American Media's Impact On Culture

American Media And Its Impact On American Culture
For centuries, historians have denied the accomplishment of African Civilization. To this day the day, the misconception planted racist historians
remain in the media. American media often displays Africa as a place of extreme poverty and lack of culture. In contrary however, African people
had many advances before the arrival of the Europeans. The advances of the African Kingdoms are shown through their successful trade routes,
ordered government, wealth, Education system, individual morals and art. To start, the advances of ancient African culture is shown through their
successful trade routes. As document 1 shows, the location of early african empires was essential to their success. The kingdom of Aksum, reached
it's peak of prosperity because of its location. The Kingdom is located on the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Land routes were essential for trade
because it allowed for people from different regions to exchange goods. Document 3 shows that the Arab traded for gold,with the Wangara who in
return receives salt. In order for this trade to occur between these two groups, they met in Ghana. Ghana took advantage of their geographical
placement by taxing the trade of salt. In order to keep trade successful, there was a army to insure that peace remained between the two groups.
Furthermore, sea routes were important for the successful of African kingdoms. As document 8 shows, the kingdoms ofAfrica trade with other
kingdoms around the world such as Arabia and India.
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Research Paper On Mansa Musa
Sundiata was not the only influential king of ancient Mali. Mansa Musa (1280–1337), the tenth king of Mali and the grandson of Sundiata's half
brother, made a huge impact on the Mali empire. In 1312, Mansa Musa was elected as the emperor of Mali, becoming the civilization's first Muslim
ruler. (BlackPast). He was almost fluent in Arabic and was "described as a Muslim traditionalist" (BlackPast). Mansa Musa is best known for his four
thousand mile pilgrimage to Mecca. Because he was so powerful and rich, with him on his journey, Mansa Musa brought hundreds of slaves, artisans,
and gold. On his pilgrimage, Mansa Musa gave out gold to the poor and in Cairo, Egypt he distributed such a large amount of gold, that the value of it
declined! Mansa Musa met Muslim scholars, merchants, and architects... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They educated him about Muslim culture and traveled back to Mali with him. Because of the educated people Mansa Musa brought back to his
empire and the large supply of gold he had, Mali flourish and started to become a site of cultural exchange.
How did all of the scholars, government bureaucrats, merchants, and architects and Mansa Musa's wealth contribute to Mali becoming a site of
cultural exchange and what were the effects of them going to Mali? Because of the massive amount of gold that Mansa Musa had, he was able to
create people to construct mosques and universities. "Mansas also used their wealth to build mosques and madrassas in the cities. One of the major
trade cities of Mali was Timbuktu" (Ucdavis). As a result of Mansa Musa large amount of money, he used a large portion of it to build mosques,
religious centers, and universities, learning centers. These buildings are a result of Mansa Musa's wealth. Mosques, or religious center were a place
where religion was spread and people were free worship whichever god(s) they wanted.

Dr. Ivan Van Sertim Book Review
Dr. Ivan Van Sertima is a regarded researcher and creator. His book, "They Preceded Columbus," and eliminates any confusion air on many
misinterpretations on the planet made by previous history specialists. He begins by expressing that Africans came to America as bosses/rulers before
they were subjugated. He utilizes confirm from Columbus' journals when Columbus went on his second voyage. Columbus said in his journal that
Local Americans let him know that dark individuals went ahead immense vessels before he arrived and they carried merchandise and weaponry with
them. One kind of weapon, metal lances, was reclaimed to Spain for examination. They had an indistinguishable compound from metals found in New
Guinea.
The Portuguese told Columbus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moore, appropriately focuses our in his book, The Significance of African History, that: "The criticalness of African history is shown in the very push
to prevent anything from claiming the name of history to Africa and the African people groups. For it is legitimate and obvious that no such
undertaking [falsifying African history] could ever have been gone ahead, and at such length, with a specific end goal to cloud and cover what is
really of practically no noteworthiness." Accessible archeological proof and complete verifiable records indicate pre–Columbian West African
undertakings over the Atlantic between 1307–1312 AD. The work of Al–Umars, a fourteenth century Islamic student of history, who recorded the visit
of Mansa Kankan Musa I, a standout amongst the most wonderful Mandinga rulers in Mali, when he halted over in the Egyptian capital, Cairo, enroute
to Mecca in 1324 AD, vouch for the Mandinga endeavors over the Atlantic. Umars' record cites Mansa Musa as saying that his antecedent had propelled
two undertakings from West Africato find the points of confinement of the Atlantic Ocean.With his significant grant, Van Sertima looks at the realities
of route and shipbuilding, the wellsprings of latitudinal and longitudinal directions, the scores of social analogies discovered no place else aside from
in America and Africa, African dialects and the transportation of plants, material and creatures from Africa to theAmericas. What's more, from the
journals, letters and diaries of the pilgrims themselves; from Carbon–14 dated figures found in the Americas; from the Arabic archives, diagrams, maps
from the recorded stories of the griots to the Kings of Mali; from dated skeletons found as of late as 1975, the creator constructs his pyramid of

Ghan The Colossal Ghana Realm
Mali was once called Ghana. The colossal Ghana Realm (c.800–1230) was situated in western Mali. "Ghana" signifies "warrior ruler" in the dialect of
the Soninke (the indigenous individuals of the Senegal waterway valley). At the time, it was the world 's wealthiest nation. The Ghana Realm
controlled the entry of extravagance merchandise and slaves over the Sahara. IbrДЃhД«m al–FazДЃrД«, a Persian court cosmologist in the eighth
century, called it "the place where there is gold". The present day condition of Ghana was named to pay tribute to the domain, yet shares no regular land.
Mali
The name "Mali" is gotten from "Malinke", the general population who built up the Mali Domain in 1230. Malinke is the name their neighbors gave
them. It 's a debasement of their name for themselves – Mandinka (which signifies "individuals of Manden", their country in the Niger waterway bowl).
There are 11 million Mandinka individuals in West Africatoday.
In 1235 the ascent of the new kingdom of Mali and Lord Sundiata 's rule started. This happened in the Clash of Kirina, which created Lord Sumanguru
to end his rule and the fall of Ghana. Sundiata was the ruler of Mali. He didn 't battle again after the Skirmish of Kirina. Sundiata 's objective was to
reestablish thriving to his kingdom. Mali turned into a beneficial cultivating district and economy depended on exchange. Salt and gold mines were
enormous calculates the extension of exchange courses. The Niger Waterway turned into a bustling

Un People, Un But, Une Foi
Un People, Un But, Une Foi
After going through a rut during the Middle Ages, culture, exploration, and power boomed all over the world during the Renaissance. European
explorers traveled down the coast of Africa, and in one of the least explored areas, which became known as Mali, they found a culture not replicated in
the rest of the world. Mali never wanted to be oppressed, and this led to a lot of conflict throughout its history from ancient times to as recently as today.
Though Mali has had a tumultuous past, buried underneath the rubble of many wars and conflicts is a culture unlike any other in the world, a
foundation not based on government but on traditions dating back almost two thousand years.
Archaeologists know from ruins that Mali has been populated for about 50,000 years. During ancient times, part of the Sahara was a fertile grassland,
and farming was introduced to this land in 5000 BCE. The earliest traceable civilization in Mali is the Ghana Empire, which began in 300 BCE (Baxter
1). Lasting until the thirteenth century A.D., the Ghana Empire ruled most of northwestern Africa. Ghana, defined as leading or first, controlled from
the Niger basin to the Atlantic until its collapse and the establishment of the Mali Empire in the thirteenth century (African History: An Illustrated
Handbook 1).
The Mali Empire, one of the most powerful empires in the country's history, ruled until 1591 and gained their success by trading gold, salt, and slaves
to the Europeans. The

Significance Of Restoring African World History
Ryan Kelly
A. Mogre
2127 words
Ancient Africa and Kemet
Discuss the Significance of Restoring African World History.
Does Africa have any history? Have the people of Africa made any significant contribution to humanity? With the knowledge that the birthplace of
humankind is Africa (Sanz, 2012, p.6), it does make one wonder how a place that is home to millions of people was not able to establish a civilised
system until the European interactions that started in the 16th century. In this piece, I will explain how the European imperialistic distortions of
Africa's past has led to this general belief that Africa has no history. I will also be using examples of some of the achievements of ancient Africa, to
show the vital part they have played in the advancement of humanity and civilisation for thousands of years. Finally, I will be looking at the
controversy surrounding the ancestral heritage of ancient Egypt, Kemet, and how this view has changed over time.
It is important to note that Eurocentrism is not some sinister entity or collective, orchestrating a master plan to brainwash everyone. There are positives
and negatives to having a Eurocentric viewpoint, but for the sake of this piece I will be focusing on the points of western culture that had an influence
on African history.
I
Firstly, to understand why the worldview of Africa is inaccurate, we first need to understand the terms Eurocentric and Eurocentrism. These terms are
used to describe the focus on European

The Empire Of Mali : The Most Powerful Empire Of Old Africa
The Empire of Mali was one of the largest empires in West African history, spanning from the Atlantic Coast to the central parts of the Sahara Desert.
It was historically known as the Manding Empire or the Manden Kurufa. From 1235 to 1600, the Empire of Mali has been described as "the most
potent empire of old Africa," and by looking at the history, prominent people, and various events throughout its existence, show how this empire was
able to thrive and earn this title.
Originally, the Mali empire was founded by a federation of Mandinka tribes called the Manden Kurufa. These tribes all spoke in the same tongue and
set the oral traditions of the Manding languages during unification. These tribes were soon conquered by King Sumaoro Kante of the Ghana Empire,
along with several neighboring states. It was an area that provided protection and resources for their hunters in the forest, mountains, and savannah.
There was a boy named Sundiata Keita, and when he was a little boy, he watched as King Sumaoro Kante conquered the Mandinka tribes. It was
believed that Sundiata was once a headman of the village Kangaba. During this time, he organized a private army gaining their trust and respect
before challenging the powers of the neighbouring Susu people. In 1235, he and his army were able to defeat King Sumaoro Kante in the Battle of
Kirina, forcing the former tributary states of Kaniaga to acknowledge his suzerainty. Eventually he was able to raze Kumi, the former capital of

Use Of Pathos In 'Timbuktu'
Some point in our lives we get lost and search for destiny and hope. This lost can be a search for identity, emotions or decisions. Yet, some people find
their paths out while others get more lost as days and years pass. But, do we really find a path out to success and security? Maybe we will always be
lost or even born lost. The novel "Timbuktu" by Paul Auster introduces a long journey of a dog that is searching for a path out of his loss of his owner
and identity. The author uses literary elements such as conflict, pathos and characterization that creates mood of loneliness, need of identity and reality
that contributes to the book as a whole.
Mr. Bones, protagonist can be considered a human that is struggling to survive through the hardship ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pathos plays an important role in Paul Auster's common writing techniques. Use of pathos creates a connection between the audience and Mr.
Bones. When Auster specifically describes, "He almost felt sorry about it now. He had left his master behind" (Auster 85). As stated by Auster,
the audience forms sympathy toward Mr. Bones. For example looking specifically at the diction of "left" and "sorry" the author creates a mood of
sorrow and sadness. Which makes the usage of specific words remarkable among the readers. Not only does it contribute to the conflict this
creates a characterization of Mr. Bones. By this point of the novel Mr. Bones evolved from inferior personality to Willy's reality to an individual
who is independent and willing to take risks. In order to find his identity Mr. Bones had to make a decision that he may later regret. But,
sometimes in order to find the right way out we have to make decisions even if we know the outcome or not. In order to find the right reality, we
sometimes have to give the things we value or what we think maybe true. Sacrifice is one of the ways to find the right path. Mr. Bones took the
sacrifice of leaving Willy in order to find the reality that would make him who he really is. This shows the transition of Mr. Bones personality from
being subservient to Willy's reality to bravery and willing to take risks. This creates a internal conflict for

Timbuktu As A Dog
When reading today's reading of Timbuktu by Paul Auster, you cannot help but help to believe that the main character Mr. Bones to be a dog. While
there has been many other evidences that he could be something else than a dog. I do believe that within this context that majority of the evidence
leads us to believe that Mr Bones is actually a dog. Once piece of evidence being that when Willy tells Mr Bones about not going to the Chinese
restaurant other wise he will be taken and eaten. When Mr Bones tells us about how he knows exactly no how to avoid being captured. He states this,
"Mr Bones knew the drill by great: how to avoid the dogcatchers and constables, the paddy wagons and the unmarked cars, the hypocrites from the
so–called human societies,

Differences Between Mali And The Mali Empire
Unlike Ghana, the Mali Empire was dominated by Islam, due to the widespread Islamic merchants and conversions that occurred in during
kingdoms. This is significant because it demonstrates that goods weren't the sole exchange and that religion was able to penetrate West Africa and
impact the native people. The main motive for this mass adaptation of Islam as the dominant religion stems from strategic aims, from previous
kingdoms, to diminish possible attacks from Muslim territories across the Sahara. This created alliance between Mali and other Arab powers, "the
might of the [Mali] Empire was such that the Arabs at times called on it for military aid" (Diop, 93). This was extremely beneficial for Mali because
it was the premier power of antiquity, and also had progressive relationships with other Islamic kingdoms throughout the world. The Empire of Mali
inherited all of gold mines that the previous Ghanaian empire controlled, as well as gold from other kingdoms, Futa–Jallon, Wangara (Goodwin). Mali
"grew in influence and replace Ghana as the main producer and distributor of gold . . . [as well as] salt mines, diamonds, and copper production"
(Mali). This ensure Mali as the dominant economic marketplace throughout the world. Mali's strategic location allowed control of trade routes
throughout Sub–Saharan Africa, the Niger River, North Africa, as well as many other routes connecting to different parts of the world. Sundiata death
led to a succession of leaders that

Imperial Expansion Essay
Imperial expansion is an inevitable part of the historical development of the world. Without these expansions, the world would not have been what it
is to day. However, besides the obvious contributions, these expansions also carried negative effects. Thus while celebration of some cases of
imperial expansions deserve to be acknowledged, others might not and to decide one needs to look closely and see if the good outweighs the bad.
Songhai was largest empire in WestAfrica in the 15th century and had been a powerful empire ever since the proclaiming of independence from Mali
in 1340. Sonni Ali the ruler of the Songhai Empire, through imperial expansion seized control of significant trade routes and cities such as Timbuktu
conquered in 1468 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conquistadors HernГЎn CortГ©s conquered Aztec kingdom in 1521 and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in 1532. These conquests
have opened the world to greater knowledge, and become important basis of geographical studies. Moreover, the exploitation of the gold and other
resources from these conquered territories were sent home to Spain and eventually it became one of the most powerful empires in the world. However,
there is a dark side hidden under all these pompous achievements. The Spanish in a matter of months annihilated both the Civilizations of the Inca and
the Aztec that took hundreds and thousands of yeas to establish. This left the descendants of the Inca and the Aztec without remnants of the proper
history of their ancestors. Moreover, one of the most important reasons why the Spanish won these battle of Conquest was because these natives had
been debilitated by diseases which were brought in by the Spanish. Diseases like small pox caused the population to quickly deplete. Moreover, the
Spanish deemed themselves as superiority and coerced the people of Mexico to convert to Christianity. After having been blatantly looted and
tyrannized by the Spanish, the people of Mexico were deprived of the only thing they have left: their beliefs. Spanish Priests destroyed Aztec books,
written documents demolished temples in an attempt to impose

African Kingdoms and Empires
African Kingdoms and Empires During 400 AD, West Africa witnessed the rise and fall of the indigenous medieval empires of ancient Ghana,
medieval Mali, and Songhai. Many other states and kingdoms arose during this time but Ghana, Mali and Songhai achieved the status of fully–fledged,
functioning and long–living conquest states and expansionist empires. These empires regulated the Trans–Saharan trade by offering protection for
trade caravans as well as taxing slaves, gold, firearms, textiles and salt. Ghana reached its height by 1200 AD and was ruled by the Serahule people
which eventually broke apart by in the 13th century. The Mali Empire was a Mandinka territory but also took on Ghana's territory and extended into the
13th century. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This in turn gave the kings of Ghana more power and could command the services of many descent lines. They were able to raise big armies and
employ larger numbers of messengers and other servants. (Ghanaweb)
The International trade was causing the empire continuous growth so the Serahule were inventing new methods of governing themselves by raising
money to pay for a government and producing wealth. They decided the central authority would need to be a king that would rule over many lesser
authorities or governments. Since Serahule had already occupied the lands to the north of the upper waters of Niger, their towns and trading
settlements became the middlemen between the Berber and Arab traders of the north and the gold and ivory producers of the south. This position
made Ghana strong and prosperous and gave its rulers glory and power. (Accessgambia)
The empire included many arrears of people who were not Serahule and therefore had different religious loyalties to their Gods other than the king. In
order to ensure the continued allegiance of the conquered states, the kings of Ghana insisted on the son of each vassal king being sent to their court.
Both provincial governors of Serahule areas and tributary rulers of the conquered peoples had the duties of loyalty to the king, provisions of annual
tribute, and the contribution of bands of warriors to the

Mansa Musa Facts
Mansa Musa
Before Mansa Musa took the thrown, there was not really known about him. It was only until 1312 when he took the thrown from his father Abu
Bakr II, people started to know the young Musa when he inherited the title Mansa. 1312 is a year that many will not forget, because of the generous
king's progressive ideas and how he was loved by his people. His reach stretched over two thousand miles. He was known by many different names like
'Emir of Melle', 'Lord of the Conqueror of Ghanata', or 'Lion of Mali'(newtonic–learnodo.com). But he was mostly known by the name Mansa Musa,
which means the 'King of Kings'
As West Africa's first Muslim King, he ensured peace for decades. He was loved by many, not only for his grace but for the large sums of money
and gold that we would give out to charitable organizations. Even though he was the richest king in history, he believed that most of his wealth should
be shared with vast amounts of people. Even though Mansa Musa was a ruler, there were many times where he did not act as a King.
The Mansa was also the first ruler to travel over four thousand to the city of Mecca. On this pilgrimage, he stopped at many large cities along his
way, including Cairo, Medina, and other Arab cities. Years of planning and hundreds of people preparing, he made the journey with large sums of
gold. But he was not going to leave his palace and kingdom to be left alone while he was gone. He got a large group of men for the year to run the
kingdom,

Mansa Musa Influence
Musa Keita I became emperor following the death of his predecessor, Abu–Bakr II. When he was crowned, he was given the name Mansa, meaning
king. Mansa was the fourteenth century emperor of the Mali Empire, his land was laden with many lucrative natural resources, most notably gold.
Mansa Musa vast wealth was only one piece of his rich legacy however. When Mansa Musa came to power in 1312 most of Europe was racked by
famine and civil wars. However many African Kingdoms in the Islamic world were flourishing and Mansa Musa played a great role in bringing the
fruits of this flourishing to his own realm. By strategically annexing the city of Timbuktu, and reestablishing power over the city of Gao, he gained
control over important trade routes... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was a devoted Muslim and built many schools based on the teachings of the Quran, there is also a saying that every Friday when he stopped, while
on his Hajj, he ordered a Mosque to be built, because that is a Muslim holy day. He sent many students to Islamic universities in northern Africa. But
how did Mansa Musa become such a devoted Muslim? Pastoral North Africans called Berbers had longed traded with West African with the Berbers
offering salt for West African gold. West African gold for salt may seem like a bad trade however salt is very important to the human body because
without salt, we die. The Berbers were early converts to Islam and Islam spread along those pre–existing trade routes between North and South Africa.
The first converts in Mali were traders who benefited from having a religious as well as a commercial connection in the North and the rest of the
Mediterranean. The kings in the North and East then followed the traders thinking it would give them prestige. Islam then became the religion of the
elites of West Africawhich meant the Muslim kings were trying to extend their power over largely non–Muslim populations which worshipped
traditional African Gods and spirits. As a devout Muslim he took a particular interest in Timbuktu, already a center of religion and learning prior to its
annexation. Man's Musa tried to increase their the knowledge and and practice of Islam in

Mansa Mali : The Greatest Leader Of The Mali Empire
Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa was one of the most extravagant emperors of the early 14th century. He was born in 1280 and he died in the year of 1337 (Musa I of
Mali). The Mali empire was originally founded by Musa's grandfather, Sundiata in the early 1200s. Scholars believed that Mansa Musa had a
net–worth of over 400 billion dollars and that he was the richest man in history. Mansa MusaHe Musa was the strongest greatest leader of the Mali
kingdom, and he effectively established a wealthy economy for Mali, which would last over a lifetime for his people.e increased literacy and he
effectively established a successful economy for Mali that would last over a lifetime.
Musa decided to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca in order to help him gain spiritual insight on how to create a united and rich empire. According to John
Coleman de Graft Johnson, he went on the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, after 12 years of his rule. During his journey, he invested in the economy of
Cairo and spent an immense amount of gold as part of his philanthropy. He was known for being a wise, kind–hearted man who treated everyone with
respect, no matter their race or religion. Because of his donations, he almost caused the downfall of all surrounding economies. The abundance of
gold made the prices decrease, so merchants and people of trade were not making enough money. It was believed that Mansa Musa took at least 100
camel loads of gold and 60,000 people with him on the hajj (Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa).

Mansa Musa Research Paper
Topping famous personalities such as the entrepreneur Bill Gates and investor Carlos Slim, Malian sultan Mansa Musa is believed to be the
wealthiest man that had ever lived on planet Earth. Mansa Musa made a decision to get involved with important trade routes to succeed in making sure
the kingdom of Mali attained prosperity. Additionally, the king of Mali was large
–hearted, hence deciding that his ample fortune should be shared with
many while on his pilgrimage to Mecca. Some may object that Mansa Musa was not the richest man ever, presuming that the story of the Malian
leader's hajj to the holy city of Mecca was exaggerated as it was told over the years, as it having no account of written records as African traditional
stories were passed... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Malian leader planned accordingly to make sure that Mali benefits from this trade, gaining in materials and expanding its borders. During the
informational video Mansa Musa, one of the wealthiest people who ever lived, it mentions that "Mansa Musa, or King of Kings, amassed a fortune
that possible made him one of the wealthiest people who ever lived. By strategically annexing the city of Timbuktu...he gained control over important
trade routes between the Mediterranean and the West African Coast, continuing a period of expansion, which dramatically increased Mali's size. The
territory of the Mali Empire was rich in natural sources, such as gold and salt." Mansa Musa, being the king of a nation rich with natural resources
such as salt and gold, exchanged salt to the countries that needed them for more gold. As this was happening, Mansa Musa gathered an abundant
amount of gold for his kingdom and himself. Using this gold, Mansa Musa used 30,000 pounds of gold to give out to people while on his pilgrimage to

Mansa Mali And Its Impact On The West African Empire Of Mali
Mansa Musa, also known as Kanka Musa, ruled the West African empire of Mali. He gained political and cultural power. Under his reign, Mali
expanded its territories and strengthened its control of West Africa's salt and gold trades. Mansa Musa expanded trade and territory, had religious
tolerance, and made a pilgrimage to Mecca. Mali already controlled the trans–Saharan trade routes between the salt deposits of Taghaza in the north and
the gold–bearing lands of Wangara in the south. During Mansa Musa's reign, Mali strengthened its control of the trade routes by gaining important
cities such as Gao and Timbuktu, on and near the Niger River and Walata. His forces expanded westward to the Atlantic coast of Takrur and eastward
beyond the Middle Niger. Trade and ideas flowed freely between Mali, NorthAfrica, Spain, Egypt and Arabia. Muslim traders plied the desert with
their caravans carrying brass work from Spain, brocades from Egypt, precious stones from India and returned with gold, salt, cola nuts and ivory.
Mansa MЕ«sДЃ,whose empire was one of the largest in the world at that time, is reported to have observed that it would take a year to travel from
one end of his empire to the other. As he gained power, he adopted many titles such as 'Emir of Melle', 'Lord of the Mines of Wangara' and 'Conqueror
of Ghanata'. He established diplomatic ties with North Africa that facilitated unprecedented Trans–Sahara trade which further enriched his kingdom and
ushered in prosperity

600 Miles To Timbuktu Analysis
Have you ever been on a journey that seems like you're not learning anything new? When you go on a journey you go through this major epidemic
that teaches you about many things. If a man went on a journey to somewhere he has never been before he is learning as he goes. A long journey
may be what most people do to find themselves or to put a little spice in their life. That's what salak does in the reading of "600 miles to Timbuktu".
She goes on this long journey on the Niger river located in Timbuktu to have a challenge and do something relentless or something no one has ever
done before. She starts from old segougou and makes her journey all the way to Timbuktu. She wanted to be able to do something in her life that's
greater than everything

Timbuktu Research Paper
In the Ancient World, cities played vital roles in advancing and improving society. They were the organized centers of trade, centers of education and
scholarship, and the collaboration of many people resulted in furthering society in every aspect of life. One of the greatest of these ancient cities was
Timbuktu, a major city in West Africa that were serve as the capital of the ancient civilizations to come, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. In Evidence B, Ibn
Battuta visits the city, which was then part of Ancient Mali, in 1353; "...it's fame rested on its reputation as a city of scholars." Also, in Evidence C's
map, Timbuktu was a huge center of trade between the 11th and 15th centuries, because there were trade routes coming into the city from all ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the following piece of evidence, D, the graphic, from a Catalan Atlas in 1375, clearly depicted West Africa as an extremely wealthy Old World
power, with Mansa Musa sitting on his throne of gold. After going over these pieces of evidence, Timbuktu was a trading capital of the Old World,
a center of scholarship and education, and what appeared to be the wealthiest city in the world at its time. But like all like all great cities, who fall
because they lose what originally makes them great, Timbuktu fell as well. Ultimately, Timbuktu fell because as the Americas were more drawn into
trade and trade relied much more on sea, Timbuktu received less traffic and eventually became bypassed. Also, because Timbuktu was so powerful, the
West African trade civilizations expanded so much that it became hard to enforce power over all of their land, which ultimately led to collapse. To
summarize, Timbuktu and the civilizations that ruled it ultimately fell because the trading world came to bypass them, and they grew so much that it
became hard to maintain

Mansa Musa Legacy
Mansa Musa– one of the richest rulers in the world and the ruled the Mali Empire in the 14th century. At the time he was crowned, Europe was in a
state of flux and suffering in terms of economic prosperity, however many African nations were thriving. While ruling, Mansa Musa tremendously
expanded the borders of his empire and also annexed the city of Timbuktu. His entire nation spanned over 2,000 miles. On his elaborate pilgrimage to
Mecca, he sought out Middle Eastern and European rulers to establish better relations with them. While on his way, he traveled with many camels,
tens of thousands of soldiers and so much gold that the rest of the world started to know him as one of the richest men of the world. In his stop to
Cairo, he gave so much money to the poor and spent so much gold that his efforts almost resulted in mass inflation, which took many years to tone
down that economic crisis. Over the time Mansa Musa ruled, he became a rich man and well known throughout Europe and the Middle East. For this
course, this ties in Africa's relevance to Europe and the Middle East. This opens up a door for both trade and war in the future.
Section 2
Parker and Rathbone p.43– Europeans and many others have taken a stereotypical view towards Africa in that they are savages and have no form of
unity. In looking at Africa, they like to think of a tribe as a group of nomads who simply hunt and tell stories. However, a tribe can be so many things
that Europeans fail to understand

Types Of Government : The Songhai Empire : Empires And...
Type of Government
The Songhai Empire was a succession of dynasties that spread through portions of present day Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea, Nigeria, Niger, and
Mauritania between the sixth and sixteenth centuries. At the empire's zenith, from 1460 to 1591, the government took the form of an absolute
monarchy headed by a sovereign who served as head of state, commander of the armed forces, and head of government. The central government was
divided into executive ministries with responsibility for disseminating imperial decrees through a system of administrators. The Songhai controlled
numerous semi–autonomous vassal states at the empire's periphery.
Background
The Songhai are an ethnic group native to the Dendi region of Nigeria. By the eleventh century, the Songhai controlled a vast export industry along the
Niger River from their administrative city of Gao. In 1323 the armies of the Mali Empire under the Mansa (King) MЕ«sДЃ (1280–1332) invaded and
captured Gao, making Songhai a vassal state.
The Mali Empire, which originated in the eighth century, gradually became the most powerful kingdom in the Sahel (the area south of the Sahara
Desert), and the leader of the trans–Saharan gold and slave trade. Islam was first introduced to the Sahel region in the eleventh century and quickly
spread throughout the region. Though traditional African religious remained popular among the populace, many of the leaders of the Mali Empire and
subsequent states followed and supported

Mansa Musa Thesis
Mansa Musa, the extremely wealthy king of the Mali Empire stayed in Egypt on his marvelous pilgrimage to Mecca. Musa, a devoted Muslim, is
making his pilgrimage to Mecca to fulfill one of the five pillars of Islam. He left Mali with 100 camel–loads of gold and many slaves and servants. He
has been very charitable with his money, in fact, according to a Mamluk official, "...he did me extreme honor and treated me with the greatest
courtesy. . . . [He sent] to the royal treasury many loads of unworked native gold and other valuables". The king has handed out much gold to the poor
during his journey, so much, in fact, that the value of gold coins dropped in Cairo! While in the Mamluk Sultanate, Mansa was hesitant to kiss the
ground and the sultan's

Ibn Battuta And Islam : The Rise Of Islam
The Medieval period lasted from 500 AD to 1500 AD. With the fall and transformations of several empires Islam was conquering and increasing trade
which caused its cultural interaction to spread. This caused for the Rise of Islam and an empire to occur, this came about because the key figure for
the religion was Mohammed which was believed to be the last prophet, and also the way the religion unified people and communities that were at
conflict with it's monotheistic belief. At this moment in time, Islam was at its highest peak. Many mosques, libraries and schools were being built that
expanded the knowledge on Islam. With the rise of Islam many Muslim political characters, cultural icons, travelers, and people of science became
well known. Two of the many travelers and political characters became known which were Ibn Battuta and King Mansa Musa. Ibn Battuta was a
famous Moroccan traveler who was raised in a family of scholars whom traveled thousand of miles starting at the age of twenty–one. Ibn Battuta
started his journey at first with the goal of going to Mecca, and he ended up traveling over 40 countries. Mansa Musa was the first Muslim African
King who ruled the empire of Mali, and is mostly known for his massive wealth that he had. Mansa Musa caused mass inflation that lasted for years,
this was because Musa had made a lot of generous donations to the poor, and gave out so much gold. On his return from Mecca, Mansa Musa had
hired architects and scholars that he

Essay about Africa Before European Arrival
Africa Before European Arrival People of the early African kingdoms were able to create successful trade routes with Europe and Asia, become very
wealthy from conquering and gaining land, and were able to have a strong central government. All of this was done before the Europeans had reached
Africa. Trade flourished on the East African coast, especially when trading was established with India and Arabia. African kingdoms were prosperous,
because of their success with not only trading but also with their ability to conquer land. A governmental structure is key to allowing any kingdom to
thrive, and the African people were able to achieve this. Once Africa got involved with the major trading centers, trade improved and they were able...
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In the kingdom of Benin, making castes with bronze was introduced to the rest of the world. "Now this kind of work is done with clay, and wax,
and red metal (copper), and soldier (zinc) and lead, and fire...Next it is set aside to cool, then (the outside covering of clay) is broken off,"
(Document 7). The art of creating bronze castes was very popular in Benin and the popularity soon spread to most of Northern Africa. Even before
Europeans came to Africa, the kingdoms in Africa were quite wealthy. As previously mentioned, Ghana was a very strong kingdom in which its
people were also incredibly wealthy. Their government appeared to be wealthy as well, which assisted Ghana in being able to control the gold and salt
trade. An Arab scholar, Al
–Bakri, wrote about the king's court and how basically everything that the court had was gold (Document 2). The point of
view of this document was also positive, and that is because scholars are usually upper class, just like the king's court. Al–Bakri thought very highly of
the court, and explains in detail how every person has some gold on them and how their surroundings also possessed gold. Ghana had a strong army
and an intelligent political counsel, which made other countries fear them. Nations around Ghana did not want to start problems and usually just
maintained peace with Ghana (Document 3). Ghana was not the only successful kingdom, one of the leaders of Mali, Mansa Musa,

Research Paper On Timbuktu
Timbuktu is a movie based in the small town of Timbuktu in the middle of the desert. The family in the movie lives just a simple life of herding
cattle and minding their own business. This is a family orientated group of people till Islamic extremists come into town and turn their world upside
down. Their son spends his days herding cattle like he should for his father. As the son herds the cattle there most prized cattle wonders into the
fishing net of a fisher man. The fisher man kills the cow just for that reason. Just because the cow messed your net up, doesn't mean u have to kill it.
The father was out raged by this. I would be to in that case. As the son's father confronts the man they struggle and the fisherman dies. The Islamic
extremists

The Growth Of Trade Between Africa
The growth of trade between Africa, Asia and Europe influenced a very important religion. The location of the Islamic world was ideal for trade, it lay
between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. Muslims traveled by land and sea, creating a network of trade. A Muslim scholar named Ibn
Battuta traveled around Europe, Africa and Asia for about 7 years. Ibn Battuta traveled all around West Africa, Europe and Asia. The goods they traded
were silk, paper, dishes, spices, gems and coconuts. By A.D. 1000, Islam had the world's largest cities outside of China. One of the biggest trade
networks ever recorded is the Gold–Salt trade. There are 3 stages to the spread of Islam in West Africa; containment, mixing, and reform. Most of the...
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The Trans–Saharan caravan routes began in North Africa along the Northwestern border of the Sahara.
In 1352, a Muslim named Ibn Battuta crossed the Sahara with a trade caravan. Battuta's caravan began at the Oasis city of Sijilmasa, on the northern
edge of the Sahara in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains. Battuta stayed in the Sijilmasa for a few months, waiting for the rainy season to end.
When the Oasis's were full, the traders set out. They traveled from Oasis to Oasis. Walking across the desert was dangerous, one time during the trip
the traders could not find water so they slaughtered there camels and drank there water. The caravan stopped at Taghaza, a village where salt mines
were located. They took on a load of salt. There entire journey took about 2 months (Frey, History Alive).
The traders used to just trade between settlements when trade was hard. After a while the traders gained new methods of travel and this helped them
carry more supplies across the Sahara. The first traders traded Yams, Mahogany and Grains. The new ones traded Silk, Paper, Dishes, Spices, Gems
and Coconuts.
By A.D. 1000, Islam had the world's largest cities outside of China. One of the most famous cities is Timbuktu. "Timbuktu is one of the oldest cities in
the Islamic world to have more than 1 universities" (afrolegends.com). Sijilmasa is one of the

Mansa Musa
Courtney Holmes
March 5, 2014
HIS 276– Dr. Kalinga
Test one
Mansa Kankan Musa ascended the throne in 1312 and ultimately revived Mali. He was well known for stimulating Mali in many different ways.
Before Mansa Musa's accession to the throne, Mali was in a period of political instability. He ruled for approximately twenty–five years, which brought
wealth and consistency to Mali. This ultimately expanded the empire. Mansa Musa gave away so many gifts of gold that the value of gold fell and did
not recover for about twelve years. Although he spent his money generously, he did a lot to strengthen the economy of Mali. This included establishing
communications with certain areas, strengthening trade, encouraging new eating habits, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Askiya fortified his administration mainly by conquering new provinces and replacing the rulers with trusted individuals. This ensures unity in the
empire and prevented secession of these provinces. Each of these new rulers formed their own armies so that they were able to collect taxes. By
conquering these new areas, he greatly expanded the Songhai Empire. This expansion ultimately led to more wealth for the empire because of the
revival of the trans–Saharan trade. Askiya urged his armies to take over Tuareg territory for this expansion. The restoration of the trans–Saharan trade
was partially due to Askiya's feats in Islamic religion. After the rule of Suni Ali, Askiya needed to show those in the empire that Islam was no longer
a source of issues. He did this by showing that he supported Muslims with a Hajj. Although he supported the religion, he did not force it on others like
Suni Ali did. He also revived Timbuktu as a center for Islamic learning, which led to more education. Overall, Mansa Kankan Musa and Askiya
Muhammad Ture ruled in very similar ways. They strengthened many of the same aspects of their respective empires. They both also came to power
after somewhat unpopular and unstable rulers, and were put in a position in which they needed to improve the situations of their empires. They also
used similar aspects of ruling to improve their economies. Both Askiya and Mansa Musa were praised for

Mansa Musa Dbq Essay
Imagine being one of the most powerful and richest ever in the entire world, that was the case for Mansa Musa. Additionally, Musa was an emperor of
the wealthy West African Mali Empire in which he was and still is, the richest man in the world with an estimated four–hundred billion. Moreover, he
was devoted to the religion Islam and made a pilgrimage to Mecca from West Africa to worship. Therefore, Mansa Musa's had reasons that
demonstrated his devotion to Islam, which are his pilgrimage to Mecca, his elected religion while though his empire, it was populated by a mixture
of people with different religions, and with money since he did not need to have a religion or follow one with power and money like he had, yet he
believed in it and stayed with it until death. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you cannot, send such offerings as you can afford and do not shave your heads until the offerings have reached their destination...2:196". Even
though Musa lived a great distance from Mecca and would face a difficult road there, he followed the rules of his religion and took the pilgrimage to
Mecca. Mansa Musa may have had a difficult time getting to Mecca, but the worship and satisfaction in fulfilling his Islamic duties must have been
priceless to

How Did Ancient Africa Dbq
Ancient Africa held many treasures like gold and salt that could be used to build a large empire. A few men did exactly that. African empires were
wealthy and great before men from Europe came onto the scene. Before the arrival of the Europeans, African civilizations from 300 to 1400 CE were
wealthy, flourished in trade, and encouraged things like education, the arts, and security.
Civilizations in Africa like Mali, Ghana, and Kilwa all exhibited great wealth enjoyed by many in the empire. In document 2, Ghana's gold and salt
trade are shown to have made the kingdom very rich and powerful. The king's court had very luxurious items and this showcased their wealth, one of
the reasons the Europeans came to Africa in the first place. Mansa Musa, the ruler of Mali, also had riches, and he handed them out while traveling
through Cairo to Mecca (doc 4). Finally, the city–state of Kilwa was considered one of the most beautiful places in the world by Ibn Battuta (doc 8).
African cities were very wealthy from the gold and salt mines on the continent and it was very beneficial to them. Trade was a big deal in Africa, and
the location of many of the cities made it easy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ghana was no exception to this, as they were said to have food for all its citizens, advanced weapons, and a good government (doc 3). They were
more than capable of living good lives and thriving. The city of Timbuktu in the empire of Mali valued written manuscripts and sold them for a higher
price than that of any other good (doc 5). Mali also viewed security and justice as very important things to include in a society (doc 6). They were
always fair and the citizens and tourists were never afraid. Finally, bronze was important, and went through a very lengthy process to make beautiful
and amazing figures (doc 7). Aspects that make a society complex were valued and used during the reign of African

Timbuktu Research Paper
Timbuktu, Mali is located in western Africa at about 8 miles north of the Niger River and on the Southern edge of the Sahara. It is historically a center
of Islamic culture and a trading post on the trans–Saharan caravan route. Timbuktu was founded by Tuareg nomads at about 1100 CE as a seasonal
camp. By the 14th century, it grew as a flourishing center for the trans– Saharan gold and salt trade. Three of WesternAfrica's oldest mosques are
located in Timbuktu. The city began to decline after it was captured by Morocco in1591 in the early 19th century when the European explorers reached
Timbuktu and then when France captured it in 1894. Timbuktu is now part of the newly Independent Republic ofMali as of 1960. In 2012, the northern
part of

Islam: The Most Prominent Religion In Sub-Saharan West Africa
Beginning in the mid–8th century, Islam was the most prominent religion in Sub–Saharan West Africa. One century after the blossoming of Islam
(when it spread throughout the Middle East and North Africa), Islam merchants penetrated the Saharan, and quickly spread their beliefs among their
new trading partners. While the states of WestAfrica remained independent from the main empires of Islam, the religion permanently changed the
region's landscape. Not only did Islam become the most popular religion in West Africa, but it also spurred trade, opened up the region to outsiders, and
helped to modernize architecture. Trans–Saharan trade brought Islam to West Africa in the 8th century, as the religion looked to expand its sphere of
influence after ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due possibly to his eagerness to impress and make a name for his empire, Musa constructed an elaborate, and pompous caravan to bring with him to
Arabia. The caravan overflowed with gold, and demanded the attention of many. While seemingly against the nature of the trip, Musa's show of wealth
guaranteed that everyone in both the Islamic, and non–Islamic world would be familiar with Mali. With greater recognition from the Muslim
community, and armed with the knowledge of his travels, Musa incorporated many Islamic features within his empire. Mali began creating beaten–clay
buildings, which were inspired by the architecture of Muslim Spain. Due to its newfound openness to the Islamic world, Mali also incorporated the
Muslim emphasis on education into their empire. Timbuktu, a renowned center for scholarship, became a world–recognized site, and was solely
created because of Islam's emergence in Mali. The most important effect of Islam entering West Africa was that, by the time of the Songhai Empire
(right after Mali), Islam was by far the most popular religion in West Africa. Islam remains the most prominent religion of the region today. While the

Mansa Musa Dbq
Mansa Musa and his masses of men journeyed through barren, scorching deserts, unfamiliar cities, and trekked thousands of miles to reach the
birthplace of Islam, the city of Mecca. Mansa Musa was Muslim and on his hajj, or a religious pilgrimage to the city of Mecca. Although this
religious aspect might have been a primary factor to Mansa Musa's travels through Africa, his venture was not purely for religious reasons. Mansa
Musa had many motivating factors to travel through Africa to Mecca. One reason was Mansa Musa could put Mali on the map through his journey.
As a result of Mansa Musa's hajj, the kingdom of Mali became well known and many people flocked there. Of these people, many were geniuses and
they journeyed to the city of Timbuktu. This city ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another piece of evidence that proves this is how much gold Mansa Musa gave and where he gave it. One of the five pillars, or rules, of Islam is called
zakat, and it means alms, or giving money to the poor and sick. Even though Mansa Musa might have given some alms, most of the gold he gave
out was to increase Mali's popularity. When he stopped in Cairo, Mansa Musa gave out so much gold that its "depressed...value in Egypt... caused
its price to fall" (Document E). Because bread became more valuable than gold, the Egyptian economy collapsed for at least ten years afterward.
Cairo was not a particularly poor city, so there was no need for Mansa Musa to give out that many alms. He must have had other reasons, especially
promoting himself and Mali. Also, based on the passage from the Qur'an in Document D, "To be charitable in public is good, but to give alms to the
poor in private is better and will atone for some of your sins" (Document D). If Mansa Musa was on a purely religious journey, he would

The Major Empires Of West Africa From 1200-1500
1) What were the major empires of West Africa from 1200–1500? What were their major industries, modes of social organization? What were their
standards of living and lifespans compared to Europe?
The Mali empire was established in 1235. It was the largest and the richest empire in the African Middle Ages. During this time Malian emperors relied
on a small central administration, which was primarily concerned with finances and justice. (Patterns of World History pg. 400) The empire financed
itself through tributes and taxes, but their main source of income relied on trade. The Mali would often trade long distance through merchants and
scholars. In Timbuktu, the Mali would produce or mine for salt, creating a Salt Trade Hub in Timbuktu. Timbuktu was also important because it was
one of the most important scholarly cities in the world that held massive libraries.
Mansa Musa the Malian ruler who annexed Timbuktu. He wanted to share his wealth with his people, so he founded a college, a library, and part of
Sankore Mosque. Mansa Musa lived a very lavish and luxurious life and tried to share that life with his people. This actually put in the gold markets in
relapse because he put too much gold into circulation, but it influenced Malians to become scholars and at a higher standard of living.
The Great Zimbabwe was a kingdom that was established in 1250. This kingdom was a culmination of various southern African kingdoms. While most
settlements within the kingdom were dedicated to

Provocation Of Timbuktu. Paul AusterвЂ™S Timbuktu Revolves
Provocation of Timbuktu Paul Auster's Timbuktu revolves around the life of Mr. Bones, the dog of the belated William Gurevitch Christmas.
Timbuktu is a novel that embodies rich language, vivid imagery, and a sense of being open–ended. Seen through the perspective of both Mr. Bones and
a narrator, Auster invokes multiple moments of provocation within his novel through his usage of religious hints as well as the ideas of death and life.
"Truly speaking, it is not instruction, but provocation, that I can receive from another soul." The preceding quote, by Ralph Waldo Emerson,
beautifully summarizes the journey and subsequent lessons learned from the journey that Mr. Bones embarks upon. Over the duration of the novel,
Mr. Bones inhabits a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The metamorphosis of their relationship leads to the moment of provocation that begins with "It wasn't just that he knew Mr. Bones had a soul." The
notion that Mr. Bones, a dog, has a soul is a religious undertone. This undertone is enhanced as the description progresses with the penultimate
question of "Was Mr. Bones an angel trapped in the flesh of a dog?" The usage of the words 'soul', 'angel', and 'flesh' seem to allude to thereligion of
Christianity, bringing to the forefront of the reader 's mind images of Jesus. However, the words are generalized religious jargon, which suggests a
sense of being open–ended. Furthermore, religion being left 'open–ended' is capitalized upon throughout the novel with references to a variety of
religious beliefs, practices, and origins. The book begins with the Jewish religion in the forefront, as Willy's parents (thus consequently Willy growing
up) are Jews. In the scene where Willy has a conversation with Santa Claus, Willy makes a direct comparison of Santa to Satan by rearranging the
letters. He continued on with his religious infused train of thought for the next few pages. Ultimately, the tone shifts from condemning the idea of
Santa Claus to trying to emulate what he stands for. Willy decides "to turn himself into a saint." and in doing so, "William Gurevitch concluded his
business on this earth, and from his flesh a

West African Empires
"West African societies were shaped by competition for wealth and the search for independence from more powerful kingdoms" (History 2011).
Most of Africa's oldest kingdoms originated from West Africa. These old kingdoms contributed to the development and growth of Africa in many
ways, especially trade and economic growth. As the new kingdoms replaced the old ones, they experienced a vast change. Conquest and warfare along
caused these transformations to occur. It was also influenced by the patterns of trade. The earliest civilizations were in West Africa south of the Sahara
desert. These civilisations grew at a time when most of the outside countries were experiencing The Dark Age. "After the fall of the Western half of the
Roman Empire around... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the Mali Empire's power was weakened due to quarrels about orderly succession of the emperors. When the Songhai Empire realized that
weakness at the center of Mali, they started rebelling. In 1375, Geo rebelled. Soon Songhai Empire began its expansion at the expense of Mali. They
conquered Mema, Timbuktu from the Tuareg. The military commander responsible for these victories, Sunni Ali Ber, was considered the first great
ruler of the Songhai Empire. He continued to expand and build the empire by taking control of important Trans–Saharan trade routes as well as other
cities and provinces of Mali. Trade had a significant influence on the history of these empires. The riches made through these trades contributed to
build larger kingdoms and empires. In order to protect their trade, they build even larger armies. The slave trade was the most important contributor
to their economic development. "The Songhai kingdom under the rule of Askia Mohammed used slaves as soldiers. Slaves were trusted not to
overthrow their rulers. Sometimes, slaves were given position such as royal advisers because "Songhai rulers believed that slaves could be trusted to
provide unbiased advice unlike other citizens who held a personal stake in the outcome of decisions" (Tesfu 2015). Fall of Songhai Empire: The
wealth and power of Songhai empire was drastically affected by the environmental changes, which caused droughts and diseases. In the 16th century,
Songhai empire went into civil war. Following the fates of Ghana and Mali empires. They too started to fall apart. Even though, they survived the
environmental changes. They fell prey to Moroccans, who wanted to control the sub–Saharan gold trade. In 1591, the Moroccan army invaded and
Songhai were defeated. The economic and administrative centres of which remained in Moroccan

The Glorious Mansa Musa Essay
Mansa Musa, the venerable emperor of Mali, famous throughout Africa, revered by his people, was a true renaissance man. Why has history
forgotten such a man when it has remembered Julius Caesar, Henry VIII or Napoleon, but not this man? It is because small minded white men
only respect other white men, they see all others as inferior. The white dominance of history is obvious when only recently are Asians being
recognized, only recently people have heard of men like Genghis Khan or Confucius. Yet Africans have also had great people who need to be
recognised and acknowledged. Now is the time to be rid of old prejudice and to acknowledge Mansa Musa, who was not only a great African but a
king of one of the most enlightened empires of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, Mansa Musa had a baggage train of 80 camels, each carrying 300 pounds of gold."(Coleman De Graft–Johnson).
His caravan, the finest ever seen, was magnificent. He did not just bring his riches to spend, but freely gave it away. Word of his generosity spread,
wherever he traveled throughout. Mansa Musa became a legend in the eyes of the people, a man so rich, but generous, powerful, yet humble, and
intelligent, but not aloof.
Mansa Musa had a vision of making Timbuktu the educational center of Africa. While on his hajj he collected the greatest scholars in Africa. He
convinced some of the of the finest minds of Cairo to come, for Mali would only have the best. The mosque of Sankore became the primary "teaching
centre and laid the foundations of the University of Sankore" (Coleman De Graft–Johnson). With Musa's patronage the University of Sankore became
one of the finest universities of the time. The university unlike European universities at the time had no central administration or required courses,
instead students focused on specific topics such as religious studies, law and literature(Khiar, Zulkifi). Because of the University of Sankore today
colleges and universities allow people to major in a certain field.
Under Mansa Musa, Mali became the the largest and one of the most renown kingdoms in Africa. Gold was abundant and the empire was prosperous;
what more could one ask for? Though as it turns out fame and prosperity can be fleeting. The empire

My Timbuktu
It is difficult to overstate the importance of culture. Culture is one of the building blocks of life. It provides us with vital parts of of everyday life,
like clothing and cuisine. It also serves as a pointer for larger–scale items, such as our heritage, customs, and traditions. Unfortunately as time has
passed, certain cultures have faded away. They have been superseded by other cultures, and while the spreading of cultures can be beneficial, it is
important to not neglect one's own culture. This process has seen an increased frequency in recent years, due in part to the expanding globalization in
our current world. Personally, culture is one of the main cornerstones of my life. This is partly due to its importance back home. My experiences
would be different from the rest of the class, due to the fact I am in the minority of being a foreigner in the United States. Living in Boston showed me
the cultural differences in the world, and I was able to use that experience to be able to distinguish between different cultures ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This article explores the history of Mali, focusing on music and its effect on history. Music is a key aspect of culture. It is a medium for expression,
and a strong distinguisher for many cultures. It often bridges cultural gaps, and when paired with dancing, is one of the most expressive mediums in
the world. Mali has a complicated history with music. The medium was banned by Islamist rebels, a sort of oppression that can be very detrimental to
the country's culture. While Bahrain does not share the exact feelings, similar sentiments are shared across the region. The entire country of Saudi
Arabia does not have movie theaters, which leads to a flooding of Saudis in Bahrain during the weekends. A culture must be allowed to breathe for it to
be embraced. Banning music in Mali closed down on their culture, but allowed the population to unite behind a

African Empires
There is no other way to look at what the African People had for advancements in technology had that kingdom tribes. Europeans arrived in the
15th–16th century, but before that the African people had so many achievements under their belt.These cities became emperors in the 300s. Each
empire had their hand in the control of the salt and gold trade. The cities got power from trade and became centers of living. Throughout the 300s
cities turned into empires and also fell.The three most known empires in the west are Ghana, Mali, Songhai. Ghana rose to control the power of the
trans–saharan gold and salt trade between 700–1067. The Empire of Mali rose around 1235. Within this empire was the city of Timbuktu. Finally the
Songhai empire lasted from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The empire's had many achievements within their reigns such as political structure. Which was important with the trade routes and the salt–gold trade.
The political structure that the empire's had allowed them to control the trade routes and reign for much longer. The strong governments allowed
citizens to feel safe, which limited rebellions and with the strong army's it discouraged attacks. Governments were crucial to the aid in controlling the
trade routes because the gold–salt trade was important and were a main income within the kingdoms. The kingdoms and cities of Africa did all these
massive accomplishments without the aid of the European. Which is impressive because the Europeans had these things within their governments, but
the African people were starting from

W Kabi Research Paper
Dear W'kabi– my brother, Since you've been gone, our home, Mali, has started to change thanks to the ideas of others. We are also impacting
others, such as Egypt. When our Mansa, Musa, made his journey to Mecca, he stopped by many cities along the way, and he gave out gold to
many people along the route. He also did much work to help others, showing all these people his merciful kindness. He also built many mosques as
he traveled. However, he went a little overboard because he gave out so much gold in Cairo that the worth of gold in Cairo dropped significantly and
caused inflation. The economic crisis, he brought the people is still going on and it is very severe, we're assuming that it likely won't recover for
another ten years or so.

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