may also be a contributing factor, as well as prolonged hyperthermia and obesity. Hispanic women are at
a greater risk for having a child born with this type of defect. Once a woman has had an anencephalic child, she has a 1 in 10 chance of having
another baby with this birth defect. In 2006, data was collected on 303 babies who were diagnosed with anencephaly and were not terminated. Of
those 303 babies, about 40% were born prematurely (before 37 weeks) and 4% beyond 42 weeks. Two–thirds of the mothers were either induced or
had a planned cesarean section for those born at term. Polyhydramnios was present in 30% of the cases which accounted for 60% of those born
prematurely. When delivered by cesarean section, 4% died during birth, 53% died within twenty–four hours, 30% lived up to five days, and 13% lived
longer than six days. For vaginal births, 37% of babies died during birth when a doctor or midwife ruptured the amniotic bag, opposed to 18% if the
amniotic bag ruptured naturally. According to statistics, if the anencephalic child is delivered via cesarean section at full term, there is a better chance
of that child being born alive, if only for a little while. Once the exposed brain comes into contact with the air, there is a great risk of infection. Most
babies with this condition die from cardiorespiratory

Informative Essay On Spina Bifida
Spina bifida is a type of birth defect called a neural tube defect, it happens if the spinal column of the fetus does not close completely during the first
month or pregnancy, that can damage the nerves and spinal cord" (U.S National Library Medicine, 2014). Spina bifida's symptoms are defending on
how severe the defect is. Children with mild form of spina bifida do not have any problems. According to WebMD, children with the most severe form
often, have spine, and brain issues that cause serious problems (2014). Scientists believed that spina bifida is caused by a condition of genetic and
environmental factors such as the mother's nutrition. "The long–term problems associated with spina bifida are; bowel problems, muscles movement,
sensation, intellect and education, sexual function, emotional and family support (which are the most, needed on both affected person and their
family), and urine and kidney problem; almost all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apparently, three is no cure spina bifida, because of the nerve, tissue that is damages or lost cannot be repaired or replaced, and without the cure, the
treatment for this disorder may include surgery, medication, and physiotherapy. Treatment is also defending on the type and severity of the disorder.
"Types of spina bifida are; spina bifida myelomeningocele, the most serious form of the birth defect and not only membrane protrude from the
vertebral cleft but the spinal cord also pushes through the hole. spina bifida meningocele is the rarest form of this neural defect, it characterized by a
protrusion of the protective coating around the spinal cord through the cleft or the hole in the vertebrae, surgeon can repair and remove this cyst
although there may still have some damage to the spinal

Spina Bifida Case Study
If I were in the position that Sarah and Mike were in, I would agree to proceed with the operation on the baby. The goal would be to provide the baby
to have the best quality of life for his future. Having this operation will prevent an infection from occurring due to the fluid causing the brain to swell.
(MacKinnon)
Researching the defect known as spina bifida would be highly advised for Sarah and Mike. Once they have an understanding of what the defect is and
the severity on their baby boy, they can then look into the benefits versus the risks of having the operation. Spina bifida is a defect that originates while
the mother is still pregnant with the fetus. The spinal cord and brain are expected to have been fully closed and developed by the fourth week after
conception. (Mayo Clinic) If the spinal cord does not fully develop, this means that there is still an opening in what is known as the neural tube.
The severity and the effects that will be expected on the baby all depend on how the neural tube failed to close. This involves where the neural tube
still has an opening and how big that opening is. Another factor that has to be considered when finding where the opening is, is what spinal nerves are
involved. (CDC) In the case of Sarah and Mike's baby ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sarah and Mike are both parents that are concerned for their baby boy's quality of life. They are concerned with living with such a severe type of
spina bfida due to the disabilities that it will have on their baby boy. Not only will their baby boy be disabled, but it will be challenging to raise a
child in a world where there will be other families with children that do not have disabilities. Having a child with a disability can emotionally be
hurtful and draining because parents only want what is best for their children and for them to live the most normal lives

Essay on Life With Spina Bifida
BACKGROUND: Having a chronic physical disability affects many aspects of a person's life beyond his or her general health (Eiser 1997).
Myelomeningocele, the most severe form of spina bifida (SB), is commonly associated with hydrocephalus, Chiari II malformation, diminished or
absent sensation or motor function in the lower limbs, and impaired bowel and bladder control (S.L. Kinsman 2007). Many people with SB rely on
some form of assistive technology for mobility, such as wheelchairs, crutches, or orthoses. Regardless of the type of assistive technology used,
restricted mobility has been linked to poor social integration (Blum 1991; Dicianno 2009). People with SB may experience social disadvantages
including reduced opportunities for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In light of the social disadvantages of people with SB, it is not surprising that their social integration level, an assessment of companionship and
willingness to initiate interactions with others, is markedly reduced compared with their able–bodied peers (Dicianno 2009). The reduced social
competence and peer social engagement of people with mobility impairments also have been negatively associated with quality of life (QOL)
(Alriksson–Schmidt 2006). Children with SB and hydrocephalus were found to have a Child Health Related Quality of Life score one full standard
deviation below children with other disabilities. However, if the children had psychosocial and family resources, their QOL scores were significantly
higher than those with SB who lacked resources (Cate 2002). Therefore, it is likely that the social integration and QOL score discrepancy between
able–bodied people and people with SB is likely a secondary effect of their disability resulting from limited positive peer interactions and social
isolation (Dicianno 2009). Exciting advances in immersive technology offer virtual socialization opportunities that may improve the QOL and social
integration of people with disabilities. Massively multiplayer online role–playing games (MMORPG), social

What Is Spina Bifida?
Spina Bifida is "a congenital defect of the spine in which part of the spinal cord and its meninges are exposed through a gap in the backbone. It often
causes paralysis of the lower limbs, and sometimes mental handicap" [5]. According to recent studies, neural tube defects (NTDs) rank as one of the
most common birth defects next to congenital heart disease. As many researchers attempt to determine the leading cause of spina bifida, Yunping Lei,
Huiping Zhu, Wei Yang, M. Elizabeth Ross, Gary M. Shaw, and Richard H. Finnell attempted to exemplify one of the leading indicators of Spina
Bifida of the myelomeningocele [1].
Spina bifida of the myelomeningocele, physically forms a lesion in the caudal spine, which leads to a dysplastic, or exposed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, this time, the cells were co–transfected with dsRed–VANGL2 (red) and GFP–Celsr1WT. Figure 4A represents MDCK II cells and the
localization of GFP–Celsr1WT in the first block and the delocalization of dsRed–VANGL2 (red) in the other box [1]. During this part of the
experiment, researchers focused on the insertion and deletion sequences. This study revealed that GFP–Celsr1WT was able to successfully localize
around the MDCKII cells. However, for both the C.5719–5720delTG and the C.5050–5051insTG that were exposed to both the GFP–Celsr1WT and
the dsRed–Vangl2, showed no movement towards localization. Actually, these sequences caused the dsRed
–Vangl2 and GFP–Celsr1WT to cover the
MDCK II cells

Fetal Surgery : A Controversial Breakthrough
Fetal Surgery: A Controversial Breakthrough It is easy to see that the medical abilities and tools we had 50 years ago are nothing in comparison to
what we have today. Among these advances has been the extent to which we can prevent illness and disability. Fetal surgery first emerged in the
1980's by Dr Michael Harrison aka "the father of fetal surgery," when he decided to look into ways doctors could fix certain defects before birth to
avoid their inevitable, devastating consequences. It has since expanded its practice to a number of hospitals across the country, although it is still an
uncommon procedure. It involves opening up the mother 's uterus (just as a doctor would during a caesarean section) so that the fetus is exposed as
much as needed to be operated on. The fetus is then put back and the uterus is closed until it is time for the mother to go into labor. The fetus is
never detached from the mother and is essentially being operated on while inside the womb (Smajdor). While it may seem like a positive life
changing procedure, there are many perspectives out there that support efforts to restrict its use. Some believe that advances in medical technology
have contributed to its overuse.Two of the primary issues that arise with the treatment include whether or not it is "necessary" in certain cases and
whose safety needs to be taken as a priority, especially in a case of twins. With a breakthrough this big that has the power to save children from
innumerable

Spina Bifida
For this article review, the assignment was to choose an article from "The Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography." I chose the article "Spina
Bifida: A Review of the Importance of Sonography's Role in Its Detection" written by Elke Wingate, AS, RDMS, RT(R); Jody Hancock, MAED,
RDMS, RT(R); Kelley Churchwell, AS, RDMS, RT(R); and Monica Pipkins, RDMS, RVT. In this article, the authors discuss the role of sonography in
detecting spina bifida. I chose this article because we briefly talked about using sonography to detect spina bifida in babies, and I wanted to learn
more about it. I was almost born with spina bifida, so it is very interesting to me. Spina bifida is one of the most common neural–tube defects, in which
there is an incomplete ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are other methods of detecting spina bifida, but sonography is the most sensitive, especially in terms of closed spina bifida. For increased
accuracy, the fetal spine should be evaluated in all three scan planes. If spinal defects are suspected, the fetal head should also be evaluated. Without
the use of sonography, the parents of the twins from the case study would not be prepared for a different lifestyle. It also allowed the doctors to be
prepared for the surgeries that would be necessary, which would not have been possible if it were not for

Overcoming My Obstacles
Throughout life, many individuals encounter things in their life that they find difficult to overcome. Many of which overcome such obstacles quickly,
while others fail to overcome them at all or at least it takes them a much longer time to do so. I fall into the third type of individual.
The obstacle that I had to face deal with my disability in the sense of people undermining my capabilities. I was born with a disability called
myelomeningocele. For those who don't know what this is, myelomeningocele is basically a type of spina bifida that is a defect of the spine and
spinal cord where the spinal canal and the backbone is not closed before delivering a baby. In my case, the defect wasn't as severe compared to
others who have the same disorder. Most individuals who are born with the same disability, they are to have a wheelchair to get around because they
are fully paralyzed from their waist on down. With me, I have to get around using crutches being that mine case wasn't as severe ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Starting college, I thought I would have the same experience as did in middle school and high school, it turns out that was the complete opposite. The
people that I've met in the two years of me attending John Tyler never saw me as a person with a disability nor have they ever stared at me.
However, there were some instances where some people, including teachers, thought that I broke my legs so I had to explain to them that I was born
with a disability. Other than that, the friends that I've made while being in college has gotten to know me rather than look at me differently because
of my disability and sometimes they would forget that I even have a disability, which I love because I am not seen as an outcast to them and it shows
that there a people in this world who would look beyond a person's physical appearance and get to know who they are a human

Spina Bifida is the most common permanently disabling birth defect in the United States. Spina Bifida happens when a baby is in the womb and the
spinal column does not close all the way.There are four types of Spina Bifida, Occulta, Closed Neural tube defects, Meningocele, and
Myelomeningocele. Spina Bifida Occulta is one or more vertebrae are not properly formed. In Closed Neural tube defects it consists of a diverse
group of defects in which the spinal cord is marked by malformations of fat, bone, or meninges. Meningocele is spinal fluid and meninges protrude
through an abnormal vertebral opening. And Myelomeningocele is the most severe and occurs when the spinal cord/neural elements are exposed
through the opening in the spine, resulting... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The MSAFP test is an examination of the levels of Alpha–Fetoprotein in the mother's blood during pregnancy. Spina Bifida does not have a known
cause. Doctors say that genes and the environment may have something to do with the birth defect. Spina bifida treatment depends on the condition of
the birth defect. Spina bifida often doesn't need treatment at all. Surgery after birth, prenatal surgery are treatments for Spina Bifida. The after birth
surgery is Meningocele which involves surgery to put the meninges back in place and close the opening in the vertebrae. Prenatal surgery is where the
surgeons expose a pregnant mother's uterus surgically, open the uterus and repair the baby's spinal cord. Treatment continues on through the baby's life.
Irreparable nerve damage has already happened and continuous care from a team of surgeons, physicians and therapists is usually needed. Babies with
myelomeningocele may need more operations for a lot of different types of complications. Even when children have Spina bifida most children can
walk short distances, usually with braces, canes or crutches, although they may need wheelchairs for longer

WhatВґs Spina Bifida?
Spina bifida is a congenital condition in which the posterior aspects of the vertebrae fail to develop, thus exposing part of the spinal cord (Bontrager
2010, p. 333). Most of the time this defect happens at L5 of the spine but there are different degrees of severity of this condition. From least
symptomatic to most symptomatic, the varying stages are spina bifida occulta, spina bifida meningocele, spina bifida myelocele, and spina bifida
meningomyelocele. Each have their own ways of being diagnosed and treated. Some of these different imaging modalities used include sonography,
x–ray, CT, and MRI. Sonography is a modality that is utilized while the baby is still in the womb. X–ray is usually how spina bifida is discovered if
the condition is unknown at birth. CT and MRI are used to further evaluate the condition once it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are rarely complications. It is even called "hidden spina bifida" because there is a small population of people who have it and do not even
know it (Spina Bifida Association of America, 2015). This is the only form that you cannot physically see outside of the body. Instead, it involves a
defect or splitting of some sort of the posterior arch of the L5–S1 vertebrae without the spine cord or meninges protruding. The meninges are the
membranes covering the spinal cord and brain. (Bontrager 2010, p. 628). However, in some cases there are minute physical indications that could get
overlooked. That's because it can sometimes be mistaken for a dimple, birthmark, or just an abnormal tuft of hair (Mayo Foundation for Medical
Education and Research, 1998–2016). Most of the time when this form of spina bifida is discovered, it happens to be an incidental finding meaning
the x–ray of the back was done for other reasons. Spina bifida occulta does not usually require surgery or treatment. However in some people, pain
and neurological symptoms may occur (SBAA,

The Effect of Neural Tube Defects on Healthcare
According to the EncyclopГ¦dia Britannica (2014), a neural tube defect is "any congenital defect of the brain and spinal cord as a result of abnormal
development of the neural tube." This birth defect is "the most common congenital defect of the central nervous system, affecting the brain and/or
spinal cord of 300,000 newborns worldwide each year" (Ricks et al., 2012, p. 391). The exact cause of these central nervous system defects is unknown,
but there are many contributing factors that are evidenced to assist in the prevention of such a disorder. I will examine the varying types of neural tube
defect, populations in which this defect is most prevalent, possible causes of the defect, and how this defect affects the healthcare system. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
More severe cases of spina bifida require immediate surgery to ensure the infant's survival. Encephalocele also pertains to a defect in the cephalic
portion of the neural tube. This condition "occurs when a meningeal sac containing brain tissue protrudes from the skull. The outlook for affected
individuals depends on the amount of nervous tissue involved" (neural tube defect, 2014). Infants born with a neural tube defect are also examined
for hydrocephalus, or "water on the brain." Hydrocephalus "occurs when normal passages for the cerebrospinal fluid that fills the neural tube are
partially or completely blocked" by a neural tube defect (neural tube defect, 2014). (Frazier & Drzymkowski, 2013; neural tube defect, 2014) "The
prevalence of neural tube defects is higher in Mexican–Americans than other U.S. populations" (Suarez, Felkner, Brender & Canfield, 2012, p. 844).
This correlates with evidence that these malformations occur more frequently in poor, obese, or undernourished populations. These groups do not have
access to, or do not consume, the necessary nutrients vital to proper neural tube formation. These vital nutrients, as well as some harmful exposures,
will be examined more fully in the coming paragraph. (Suarez et al., 2012) Neural tube defects develop during the first month of pregnancy; because of
this women who are capable of becoming pregnant should monitor

Research Paper On Strengths And Weaknesses
What's Got You Weak in the Knees? A Look at the Dangers of Leg Weakness
You may not realize how little conscious thought walking or moving takes until you are in a position where your lower body mobility is affected by a
medical condition. Once this happens it can make the smallest tasks seem much more difficult. Since movement is at the core of everything you do
throughout your day, difficulty in completing simple tasks can take a toll on both your physical and mental well–being. Lack of maneuverability can
have serious consequences leading to feelings of isolation, depression, and/or anxiety. Recognizing symptoms, addressing them properly, and
implementing the use of aids in your day to day life could help to minimize the effects and risks associated with lowered mobility.
What is Leg Weakness?
Leg weakness is an absence of muscular or physical strength in your legs accompanied by the feeling that additional effort is required to produce
movement. If this deficiency is the result of pain, then when you make those lower body muscles work it will hurt.
Often times, when you are displaying a physical weakness which makes moving more difficult to achieve it can result in fatigue. Fatigue is a feeling of
exhaustion or tiredness due to a lack of strength and/or energy.
Weakness and fatigue are both symptoms, and not considered diseases. They can be caused by many other health issues, and can only be properly
examined when paired with other symptoms that are present. If you

Types Of Spina Bifida
Spina Bifida is a birth defect that causes an incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord. In early conception of
pregnancy, the neural tube forms and by the 28th day of conception, it is supposed to close. However, in babies with spina bifida the neural tube
does not close. There are three common types of spina bifida. They are spina bifida occulta, meingocele, and myelomeningocele. Occulta usually has
mild signs like dimple, dark spot, or hairy patch. Meningocele is a sac of fluid at the gap of the spine. Myelomeningocele is the severest form causing
motor impairments, bladder or bowel control problems, latex allergy, or learning problems.
About 1,500 babies are born each year with spina bifida. Women of Hispanic decent have the highest rates of having children with spina bifida.... Show
However, not having enough folate in a pregnant women's diet while pregnant or after, and genetic or environmental factors can contribute to Spina
Bifida. It is recommended that women consume folic acid in the form of prenatal vitamins before, during, and after pregnancy to help prevent spina
bifida. Pregnant women should not sit in saunas or hot tubs since this could increase the chance of having a baby with Spina Bifida.
Depending on the severity of the disability, some characteristics can include:
Occulta–
Patch of hair in one central spot on the spine
Patch of fat
Birthmark
Meningocele–
Swelling sac of fluid on the

Spina bifida is a birth defect called neural tube defects. Normally, the neural tube forms early in pregnancy and then is fully closed by the 28th day
after conception. Babies with spina bifida, a portion of the tube don't develop or close properly, causing a defect in the spinal cord and in the bones of
the spine.
Spina bifida occurs in different forms and severity. If treatment is necessary, it's done surgically, this doesn't mean the problem is completely solved
though. Symptoms
Spina bifida has three different forms, which includes:
Spina bifida occulta
This is the mildest form and is a small separation in one or more of the bones of the spine. This type of spina bifida usually won't affect the spinal
nerves so no signs or symptoms are

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