Marine Phytoplankton

Marine Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton
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Diatoms are one of the most common types of phytoplankton.
Phytoplankton are the autotrophic component of the plankton community. The name comes from the
Greek words φυτόν (phyton), meaning "plant", and πλαγκτός (planktos), meaning "wanderer" or
"drifter".[1] Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye.
However, when present in high enough numbers, they may appear as a green discoloration of the
water due to the presence of chlorophyll within their cells (although the actual color may vary with
the species of phytoplankton present due to varying levels of chlorophyll or the presence of
accessory pigments such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are about 5,000 species of marine phytoplankton.[8] There is uncertainty in how such
diversity has evolved in an environment where competition for only a few resources would suggest
limited potential for niche differentiation.[9]
In terms of numbers, the most important groups of phytoplankton include the diatoms,
cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, although many other groups of algae are represented. One group,
the coccolithophorids, is responsible (in part) for the release of significant amounts of dimethyl
sulfide (DMS) into the atmosphere. DMS is converted to sulfate and these sulfate molecules act as
cloud condensation nuclei, increasing general cloud cover. In oligotrophic oceanic regions such as
the Sargasso Sea or the South Pacific Gyre, phytoplankton is dominated by the small sized cells,
called picoplankton, mostly composed of cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus) and
picoeucaryotes such as Micromonas.
[edit] Aquaculture
Diagrams of some typical phytoplankton.
Main article: Algaculture
Phytoplankton are a key food item in both aquaculture and mariculture. Both utilize phytoplankton
for the feeding of the animals being farmed. In mariculture, the phytoplankton is naturally occurring
and is introduced into enclosures with the normal circulation of seawater. In
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Iron Fertilisation and Algal Blooms
Phytoplankton are the basis of nearly all the Ocean's ecosystems, and require a wide range of
inorganic nutrients in order to grow; notably Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous. They take up these
nutrient elements according to the Redfield Ratio of C : N : P = 106 : 16 : 1. But phytoplankton also
require less obvious nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and potassium. These are often in
plentiful supply in the worlds Oceans, and other factors such as the micronutrient Iron can be the
limiting Phytoplankton growth factor. Iron is not required by Phytoplankton in large amounts, but
the Oceans are deficient of this micronutrient, and without it Phytoplankton cannot grow and
reproduce as readily. This is because Iron is required in the biosynthesis of the pigment chlorophyll,
required by Phytoplankton in order to photosynthesise. With a deficiency in Iron, Phytoplankton can
suffer from a lack of chlorophyll known as chlorosis. The protein ferredoxin contains Iron and is
substituted for flavodoxin as an iron–stress response (when Iron levels are low). It can be shown that
Phytoplankton are Iron deficient by measuring how much of this electron transfer protein flavodoxin
is present.
Iron's role in phytoplankton growth was first identified in the 1930's by an English biologist named
Joseph Hart. However it was not until 1988 when the Iron Fertilisation Hypothesis was suggested, in
an article in the January edition of the scientific journal Nature. It was submitted by John Martin
who

The Carbon Cycle And The Earth 's Climate
The carbon cycle on Earth is essentially how all organisms maintain life on our planet. According to
the article "The Carbon Cycle and The Earth's Climate," carbon is stored inside our Earth and is
released in our atmosphere, plants then combine this element with sunlight and water to go through
the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis allows plants to form carbohydrates that store energy
and this energy is later used to carry out life functions. Photosynthesis is also responsible for other
organisms to carry out their life functions as well because the byproduct it produces is oxygen. The
carbon cycle is not only accountable for making byproducts that organisms need to live, it is also
responsible for maintaining the climate on the planet. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps infrared
radiation heat in our atmosphere, it maintains temperatures on Earth so that it never gets too cold or
too hot for organisms to maintain life (Columbia University). The Carbon Cycle is responsible for
maintaining temperatures on our planet but it does need help from living organisms to aid with the
process. According to the article "What are Phytoplankton," organisms such as Phytoplankton are
responsible for the transfer of carbon dioxide from our atmosphere to our oceans, Phytoplankton
take CO2 from the atmosphere absorb it and either get eaten by other organisms or fall to the ocean
floor. This process takes greenhouse gasses from our atmosphere and puts it in the depths of our

Effects Of The Great Pacific Garbage Patch On The Ocean 's...
The Effect of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch on the Ocean's Plankton and Algae
Introduction:
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is the effect of the human population's waste. The Great Pacific
Garbage Patch is a collection of trash floating in the ocean where there is a high density of garbage
because of the Pacific Gyre. "Though their name suggests rafts of bobbing refuse, the patches are
instead areas with high concentrations of trash – mostly wee bits of plastic particles that have
degraded from larger pieces of litter such as water bottles. The bits amass within ocean vortices,
driven by wind and ocean currents."( Mole) The types of waste found in the garbage patch are micro
plastics and macro plastics. Macro plastics can range from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The chemicals that leak from the plastics can affect the organisms that live in our ocean. "Our study
aims at evaluating the effects of 40 nm PS anionic carboxylate (PS–COOH) and 50 nm cationic
amino–modified (PS–NH 2) NPs in two planktonic species, the green microalga Dunaliella
tertiolecta and the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana , respectively prey and predator. PS NP
behavior in exposure media was determined through DLS, while their toxicity to microalgae and
brine shrimps evaluated through 72 h growth inhibition test and 14 d long–term toxicity test
respectively. Moreover, the expression of target genes (i.e. clap and cstb), having a role in brine
shrimp larval growth and molting, was measured in 48 h brine shrimp larvae. A different behavior of
the two PS NPs in exposure media as well as diverse toxicity to the two planktonic species was
observed. PS–COOH formed micro–scale aggregates (Z–Average > 1 μm) and did not affect the
growth of microalgae up to 50 μg/ml or that of brine shrimps up to 10 μg/ml. However, these
negatively charged NPs were adsorbed

How Does Ocean Temperature Affect Marine Life
The effect of increasing ocean temperatures is important to understand because the rising
temperatures influence the physiology, ecology, distribution and evolution of marine life. Marine
biologists have observed changes in cell physiological processes, protein damage to membrane
fluidity, relocation of marine species, and species extinction since the sea temperatures have risen.
Marine life also faces greater susceptibility to infectious diseases due to climate change. Distribution
and abundance of marine life food sources have also been affected by warmer ocean temperatures.
Atmospheric and ocean surface temperatures are increasing much faster in the Northern Hemisphere
than in the Southern Hemisphere. Figure 1a shows Northern Hemisphere temperature increasing at a
faster rate than Southern Hemisphere temperatures. Hemispheric marine warming asymmetry has
largely attributed to more ocean coverage and therefore larger heat capacity and thermal inertia in
the Southern Hemisphere compared to the Northern Hemisphere. A stronger ice–albedo positive
feedback in the Arctic than in the Antarctic further enhances the inter–hemispheric asymmetry (1.)
Albedo is the measure of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The average temperature of the upper layer (0–700 meters below sea level) has increased more than
three times as much as the lower (700–2000 meters below sea level). This is because the ocean is
heated from above and it takes time for the heat to penetrate deeper. Satellite and direct temperature
measurements indicate that the abyssal layer, below 2000 meters, has not warmed measurably. (12)
Faster surface waters warming compared to that of lower water levels increases stratification
between warmer, less dense surface water and colder, denser water below the surface. Increased
stratification decreases vertical mixing between these layers and prevents nutrients transfer from
deeper waters to the surface waters.

Human Morphology
88. Although these molecules allow some radiations at visible wavelengths, where most energy of
sunlit is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the loneger–wavelength, infrared
emissions radiated from the Earth's surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into
space. 89. The role that anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating details of human
behaviors, but one of imposing constrants–ways of feeling, thinking and acting that come naturally
from architypal situations in any human cultures. 90. The role these anthropogists ascribe to
evolation is not of dictating the details of human behavior, but one of imposing constrains–ways of
feeling, thinking and acting that 'come naturally' in archetypal situations in any cultures. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
92. Which of the following most probably provides an analogy from human morphology for the
'details' verses 'constrains' distinction made in passage in relation to human behaviors? 93. A low
number of algal cells in the present of a high number of grazers susgested, but did not prove, that the
grazers had removed most of the algae. 94. A low number of algal cells in the present of a high
number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that grazers had removed the most numbers of

Phytoplankton Decline
In recent years the amount of Phytoplankton (Plankton) in our oceans have seen such a dramatic
decline that in the future it will pose a great threat to the ways in which our world functions.
Specifically speaking, all living beings from microscopic algae to marine mammals, seabirds, fish
and humans will meet a great demise. From Dalhousie University a research was conducted where
lead author Daniel Boyce said: 'Phytoplankton is the fuel on which marine ecosystems run. A
decline in phytoplankton affects everything up the food chain, including humans.' Many people are
unaware of the major contribution to our survival that the phytoplankton provide for us. Alone, it is
responsible for 50% of the oxygen we breath in our atmosphere while tropical ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the past few years there has been a rise in the sea level surrounding the state. According to a new
study by Lead author ,Benjamin Strauss, "Miami and Hollywood are two of the dozens of coastal
cities in the U.S. predicted to be washed away by rising sea levels this century." This means that half
of the immensely populated cities in South Florida such as: Miami, Hollywood, and many more will
be feet under water. This will cause hundreds of thousands of residents to migrate else where to find
new areas and homes to accommodate their needs. It has even been mentioned that other places such
as New Orleans are too late to save. The only logical causes behind these discoveries would be the
pending disasters of climate change. The rising temperatures from the atmosphere are melting down
the massive chunks of ice in Antarctica causing world wide flooding. Major continents such as Asia
will suffer massive losses of land as well as population wise. From what we know deforestation is
not the leading probable cause of this. As stated before the plankton in our oceans are being lost at a
much more alarming rate than any land plant specie. When humanly causes such as dead zones
occur from excessive sewage pollution along with other factors that prohibit the required amount of
oxygen to be produced to support most marine life in bottom of the ocean, the effects are

Sea Turtles Are Not Only Affected By Pollution
Sea turtles are not only affected by pollution, but they are also affected by tourist attraction. On
September 5 in Costa Rica, a large group of tourists prevented sea turtles from nesting along the
coastline. Due to the high volume of tourists on that day, the Ostional Wildlife Refuge was unable to
prevent the disturbance from happening. The Tico Times described what happened. "Some tourists
touched the turtles, others stood on top of the nests, and parents placed their children on top of the
turtles to take photographs" (L. Arias, 2015). It's ironic to think that the adults were the ones who
disrupted the nesting. Adults are supposed to be mature, yet they caused the most damage. Human
beings need to learn how to respect animals and their lives. There is already a low population of sea
turtles. If disturbances like this keep happening, soon sea turtles will not be around anymore. Global
Warming Leads to Temperature and Weather Changes Due to our mass pollution to the atmosphere,
humans are the main cause of global warming. "Since the beginning of the 1900s, the average
surface temperature of Earth has risen by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit" (Levete, 11). Global warming
leads to temperature change. Iceberg and glaciers are melting at a rapid rate. This will cause sea
level to rise. The Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets "lost an average of 571 trillion pounds (259
trillion kilograms) of mass every year during the six–year study period, making the oceans rise 0.03
inches (0.7 mm)

Ironing out carbon
"Ironing" out Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide plays a key role in the atmosphere. This gas has properties that allow it to sustain
and hold in heat, which in turn warms the planet (EIA, 2004). Carbon, the primary component of
carbon dioxide; is also the essential molecule for life and is the most basic building block found in
all organic compounds. Human activities been blamed for the disruption of the earth's natural carbon
cycles and according to some studies, carbon is being added to the atmosphere faster than the
natural processes that sequestrate it. The massive carbon sinks that naturally regulated and fixated
excess carbon dioxide have been destroyed as humans have deforested ancient forests for the ...
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One mans theory: A solution?
In 1990 John Martin an Oceanographer presented the idea that phytoplankton are responsible for
almost half of the photosynthesis that occurs on the earth.(Dopyra, 1996) Photosynthesis is an
important part of the carbon cycle, fixating carbon from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen as a
byproduct of this process. According to Martin's theory, growth is limited by the availability of iron
and if the oceans could be made more iron rich, the massive blooms of phytoplankton could fixate
massive amounts of carbon dioxide without harm to the environment.
Expectations ran high, and for over 10 years scientists raced to plan and execute experiments to see
if his theory would provide a solution for the damage that has been done to our planet through
mankind's industrialization efforts. Thousands of papers were submitted and published and
experiments were carried out to determine if seeding the ocean with iron was a simple solution to a
complex problem.
Experiments:
The first large scale iron fertilization project was carried out in October 1993 and named Ironex I.
The experiment was carried out 250 miles southwest of the

Comparison Of Phytoplankton And Giant Kelp
Phytoplankton and Giant Kelp are two protists found in "Seasonal Seas". Phytoplankton are the
main primary producers found in the ocean. Spring is usually when phytoplankton bloom, which is
known as the "spring bloom". When too many nutrients are available, phytoplankton may grow out
of control and form harmful algal blooms. Phytoplankton provide food for copepods, and they in
turn are prey to jellyfish. This all contributes to the giant food web in the ocean. Phytoplankton
utilize light and nutrients from the surface of the water which helps them get nutrients and live
longer. Because of their dependency on the sun, they are found floating near the surface of the water.
They are extremely dependent on minerals found in the ocean. The main two types of phytoplankton
include the diatoms and dinoflagellates. Some of them can thrive in different conditions which
means that primary consumers can get plenty of phytoplankton throughout the year. Phytoplankton
also play an essential role in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can grow roughly two feet each day and can grow to a possible height of 175 feet. They are
held upright by gas–filled bladders at the base of leaf like blades. They grow straight up to the ocean
surface and they look like a dense canopy on top of the water. Giant Kelp usually grows in turbulent
water where they can absorb nutrients allowing them to grow stronger. They look very tough, but
they are also flexible allowing them to move with the ocean currents. Just like the phytoplankton, a
lot of organisms thrive off of giant kelp. Pieces of decomposed kelp fall to the ocean floor and
provide food for the sea creatures. Giant kelp has a multitude of inhabitants. Invertebrates graze on
the blades, fish seek shelter in the fronds and thousands of invertebrates live in the holdfast. Sea
otters like to hang out in the kelp forest, where they find their favorite food and can wrap themselves
in the kelp to keep from drifting

Low Nutrient Experiment
Before starting the experiment we believed that the high light and high nutrient treatment would
cause bacteria to grow more quickly because it had all resources available for the bacteria to be
successful in having a high growth rate and doubling time. This sample would experience the least
amount of limitations. With that being said, the expected treatment with the lowest growth and
doubling rate would have to be the low light and low nutrient treatment. It was seen that in
comparison to low and high nutrients, there was a significant difference in growth rate when using a
high nutrient sample. When comparing high/low light using a low nutrient sample, there was no
significant difference between the data (Table 4). This may mean that light was not a major
contributing factor when in a low nutrient environment. When looking at effects of nutrients, we ran
comparisons with the same light intensity. We saw that there was no significant difference between
low and high nutrients in neither low or high light (Table 5). This does not fully support our
hypothesis because the comparison of highlight/low nutrient v. high light/ high nutrients ... Show
Since phytoplankton live in a variety of environments, future studies can factor in comparisons of
different species of phytoplankton and see how treatments such as these affect each one. Continuing
using controlled studies is important. Using actual physical environments can pose problems. These
problems could stem from unpredictable weather, oceanographic conditions, and hard to define
taxonomy of these phytoplankton (Cloern and Nichols 1985). If studies continue to us the
phytoplankton chlorophyte, Tetraselmis spp. , you can add in the factor of salinity into the
experiment. This species is known to withstand many different salinity levels (Fabregas et. al.1984)
and seeing how that might affect data would be an interesting path future studies can

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is the effect of the human population's waste. The Great Pacific
Garbage Patch is a collection of trash floating in the ocean where there is a high density of garbage
because of the Pacific Gyre. "Though their name suggests rafts of bobbing refuse, the patches are
instead areas with high concentrations of trash – mostly wee bits of plastic particles that have
degraded from larger pieces of litter such as water bottles. The bits amass within ocean vortices,
driven by wind and ocean currents."( Mole) The types of waste found in the garbage patch are micro
plastics and macro plastics. Macro plastics can range from a few centimeters to a couple of meters,
however micro plastics are only a couple of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A group of scientists wanted to study the effects of the chemicals that leak out of plastics on brine
shrimp (Artemia franciscana) and green microalgae (Dunaliella tertiolecta). They tested it on these
two organisms because they are predator and prey. The chemicals that they were measuring for were
40 nm PS anionic carboxylate (PS–COOH) and 50 nm cationic amino–modified (PS–NH 2). They
were checking the toxicity and the growth inhibition on the brine shrimp and the microalgae.
"Moreover, the expression of target genes (i.e. clap and cstb), having a role in the brine shrimp
larval growth and molting, was measured in 48 h brine shrimp larvae. "(Bergami, Pugnalini,
Vannuccini, Manfra, Faleri, Savorelli, Dawson, Corsi) What was noticed was that the chemicals
were absorbed into the microalgae and in the brine shrimp. This caused an inhabitation of algal
growth (12.97 μg/ml) and a mortality in the brine shrimp (0.83 μg/ml). There was also a noticeable
change in the clap and cstb genes that caused physiological alterations in the brine shrimp. The
chemicals that leak from the plastics can affect the organisms that live in our ocean. What came out
of

Impact Of Endangered Species
This report will be discussing and talking about endangered species and the impacts they have on
ecosystems. Endangered species is a species of animal or plants at risk of extinction because of
human activity, changes in climate, ruining of ecosystems, etc. This report will be split into different
sections discussing different examples of endangered species and the impacts that they have on
different ecosystems.
Blue whales, weighing in at 200 tonnes are the largest ever known animal to live on the planet.
Sadly, after whaling has occurred it has made the species endangered with only 10000 to 25000
remaining. Blue whales play a significant role in keeping the food chain stable and helping with the
reproduction of other species. In the marine ecosystem whales help control the distribution of food
by helping to keep a stable food chain and ensuring that certain marine species do not overpopulate
the ocean, however, Blue whales are being killed and the food distribution in the ocean is becoming
unstable and causing major changes in the food supply of many other marine life A Blue Whale is
able to consume as much as 40 million krill per day, so the impact on the marine ecosystem would
be huge because overtime krill will overpopulate which causes problems in maintaining a food chain
because the more krill there is the more food they will eat so because of their new overpopulation it
could make other animals become extinct. If Blue Whales become extinct then marine life will

Positive And Negative Effects Of Climate Change On Marine...
Effects of climate change on marine phytoplankton
Caitlin McCarthy
1 ABSTRACT
Anthropogenic activity has led to greatly increased emissions of greenhouses gases. Increased
temperatures, acidification and stratification are all affected by increased carbon dioxide (CO2)
concentrations. These symptoms of climate change have direct and indirect effects on to marine
ecosystems, all of which start at the major primary producers of the oceans: phytoplankton.
2 INTRODUCTION
Since the industrial revolution, anthropogenic inputs of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere have
increased dramatically. Concentrations in the atmosphere have risen 40% from 1750 to 2011,
reaching record highs of 390.5 ppm (Stocker, et al., 2013). Due to this, the amount of dissolved CO2
in the oceans has also increased causing acidification of the oceans which can have several effects,
mainly on calcifying organisms. Climate change has also influenced the stratification of the oceans
due to density changing affecting nutrient distribution. So far, although a number of methods have
been explored, there have been no solutions that don't have their own issues.
3 MAIN
3.1 THERMAL AND NUTRIENT STRATIFICATION
As carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, increased concentrations of it have led to an amplified
greenhouse effect. More solar infrared radiation is re–emitted and absorbed by the Earth, causing
surface temperatures to rise. Therefore, the density of the surface waters will decrease, which means
there is a greater

Lab On Biomagnification
BIOMAGNIFICATION LAB REPORT AIM The aim of this lab is to model bioaccumulation and
biomagnification through a food chain. MATERIALS 100 M&M's Paper towel to lay M&M's on 20
small cups labelled "zooplankton" 5 medium cups labelled "minnow" 2 larger cups – one labelled
"eel #1", and another labelled "eel #2" 1 bowl labelled "osprey" PROCEDURE The pile of M&M's
represents the phytoplankton population in a lake. The printed "M" on the candy represents the
amount of DDT (in ppm) the algae ingested from pesticide runoff from a nearby agricultural area.
There are 100 M&M's in the pile. Each circle below represents on phytoplankton. Mark the amount
of toxin each phytoplankton has ingested. If there is a full "M" stamped on ... Show more content on
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Disregarding the semi–tables that display the process of calculations, the first column of my table
depicts the average amount of DDT ingestion for each and every species. Since I knew the formula
to get the said data, I was able to process this column with comparably more ease than the other
ones. The second column depicts the amount of energy for one species under each category. For
example, only one phytoplankton contains 200 kcal within its body. Likewise, that column of my
table depicts the amount of energy that each individual of the species have within their bodies. The
next column, column C, shows the total amount of energy for each and every categories through
kcal. For instance, there are 100 phytoplanktons in the lake. Each phytoplankton contains 200 kcal
of energy within their bodies. Therefore, if you multiply 200 with 100, you get the total amount of
energy which is 20000. The last column basically illustrates the name of the trophic level the species
belong in this lab. You can see that the phytoplanktons, which are a type of

Algal Biomass: That Green Muck That Just Wants Some Love
Algal Biomass: That Green Muck That Just Wants Some Love
Does phytoplankton respond differently to nutrient enrichment near shore vs off shore?
Small, primitive organisms in lake Michigan, called Phytoplankton are like any creature, in that they
respond to and reflect their environment. The quantity of these photosynthetic cells is largely
affected by availability of nutrients. Especially when nearshore, where there is better access to
sunlight. Phytoplankton play an important role in freshwater environments and are often measured,
and managed to keep the proper balance. Understanding the many factors involved in algae growth
is necessary for this. From my research I've hypothesized that algal biomass reacts positively to
nutrient enrichment, with a stronger response when near–shore, compared to the same experiment
taking place off–shore in locations with a water column reaching deeper than 20m.
To grow, reproduce and sustain itself as a whole, algae needs sunlight, the right conditions, and a
balance of nutrients. These thing may occur naturally or by controlled settings. Often for
experimentation and testing, different nutrients will be added to the water to measure the ... Show
Phosphorus and nitrogen offer the largest increase in growth of the algal biomass, due to both being
limiting factors, as the algae relies on them to survive and reproduce. Though the addition of silica
increases this even more, on their own no one nutrient is enough to create a balance. To keep a reign
on algae blooms and create a sustainable environment for the lake, maintain the proper levels of
nutrients near shore. That green muck you see isn't entirely bad, it does a lot of important things so
long as it's not getting out of control. Take care of the phytoplankton, and it will take care of

Silver Carp Research Paper
Introduction:
Invasive species have caused losses in biodiversity and shifts in ecosystem function (Lovell et al.
2006). Under the Executive Order 13112, species are considered invasive if they are "an alien
species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to
human health." Aquatic invasive species have been intentionally and unintentionally introduced to
other parts of the world through the transportation and release of ballast water, pet trade and
aquaculture (Keller et al. 2011, Rahel and Olden 2008). Examples of aquatic invaders throughout
the world include the Topmouth Gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) in the United Kingdom and the
Eastern Gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki) in Australia. The Topmouth ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
1998). Gizzard Shad and Threadfin Shad commonly feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton and
(Schaus et al. 2002) are known to compete with other fishes specifically when they are at their larval
stages (Allen et al. 2000). Allen et al. (2000) found that both shad species abundance is positively
correlated with Chlorophyll–a and that Threadfin Shad populations are negatively correlated with
zooplankton density; although, Gizzard Shad have not been found to have a relationship with
zooplankton densities in Florida Lakes (Allen et al.

What Is The Difference Between The Ecosystem And Aquatic...
Ecosystem is a natural system consists of all the biotic component in a community interacting with
each other as well as with all the abiotic factors to form a stable and balanced system. Terrestrial
ecosystem which is land–based ecosystem includes tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest,
tropical rain forest, grassland and desert. Aquatic ecosystem is the ecosystem in the water. It is an
interacting system of resources such as water and biota. Water acts as limiting factor that
distinguishes aquatic ecosystem from terrestrial ecosystem and results in differences from many
aspects like size structure, growth rate and nutrient stoichiometry.
Size structure between terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem can be distinguished from
pyramid of both ecosystem. Aquatic ecosystem showed inverted pyramid of biomass. Pyramid of
biomass, showing the total dry weight and other suitable measure of the total amount of living
matter. Seaweed and kelp are producers in marine. In pyramid of biomass, producers' biomass is
least, and increases towards the apex of the pyramid, thus making the pyramid inverted in shape
while at the top of the pyramid is carnivore, most of them are large in size and they will produce
large quantities of biomass such as shark, dolphin, squid and moray eels. ... Show more content on
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Nutrient includes any substances that obtained from the environment and required by an organism to
develop like nitrogen and phosphorus but except oxygen, carbon dioxide and water. Nutrient
stoichiometry will affects all levels of the food web. For example, the stoichiometry (proportions) of
nutrients, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), in many aquatic systems is changing as a
result of both increasing nutrient loads. An ecological stoichiometric approach is based on the
transfer of elements through the food web, not just the flow of carbon

Decrease In Chesapeake Bay
In this research paper I will talk about how a large decrease in the algae population in the
Chesapeake Bay will cause problems for not just fish and other species but the people who fish and
make a living off of it. A large decrease in algae population will have a domino effect on the food
chain. Having a major decrease in algae will hurt how others species live and protect themselves.
The food chain of the Chesapeake Bay is very simple. It has fish, big fish depend on small fish. The
small fish feed off of oysters or sometimes zooplankton. Oysters then feed off of many small
zooplankton. Once, it gets down to what the zooplankton feed off of it is mostly algae or grass.
Now, since there is a major decrease in the algae population, this ... Show more content on
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With the algae growing so close to the edge or shoreline they are constantly taking in the run–off or
whatever may be on the shoreline. This makes it very bad for not just the algae but also the the water
and species living down under. A lot of this pollution may come from the big city plants. Their
disposals might just be fed right into the Chesapeake Bay and they probably do not care. This is a
big problem all over the world, not just the Chesapeake Bay. (Decline of Submerged Plants in the
Chesapeake Bay) Another reason to why there is such a decline in not just algae but other grasses is
that the warming trend over the last 20 years, global warming. By the looks of it, the warming trend
is not going to stop, so this may be a problem to deal with for a longer time. Natural diseases is
another way the decline in algae and other grass plants is happening. Mostly dead organisms is the
reason for these natural diseases. Once you get a bunch of bacteria and fungi, you will hope to get
rid of the algae or grasses because it will most likely just end up making the Bay worse, and turning
away species. The number of hurricanes the Chesapeake Bay takes does not help the cause.
Hurricanes are affecting the salinity of the Bay. The salinity affects the growth and the amount that
grows in a plant as well. (Decline of Submerged Plants in the Chesapeake Bay) The pollution can
fall down into the water and you may find pollutants in the sediment. The sediment is home to many
species. It can be very protective to large predators and large predators can possibly hide in there
while they wait for an attack. Ways the pollutants are getting down there is carelessness by the
fisherman and the people in charge of it to take

The Crystal Clear Water Feels Refreshing To The Touch.
The crystal clear water feels refreshing to the touch. As you look around and see the life that is
surrounded by this natural place of beauty. Though it may look like a haven for all who dwell there,
like anything it has a dark side. The ocean can be a cruel and unforgiving force that should not be
reckoned with. Filled with what scientists believe to be millions of aquatic species. Sea Algae is one
of those species that is a plant and not that cool. Cool animals are whales, dolphins, sharks, and fish.
They are all amazing and are the kings of the oceans. The ocean covers about 75% of the Earth's
surfaces. The climate of the ocean depends on where you are i the world. In the NorthEast of North
America the seas are choppy and filled with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is why it is so vital to the survival of the ocean population. Like nitrogen, Carbon is absorbed
and dissolved into the surface of the ocean. Tiny marine plants called phytoplankton use
photosynthesis to turn much of the carbon dissolved into the ocean into organic matter. Some
organisms use it to make the material used for shells and skeletons, calcium carbonate. By using up
carbon through chemical and biological processes, there is more allowance for carbon dioxide to
enter the water from the atmosphere. The nickname "carbon sink" has been given to the ocean
because it absorbs more carbon than it lets out.
The relationship between humans and the ocean could once be categorized as commensalism, where
the human was helped, and the ocean was neither helped nor harmed. Now, it has some of the same
characteristics of parasitism. Humans continue to fish, sail, and explore in the ocean. One of the
largest impacts humans have on the ocean is pollution. Beaches across the world are littered with
trash and toxic materials, in and out of the water. Since every ocean connects, a piece of trash could
start in Cuba, and end up somewhere on the coast of Madagascar. To try and reverse the damage
done, there are clean up attempts all around the world to try and make the ocean what it once was.
Trash left over isn't the only problem going on. Every once in awhile, there will be a large boat,
transferring oil from one continent to another. The BP oil spill in

Plankton: Phytoplankton Growth In A Pelagic Community
Habitat is an organism location in a certain community in where it reside, other hand A niche is why
way a certain organism ends up fitting into its unique environment and its relationship between what
it eats and what eats it. Pelagic communities live in the water column, which is located above the
seafloor and below the surface of the ocean. The pelagic zone divided into different subsections
depending on the depth and column of the water. Define the following terms: Plankton: are very tiny
swimming plants that live in the water Holoplankton: are permanent planktons . They lead
planktonic life for their entire life. Meroplankton: are the planktonic organisms that lead their some
portion of life in benthic region of the ocean. Nekton: are the organisms that spend their most of ...
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The commonly limits phytoplankton growth in the open tropical oceans was because of the lack of
upward mixing of deeper waters into the photic zone. The limits phytoplankton growth in the polar
regions because it is the most steepest warm area on the Earth's surface. Phytoplankton called as
photosynthetic autotrophs as they prepare their own food and generate great amount of atmospheric
oxygen through the process of photosynthesis and it contribute a lot to the food web. Phytoplankton
will be eat by the zooplankton. Phytoplankton: Antarctic Krill and Anchor Worm; Phytoplankton:
Algae and Coccolithophores. Squids and Nautiluses are also some important nektonic organism that
aren't fish because they can also swim actively and vertebrate. Fish are divided into two major types
depending on its skeleton structure; which is cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes. Some of the
adaption was changing in the muscle weight and bone weight so it can help them to swim faster to
escaping from the

Climate Change Is The Effect Of Global Warming
Climate change is the effect of global warming. Global warming is when the temperature of the
earth is rising and this has many effects on the world we know. The greenhouse effect causes global
warming. The greenhouse effect is due to gases being trapped in earths atmosphere and not being
released into space beyond our atmosphere. When the gases are built up in the atmosphere the heat
from the sun cannot escape and thus acts as a blanket to trap the heat and ultimately gradually heat
the temperature of the entire earth. The global warming does not just effect the air temperature or
weather patterns; it can also raise the temperature of the world's oceans. Global warming is said to
be the direct effect of humans. Humans are the main contributor to the greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. These gases are produced from a post–industrial economy such as the United States. An
increase in CO2 emissions is the leading cause of global warming. CO2 is one of the gases that is
trapping the heat in the atmosphere and an increase can be due to deforestation, burning fossil fuels,
production of electricity, and many more. Global warming causes the temperatures to rise which can
cause an increase in the amount of glacial ice to melt and can ultimately cause the sea level to rise
from excess water. Since the sea level would rise this means that land is more susceptible to be
submerged underwater. Living in Florida this poses a threat. Florida is so waterlogged to begin with
that even a

The Importance of Plankton in Pelagic Food Webs and...
The word plankton originates from the Greek word for "wandering." Refers to the diverse group of
plants and animals that spend some or all of their life cycle drifting in the water of oceans or
freshwater lakes. Plankton is abundant and important within the marine environment. Most fo the
Earth's biomass, the mass of living organisms, consist of plankton adrift in the oceans. Ninety–eight
percent of marine species are bottom dwelling, but the vast majority of the ocean's biomass is
planktonic. Many of these organisms are capable of locomotion, but are generally unable to move
independently of currents and waves. This lack of strong swimming ability separates plankton from
nekton, which include organisms that can control their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diversity in planktonic marine animals stems from a shifting balance between competition for food
and avoidance of predators. As a result, a wide variety of planktonic animals inhabit the oceans.
Phytoplanktons are primary producers because they use solar energy to convert CO2 and nutrients
into carbohydrates and other molecules used by life. Despite limited knowledge of what small
copepods eat, it is clear that many higher–trophic level consumers eat them. Numerous studies have
shown that copepod nauplii and other small copepods are important prey of fish larvae, and other
planktivores. Most studies of larval fish feeding published since 1984 continue to document the
importance of small copepods as fish prey. Small copepods are abundant and are very important
links in marine food webs. They serve as major grazers of phytoplankton, as components of the
microbial loop by preying upon bacterio–plankton and heterotrophic protists, and as prey for
ichthyoplankton and other larger pelagic carnivores. Small copepods exhibit various reproductive
and feeding strategies which help maximize population size, in order to counter heavy losses due to
predation. Accordingly, small copepods can become extremely abundant, and presumably exert
substantial feeding impact on their prey, but such data are scarce. Our biomass, trophic ecology, and
roles of small copepods in

Green Phytoplankton Research Paper
New studies have shown that the tiny, little sea creatures known as plankton can have a huge impact
on the atmosphere and could even help cool the earth. The Southern Ocean
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean) has nearly no human influence enacted upon it,
therefore making it a perfect isolated area for scientists and researchers to study. The new revelation
could lead to a better way to help combat global warming.
The Green Phytoplankton
Green phytoplankton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton) get their color from chlorophyll,
the chemical that makes plants green as well as lets them absorb sunlight. The byproduct of the
plankton's absorption of sunlight is a chemical compound called dimethyl sulfide. This compound
gets released by the plankton and is then turned into a sort of sulfate aerosol that rises into the
atmosphere. This particular aerosol attracts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How Rain can cool the Earth
Rain falls when clouds contain so much moisture that they can't hold anymore and force it down to
the ground. While all the moisture is still in the cloud, though, it acts as a sort of deflector for
sunlight. Each individual drop of water that is in a cloud catch the sunlight, and therefore the solar
radiation, and keep it from coming through to the earth. Clouds that are very bright have a lot of
moisture in them that is catching the sunlight and deflecting it back.
This deflection of sunlight, and more importantly the solar radiation, keeps the heat off of the earth.
This breaks up the constant bombarding of heat that comes from the sun that breaks down the
atmosphere. Basically, the more moisture that is up in the clouds, the more that it will cool the earth.
Because green phytoplankton release a chemical that brings more moisture into the clouds, they help
cool the earth by proxy.
The Study in the Southern

The Growth Of Marine Diatom
Abstract
The growth of marine diatom, Chaetoceros muelleri, used as live feed in aquaculture, was optimized
using response surface methodology (RSM). The variables initially screened for biomass production
using Plackett–Burman experimental design were nitrate, phosphate, silicate, temperature, pH,
salinity and agitation speed. The screening revealed that nitrate, phosphate, silicate, temperature and
pH significantly influenced the biomass production of C. muelleri. These five variables were further
optimized by central composite design (CCD) of RSM for biomass production and the medium was
constituted accordingly to have nitrate 180 mg l–1, phosphate 7.5 mg l–1, silicate 30 mg l–1, and
temperature of incubation 31oC and pH 6.46. At the end of 10 day culture period under the above
conditions biomass, protein, lipid and carbohydrate were found significantly increased from 360
±0.01 mg l–1, 9.41±0.02%,18.11±0.01%, 0.6±0.02% to 1.16±0.01g l–1 ,
11.02±0.01%,19.58±0.01%,0.77±0.01% respectively
Keywords
Microalgae; Chaetoceros muelleri; Optimization; Response Surface Methodology; Biomass
production.
Introduction
Microalgae have immense applications in biotechnology as source of food, feed additives, coloring
substances, antioxidants, cosmetics, toxins and isotopes (Pulz and Gross 2004). They are critically
important in aquaculture industry as they are the natural food source of larval stages of many
aquaculture organisms including fish, crustaceans, and mollusks

The Observation Of Five Years
Results and discussion The observation of five years (From January, 2007 to December, 2011) of the
biomanipulation work done in the lake Nainital for its ecosystem restoration is presented in this
paper. In this approach we attempted to manipulate various levels of the food chain, assuming that
the nutrient input is stable and cannot be reduced to limit the primary production. At the start of the
work important physico– chemical and biological parameters were measured to know the present
scenario of the lake. Among physico– chemical parameters the water temperature, transparency,
total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, pH, nitrate and phosphate were taken into
consideration while in biotic factors, the qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytoplankton,
zooplankton and fishes was made. The water temperature varied from 10.0 0C in January, 2007 to
23.4 0C in June, 2011. The Secchy transparency ranged between 35.0 cm during January 2007 and
410 cm during December, 2011. The total dissolved solids varied between 160 mg/ l in April, 2007
and 536 mg/ l in June, 2008. The dissolved oxygen concentration at water surface varied from 3.0
mg/ l during January, 2007 to 12.5 mg/ l during May, 2009 throughout the experiment period. The
total alkalinity of lake water was found between 102 mg/ l during January, 2008 and 240 mg/ l
during June, 2011. The pH of lake water varied from 6.9 in April, 2008 to 9.8 July, 2011. The nitrate
was found between 0.12 mg/l

Ocean Iron Fertilization By Oceanographer John Martin
In recent years, ocean iron fertilization has become a topic of widespread debate in the scientific,
political and legal communities. First conceptualized by oceanographer John Martin in the 1980s,
ocean iron fertilization is a geoengineering technology that involves the intentional introduction of
iron to the surface waters of high–nutrient, low–chlorophyll (HNLC) areas of the oceans in order to
stimulate the growth of phytoplankton blooms. Phytoplankton blooms mature over a period of thirty
to sixty days and like terrestrial plants, they too absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. When the
phytoplankton die, organic carbon material sinks to the ocean floor and atmospheric carbon dioxide
is sequestered in the deep ocean for relatively long spans of time. By perpetuating the growth of
carbon–capturing phytoplankton blooms, ocean iron fertilization reduces atmospheric carbon
dioxide, thereby mitigating the profound consequences of climate change.
With the world's carbon dioxide levels on the rise and the effects of global warming becoming
increasingly devastating, it is imperative now more than ever that every mitigation strategy be
thoroughly explored. Although ocean iron fertilization may seem like a fairly simple method of
sequestering carbon dioxide, there is in fact a plethora of issues linked to this mitigation strategy.
The aim of this literature review is to examine and analyze some of the aspects that make ocean iron
fertilization such a controversial method of

Geoengineering Issues
Carbon Dioxide emissions contribute to the overall change in the Earth's climate resulting in killer
droughts, rising sea levels, and the disintegration of ice sheets – all which have devastating effects
on the habitability of the planet. One such option to counter the effects of climate change is
described in Eli Kintisch's book Hack the Planet: Science's Best Hope – or Worst Nightmare – for
Averting Climate Catastrophe, which analyzes the controversial technique of geoengineering, or the
act of deliberately manipulating an environmental process to reduce the causes or effects of
greenhouse gases. Specifically, Kintisch interviews scientists and entrepreneurs from various fields
to better understand the proposed geoengineering techniques ... Show more content on
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Geoengineering the upper stratosphere would have an adverse effect on atmospheric circulation,
rainfall, and other aspects of the hydrologic cycle resulting in significant droughts and a decrease in
fresh water supply, most notably within the People's Republic of China (PRC). As the premier water
user of the world, the PRC is currently suffering from water scarcity as nearly 60% of China's
groundwater is polluted and 98% of China's surface water is dependent upon the regulation of the
hydrologic cycle. Any change to the PRC's delicate ecosystem as impacted by the Pinatubo Option
would only exacerbate water scarcity and potentially bring ruin to the Chinese water cycle. For this
reason, all geoengineering strategies must be considered with all nations within the radius of the
method before implementation due to their destructive potential.
Unlike the Pinatubo Option which neglects carbon emissions, the geoengineering strategy of iron
fertilization reduces the greenhouse effect by drawing down carbon dioxide directly from the
atmosphere using phytoplankton. Minute levels of iron sulfate are added to areas inhabited by
phytoplankton to induce plankton blooms – where substantial amounts of carbon dioxide are
sequestrated from the atmosphere via photosynthesis. Recent ecological models from Keller et

Mar 301 Quiz
MAR 301 Chelsy Money Spring 2016 HW#3 Answer the following questions based on lecture
materials and any outside resources. Be complete and concise. Use complete sentences and write
answers in your own words. Use diagrams where helpful to answer the question, but also describe
any diagrams in complete sentences. 50 pts total. 1.) Define the following terms: (3 pts each)
Turbulent flow Turbulent flow is the flow of fluids in a chaotic way due to property changes. The
Reynolds number is higher than that of laminar flow making it able to freely move. They create a
rotational high energy movement. Eddies are a good example of turbulent flow off of jet streams.
They create that vortex circular motion and are high energy to start and will ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Sargassum is used by larvae to travel to other locations and this allows the ocean to be more diverse.
They also produce oxygen since they are photosynthetic. Algae is not a Linnaean classification but
they are in kingdom Chromista and Plantae. Algae has three grouping of brown, red, and green
algae. Brown algae contain chlorophyll an and c and are in kingdom Chromista. Red algae contain a
pigment called phycobilins and only contain chlorophyll and are in kingdom Plantae. They are used
as a food additive in ice cream and used in sushi. In their blooms they become known as the red tide
and will secrete nerve toxins in the water. Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b and are in
kingdom Plantae. Some of the common are dead mans finger, sea lettuce, and mermaids

Phytoplankton Research Paper
Nadia Khan
1. What are phytoplankton? In which ocean zone will you expect to find them? Why are they
important? (10 points)
Plankton are microscopic organisms that get their name for the fact that they passively float in the
waters that they habitat. Plankton means "drifter in Greek." Now phytoplankton are a special type of
plankton that are very small, plant–like organisms as they consist of eukaryote such as algae and
Protista as well as prokaryote such as cyanobacteria. Diatoms, with their hard, silica shells, are the
most common type of phytoplankton. These organisms typically live in the water column and the
benthic zone of waters, ranging from arctic to tropical. Phytoplankton serve an important role as
they begin the first link of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Great advantages come with this that allow for a higher level of cognitive thinking. Because there is
more surface area in the brain, there is more white matter in the human temporal cortex which is
responsible for the connectivity of nerve cells and the process of information. This elevates our
thought processes and makes our brains more efficient. The fact that the size of the human brain
most rapidly evolved during a time of dramatic climate change supports the idea that a more
complex brain enabled early humans to interact with each other and with their surroundings in new
and different ways. As the environment became more erratic, bigger brains helped our ancestors
survive through this unfamiliar time. Downsides to having a larger brain include delayed
reproduction, a longer developmental period, and potential difficulties during childbirth due to the
size of the cranium. Homo floresiensis was a species native to Flores, Indonesia. They inhabited the
island between 95,000–17,000 years ago. Though they demonstrated evidence of tool use, fire
control, and hunting, scientists were reluctant to place homo floresiensis in the human lineage due to
the fact that their brain was about a third of the size of a human's. Not only this, but the adult homo
floresiensis only grew to be a mere 3 and a half feet tall. Other anatomical features of

Krill In Antarctica
Antarctic krill are usually less than 6 cm in length but their size belies the major role they play in
sustaining much of the life in the Southern Ocean. They are the primary food source for many
species of whales, seals, penguins and fish.
Studies have shown that stocks of krill in Antarctica have declined dramatically in recent years. The
reason for this is likely to be a fall in the amount of sea ice in the winter months in the Antarctic
Peninsula region.
Krill numbers in this region may have dropped by as much as 80% since the 1970's – so today's
stocks are a mere 1/5th of what they were only 30 years ago. The decline in krill may in turn account
for the decline in the numbers of some penguin species.
In the early life stages krill require

Giant Clams Affecting Marine Algae
The organism I removed from the food web is phytoplankton. The producers will be affected
because giant clam would begin to eat more marine algae causing marine algae to decrease in
population. Primary consumers will be affected because zooplankton rely on phytoplankton as their
food source so without phytoplankton zooplankton will eventually die off. Giant clams and krill rely
on marine algae as their food source so when Phytoplankton is taken away they both have to eat
marine algae. Eventually there won't be any marine algae left for the two to eat so they too will
become nonexistent. Secondary consumers will be affected because there would not be giant clam
for box jellyfish,clownfish, and whale sharks to eat so they would either die or

Phytoplankton Microorganisms That Obtain Energy From...
Wendy Ziyue Wu
Microbial Ecology
November 30th, 2016
Prof. Elizabeth Wilbanks
Phytoplankton–Bacteria interaction in the Phycosphere Microbiomes
Introduction: Defining Phycosphere and its Composition
Phytoplankton are autotrophic drifter microorganisms that obtain energy from photosynthesis. They
serve as the primary producer for aquatic food web, and are often accredited for their importance in
carbon cycling. They are mainly found near the surface of freshwater and diluted seawater
environment, known as the euphotic zone, to gain maximum exposure to sunlight and maximize rate
of photosynthesis (Reynolds 1984). In addition, they produce a surface mucus zone that is rich on
nutrient and organic compounds, which attract heterotrophic bacteria to preform chemotaxis and
interact with the host phytoplankton, and this microenvironment is known as the phycosphere. This
mucilaginous microbiome are globally distributed, though they are mainly concentrated at the
central zones of freshwater or dilute seawater environment (Sogee 2015).
This microscopic biome is characterized by its bacterial diversity and density. Studies have shown
that bacteria cell count to be higher in the microfilm than the average 106 cells per ml of sea water
(Cole 1982). Some examples of associated bacterium genera include Pseudomonas and
Acnromobacter, both Gram–negative, aerobic, and have been distinguished as human pathogens in
patients with conditions that suppress their immune system (Watanabe et. al,

Introduction of Antarctic Krill
1. Introduction of Antarctic Krill
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is one of the most abundant organisms in southern ocean, with a
total biomass of hundreds millions of tons. It is a cold water species and they mainly feed on marine
algae. Their lifespan is five to six years and they can grow up to six centimeters long. Atlantic krill
start life as eggs that sink and hatch in spring. They develop though Nauplius, Metanauplius,
Calyptopis stages and reach the fourth stage – furcilia – by winter. Antarctic krill that hatch at the
depth of shallow Antarctic shelf (300 – 400 meters) can swim back to the surface water before
winter. Therefore, furcilia are able to survive the first winter by feeding on algae and a small portion
of zooplankton on the undersurface of pack ice before using up their stored supplies. Antarctic krill
that hatch in water deeper than 500 meters may starve before they are able to swim back to the
surface and find food to feed on.
Antarctic krill play a crucial role within the southern ocean food web. They feed primarily on
phytoplankton, especially small diatoms. They also feed on a lesser extent zooplankton, such as
copepods, amphipods and other small zooplankton. Living near the bottom of food chains and
converting the phytoplankton and zooplankton to a form suitable for larger animals, including fish,
penguins, seals and wales, they have been considered as an important trophic level connection.
Other popular organisms are not preferred food source

Chlorophyll And The Concentration Of Chlorophyll
Plankton are aquatic organisms that drift throughout their environment as they posses no true motor
capabilities. Within their respective aquatic habitats plankton form the productive basis of their
ecosystem and are divided into two subcategories: zooplankton and phytoplankton, the later will be
the primary focus of this paper. Phytoplankton, as well as other photosynthetic organisms poses
pigments called chlorophyll. These pigments allow phytoplankton to convert carbon dioxide and
water to oxygen and sugar, which provides the phytoplankton with energy. Due to the fact that all
phytoplankton posses chlorophyll scientists have developed methods that use chlorophyll testing in
order to understand more about phytoplankton as a whole. Phytoplankton posses different types of
chlorophyll but scientists usually sample chlorophyll–a as it is the most abundant form (YSI
Environmental, Cullen 1982, Santos 2003). Several different methods have been developed to
analyze the concentration of chlorophyll–a.
One method of analyzing chlorophyll–a that has been developed is through chlorophyll extraction.
In order to perform this method one must first collect a fairly large water sample (see Plankton Web
citation for surface water sampling techniques). This sample must then be filtrated in order to
concentrate the chlorophyll–containing organisms (see Plankton Web for filtration methods). Finally
mechanical rupturing of the collected cells, and extraction of the chlorophyll from the

Ocean Acidification On Phytoplankton And Phytoplankton
Projected changes of pH over the next 100 years due to Ocean acidification effects phytoplankton–
doubling time.
Projected pH effects phytoplankton productivity.
Nicole M. Messere
Messere.n@husky.neu.edu
Northeastern University
360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
Keywords: Ocean acidification, pH, Haptophyta, Myzozoa, bacillariophyta, cyanobacteria
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to understand and based on results to support the predictable negative
effects of ocean acidification on phytoplankton and projected pH values. However, changes in ocean
pH did not negatively impact the productivity of phytoplankton according to the log response ratios,
which compared the growth rates at projected years (2000, 2100, ... Show more content on
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This increase in oceanic inorganic carbon has offset the seawater carbonate chemistry by causing
increasing concentrations of CO2 and bicarbonate, while causing decreasing concentrations of
carbonate and pH levels (Dedmer 2013). Rost and colleagues (2008) express that emissions of fossil
fuel have caused an immense increase in the levels of atmospheric CO2, which are then deposited
into the surface water of oceans. This increase in carbonic acid is in turn decreasing the pH balance,
which poses a threat to marine organisms. Phytoplankton play a key role in maintaining the stability
of the marine environment by performing biochemical reactions, such as photosynthesis, which
provide nutrients and oxygen to other marine organisms. They are also important for the success of
coral reefs and calcite deposits throughout the water column. Increasing levels of inorganic CO2
will reduce calcification of ecologically important calcifying organisms such as corals and
coccolithophores (Dedmer et al. 2013). Kim and colleagues (2013) advocate that changes in carbon
chemistry will continue to cause levels of CO2 and HCO3– to rise, affecting photosynthesis and
respiration. Not all phytoplankton taxa are expected to respond the same to ocean acidification.
Some taxa respond negatively to ocean acidification. The coupling of atmospheric CO2 with ocean
carbonate affects carbonate secreting and calcifying marine organisms (Hannisdal 2012). The
haptophyta and myzozoa

Planet Ecosystem Research Paper
There are multiple risk factors that were noted for destruction. These destruction will lead to a
possible collapse of the planetary ecosystems that supports life. Some of the risk factors that can
destroy the planetary ecosystem are: global destruction of large forests and phytoplankton in the
oceans, worldwide soil erosion and desertification, loss of biodiversity and massive extinction of
species, and natural disasters. (Cooney)
Global destruction of large forests and phytoplankton in the oceans is one of the major risk factor
that can potentially cause a collapse in the planetary ecosystem. These large forests and
phytoplankton in the ocean captures 59 percent of the land carbon dioxide and 41 percent of the
ocean carbon dioxide (Conney). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large forests are destroyed for raising beef, lumbering, and use of wood for clear cutting for crops
or profit (Cooney). Wood has been in a huge demand for several centuries to build houses and
buildings. However, this is causing other animals losing their shelter and habitat in forest. The
topsoil has been wearing off from the soil which is creating soil erosion. Topsoil contains all the
healthy nutritions that will make the soil fertile. Plants needs this fertilization and all the proper
nutritions in soil to grow. However, water erosion in soil is causing soil erosion. Which is creating
the land a desert where no one can live.
Another risk factor is loss of biodiversity and massive extinction of species. This is caused by the
change in ecosystem due to climate change, pollution, and invasive species (Cooney). Also, many of
the species need some time or some generations to evolve and adjust to the new ecosystem. Due to
the rapid change, many of the species are finding it very difficult to adjust and survive in the new
ecosystem. They are losing the food source, water source, and their habitat. As a result, many
species are extincting and causing a huge loss of biodiversity

Why Is Pytoplankton The Most Important Plant
Why is Phytoplankton the Most Important Plant?
I think the most important plant in the world is phytoplankton. Phytoplanktons are organisms that
live in the water who are carried by waves, currents and tides.The word plankton comes from the
Greek word "planktos" which means drifter. Phytoplankton are microscopic plants and bacteria.
They have no roots, stems, or leaves like land plants but they need light to grow. Because of that
they are usually found on shallow surface waters. They are usually anywhere between 0.001 mm to
1 cm.
It is estimated that phytoplankton produces between 50% to 90% of the world's oxygen. That is
more than all of the forests in the world combined. If plankton was extinct then there would not be
enough

Ross Sea Essay
The Ross Sea is one of the most productive regions of the Southern Ocean, accounting for 25–30%
of annual Southern Ocean primary production (Moore and Abbott 2000, Arrigo et al. 1998a, Arrigo
et al. 2008). Because this region is covered by sea ice for much of the year, the bulk of annual
production is restricted to austral spring and to summer blooms of phytoplankton that develop at the
marginal ice zone (MIZ) and within polynyas (open water surrounded by ice) along the Victoria
Land Coast and north of the Ross Ice Shelf. These blooms follow a predictable spatial and temporal
pattern over the season of growth. In general, a large phytoplankton bloom forms by mid–
November north of the Ross Sea Ice Shelf in the central Ross Sea Polynya and ... Show more
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1999, 2000). This spe– cies is also found in sea ice, but usually in relatively low numbers and
mostly in association with newly formed ice near the Ross Sea polynya (Arrigo et al. 2003).
Conversely, diatoms dominate the sea–ice mi– crobial community as well as waters of the MIZ and
coastal polynyas where surface stratification is in– tense and MLDs are shallow (520m). The
specific conditions that determine the distinct species composition of phytoplankton blooms in the
southwestern Ross Sea are not well understood. The high correlation reported between species
distribution and MLD suggests that diatoms are better adapted than P. antarctica to the higher irra–
diance characteristics of a shallow MLD, whereas P. antarctica is better adapted to low light levels
and may be inhibited at high irradiance (Arrigo et al. 2000). However, field evidence to support this
contention is equivocal (Van Hilst and Smith 2002; Robinson et al. 2003). Alternative hypotheses
include species–specific differences in requirements for micronutrients, differences in the
composition of pre–bloom phytoplankton seed populations, and differential rates of grazing by
zooplankton (Van Hilst and Smith 2002). In addition, Robinson et al. (2003) suggested that the
degree of variability of the light fields produced in deeply (more variable) and shallowly mixed (less
variable) water columns, rather than the

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