An overview of Lay counseling Equipping Christians fo.docx

An overview of
Lay counseling: Equipping Christians
for helping ministry
By Siang-Yang Tan
Contents
• The Need for Lay Counseling Ministries
• Biblical Basis for Lay Counseling
• A Biblical Model for Effective Lay Counseling
• Basic Principles of Effective Counseling
• Reasons to Refer
• The Literature of Lay Counseling
• Building a Ministry of Lay Counseling
• Selection of Lay Counselors
• Training of Lay Counselors
• Supervision of Lay Counselors
• Evaluation of Lay Counselors
• Potential Pitfalls
• Conclusions

Introduction
• Is lay Christian counseling helpful or dangerous?
• Can we expect an average person without a master’s
or doctoral degree in counseling to be able to meet
the needs of someone plunged into depression or
wracked with indecision by some complex problems
in life?
• Lay counselors are “individuals who lack the training,
educational experience, or credentials to be
professional counselors, but who nevertheless are
involved in helping people cope with personal
problems” (Gary Collins, cited p. 14)
• Lay counseling is present in churches, para-church
organizations, mental health settings, Christian, and
secular
The Need for Lay Counseling
Ministries
• Psychological problems are
increasingly evident
• Christians are not trained to
handle difficult problems (i.e.
typical answer is “you’re a sinner,
just pray about it”)

• There are Scriptural texts that
support the use of lay counseling
Biblical Basis for Lay
Counseling
• Conservative circles are concerned about the
“seduction of Christianity by secular psychology”
• Every ministry must begin with Biblical and
theological basis, including lay counseling
• Two categories of Scriptural reference provide
biblical support for lay counseling ministries in
churches
– Calling of all Christians to be involved in ministry
(priesthood of all believers)
– All believers are called to be involved in ministry to one
another (i.e. people-helping by non-professionals and
para-professionals)
The Call to Ministry in General
(Priesthood of Believers, I Peter 2:5,9)
• Eph. 4:1-16 demonstrates God’s will for all
saints to be equipped for ministry or
service
– Unity of Calling: no clergy-laity distinction

– Unity of Ministry: each member of the body is
indispensable. We don’t have a ministry; we
are one.
– Unity in Common Life: (Eph. 2:5, 6, 19, 22, 3:6;
4:16); we are interdependent
– Unity in Purpose: ultimate goal is maturity in
Christ; ordained pastors should equip the
saints for ministry or service
The Call to Lay Counseling as a
Specific Ministry
• Mandate to show Christ-like love to one another (John
13:34-35) and carry each other’s burdens (Gal. 6:2)
• All believers are to admonish, encourage, or help one
another (Rom. 15:14; Col. 3:16; I Thess. 5:14)
• Some believers specially gifted with exhortation, or
paraklesis (Rom. 12:8)
• Jay Adams developed nouthetic (from nouthesia)
counseling, “change through confrontation out of
concern.”
• Dr. Frank Minirth notes 5 verbs in NT relevant to
ministry of counseling: parakaleo, noutheteo,
paramutheomai, antechomai, and makrothumeo, all
appearing in I Thess. 5:14:

And we urge you, brothers, warn those who are idle, encourage
the
timid, help the weak, be patient with everyone.
A Biblical Model for Effective
Lay Counseling
• Primarily based on three well-known
approaches to Christian counseling: Jay
Adams’ Nouthetic Counseling, Gary
Collins’ People-Helping, and Larry Crabb’s
Biblical Counseling
• Three major headings:
– Basic View of Humanity
– Basic View of Counseling
– Basic Principles of Effective Counseling
Basic View of Humanity
1. Humans need a sense of self-worth (not self-
worship), which comes from Christ alone
2. Humanity’s basic problem has to do with sin. The

model does not assert that all emotional suffering is
due to sin.
3. The ultimate goal of humanity is to know God and
enjoy him forever.
4. The model assumes a basic cognitive-behavioral
perspective; problem feelings are usually (not
always) due to problem behavior and more
fundamentally to problem thinking.
5. The model takes a holistic view of persons as
physical, mental-emotional, social, and spiritual
beings. Similar to Lazarus’ Multimodal Therapy
approach of BASIC I.D. (B=Behavior, A= Affect,
S=Sensation, I=Imagery, C=Cognition,
I.=Interpersonal relationships, D.=Drugs/Biological
Factors) but also includes spiritual.
Basic View of Counseling
1. One view amongst professionals is that
counseling and psychotherapy are
different, where counseling would not
attempt to change the personality. “There
is a continuum from the simplest form of
counseling through to the deepest levels
of psychotherapy” (p. 40).
2. A second view is that counseling and
psychotherapy are terms to be used
interchangeably, also the view of this
model.

20 Most Frequent Reasons
People Seek Counseling
11. Other unpleasant feelings
12. Family and marital trouble
13. Help in resolution of
conflicts with others
14. Deteriorating interpersonal
relationships
15. Drug and alcohol
problems
16. Sexual difficulties
17. Perceptual distortions
18. Psychosomatic problems
19. Attempted suicide
20. Difficulties at work/school
1. Advice in making simple
decisions
2. Answers to troublesome

questions
3. Depression and guilt
4. Guidance in determining
careers
5. Breakdowns
6. Crises
7. Failures
8. Grief
9. Bizarre behaviors
10. Anxiety, worry, and fear
Basic Principles of
Effective Counseling
The Holy Spirit’s ministry as counselor or comforter is critical
in effective
Christian counseling (John 14:16-17). In every counseling
session there are at
least three people present, the counselor, the client, and the
Holy Spirit.
The Bible is the basic guide for dealing with problems in living
(2 Tim. 3:16-17).
We must learn to interpret and apply the Bible appropriately

and properly. This
model, however, does not imply that the Bible is an exhaustive
guide to
counseling.
Prayer is an integral part of biblical helping (James 5:16). Use
of prayer during
the session requires discernment, proper timing.
The ultimate goal of counseling is to make disciples or
disciplers of clients.
Counselors should fulfill the Great Commission.
The personal qualities of the lay Christian counselor are
important for effective
counseling (Rom. 15:14, Col. 3:16). A lay counselor must be
spiritually mature to
be effective. Other important characteristics include self-
understanding,
understanding of others, remain objective, able to get along,
experience, a
genuine believer, capable, God-fearing, honest, available,
willing to refer difficult
cases (Ex. 18:21-22).
The client’s attitudes, motivations, and desire for help are
crucial factors for
determining whether counseling will be helpful or not.
The relationship between the counselor and the client is another
significant
variable affecting the effectiveness of counseling.
Empathy, respect, concreteness, genuineness, confrontation,
immediacy, truth.

Talking alone does not lead to change – it requires confession,
reconciliation,
forgiveness.
Basic Principles of
Effective counseling is a process which unfolds cyclically
from exploration to understanding to action phases.
Stage 1: counselor helps client identify problem feelings
Stage 2: counselor helps client identify problem
behaviors
Stage 3: focus is on identifying client’s problem thinking
Stage 4: counselor teaches right, biblical thinking
Stage 5: secure a commitment from client to such
biblical thinking and obedience to the Lord and His Word
Stage 6: client is encouraged to plan and carry out
biblical or right behavior
Stage 7: client can identify and enjoy Spirit-controlled
feelings of security and significance.
Basic Principles of

Directive or nouthetic counseling is an important part of
Christian counseling, but style or approach in counseling should
be flexible.
The model remains flexible with regard to specific techniques
or
methods to be used in counseling. Scripture remains as ultimate
screening guide.
Effective counseling requires cultural sensitivity.
Outreach and prevention techniques are also important for
effective lay Christian counseling. 6 proposals for Lay
counselors’ training:
1. To assess role of environmental stressors in emotional
problems
2. In technique of community outreach and empowerment
3. In cultural awareness and sensitivity
4. To be aware and make use of existing support systems within
the
churches
5. In how to develop new support systems within the church
when
needed
6. To communicate more actively and regularly with others,
especially
leaders of other outreach ministries in the church

Reasons to Refer
As a general rule, make a referral when you lack the
time, emotional stamina, stability, skill, or experience to
continue counseling. When you are no longer able to
help someone, refer. More specifically refer
counselees:
With legal difficulties,
With severe financial needs,
Who require medical attention,
Who are severely depressed or suicidal,
Who will require more time than you can give,
Who want to shift to another counselor,
Who show extremely aggressive behavior,
Who make excessive use of drugs or alcohol,
Who arouse strong feelings of dislike, sexual
stimulation, or threat to the counselor,
Who appear to be severely disturbed.
The Literature of
Lay Counseling
Secular Literature

Reasons for Using Lay Counseling:
1. Shortage of mental health professionals to meet increasing
demand
2. National surveys (1957 and 1976) indicated people would go
to a family
physician or clergy more often than mental health professionals.
(The text
does not give evidence of more recent surveys.)
3. “Spontaneous remission” meaning many people get better
over a two year
period without any professional intervention.
4. Much research has evaluated the results of counseling by lay
counselors with
little or no training versus professionally trained therapists, and
although there
is still much controversy over the results, both appear to be
equally effective.
5. Indigenous lay counselors may be more effective with their
own culture than
those professionals from outside a specific culture.
6. Nonprofessional or lay counseling serves as a means for
recruiting lay
counselors into professional counseling careers.
Problems with Using Lay Counseling:
1. Boundary confusion; lay counselors may attempt more than
they can do.
2. Lay counselors may feel insecure due to lack of
training/experience.

3. Professionals may be unwilling to support them due to
liability/risk/prestige.
4. Pragmatics of training - universities more focused on training
professionals
Utilization of lay counselors include: volunteers in hospitals,
mature
women as mental health counselors, college students as
companion-
therapists, and indigenous nonprofessionals for impoverished
areas.
Need formal assessment for selection and training in human-
relations.
The Literature of
Lay Counseling
Christian Literature
Jay Adams’ “nouthetic counseling”, Gary Collins’ “people-
helpers” and Larry Crabb’s “biblical counseling” are most
influential approaches to Christian counseling in the literature.
Models and literature are expanding, with many books and
journal articles being published.
Special issue of Journal of Psychology and Christianity was
devoted to lay Christian counseling (1987, vol. 6, no. 2).
There is little empirical research evaluating training of lay
Christian counselors, and research on effectiveness of lay

Christian counseling is scarce. A few are mentioned in the text,
along with suggestions for future research.
Building a Ministry of
Lay Counseling
Start by choosing an appropriate model for a lay Christian
counseling ministry for a particular type of church or agency.
Models are not one-size-fits-all.
The Informal, Spontaneous Model assumes lay Christian
counseling
should occur spontaneously and informally in interactions and
relationships
already present or possible through the existing structures of the
church.
Common in evangelical churches; use spiritual gifting and basic
training, but
do not receive ongoing supervision.
The Informal, Organized Model assumes lay Christian
counseling should
be an organized and well-supervised ministry which
nevertheless should still
occur in informal settings as far as possible. Counselors are
carefully
selected and given training with supervision, but the counseling
occurs
informally; e.g. Stephen Series system of lay caring ministry.
The Formal, Organized Model assumes that lay Christian
counseling
should not only be an organized and well-supervised ministry,
but should

occur in a formal way, such as through a counseling center. May
be stand-
alone facility or a part of the church. Staffed by professional
counselors and
therapists who oversee selection of lay counselors. Lay
counseling would
take place in offices with appointments scheduled. Regular staff
meetings
occur with a licensed, professional counselor or pastor of lay
counseling as
supervisor. Several variations of this model occur and are
available for
review through church groups.
Lay Counseling
Five Steps for Building a Lay Counseling Ministry:
1. Become familiar with the 3 models for counseling
ministry (previous slide) and assess which one, or
combination of, would best fit your agency’s needs.
2. Get support for the idea of lay counseling from the
pastor, pastoral staff, and agency board. Without
their support it will be difficult to proceed.
3. Screen potential lay Christian counselors from the
congregation, using appropriate spiritual and
psychological criteria (more on that in future slides).
4. Provide a training program for lay counselors,
focused on basic helping relationships within a
biblical framework.

5. Develop programs or ministries where the trained
lay counselors can be used. Program depends on
your model.
Lay Counseling
Ten Guidelines for Establishing a Lay Counseling Center
1. Determine clear objectives for the counseling service.
2. Establish the “ethos” or distinctive character of the lay
counseling center by
giving it an appropriate name.
3. Carefully select, train, and supervise the counseling
personnel (director
should be licensed professional counselor or pastor with
training and
experience in counseling). Provide training journals.
4. Arrange for suitable facilities for the counseling center.
Include reception,
waiting area, and at least 2-3 counseling rooms.
5. Establish operating hours of the center. Days, evenings,
weekends, etc.,
Consider emergency procedures, length of sessions, etc.
6. Establish a structure within which the lay counseling center
will function.
Appoint a director to run the center, board or committee to
oversee,
secretary/receptionist, etc.

7. Spread the word about your center - marketing can be
accomplished through
various media, but should be non-threatening to clients.
8. Clarify services the center will offer: (premarital, groups,
individual, etc.). Tan
suggests referring out for all testing, including vocational tests.
9. Carefully consider the financing for the center, including
books, supplies,
furniture. Consider liability issues if you accept donations for
services by lay
counselors.
10. Determine the church affiliation of the lay counseling
center. Several
churches could come together and start a center. Take into
consideration
doctrinal issues and follow-up for ongoing spiritual care and
guidance of
clients.
Selection of Lay
Counselors
• What criteria should be used to
select lay counselors?
• What are the best methods for
screening lay counselors?
“Everyone agrees that the careful selection of lay

counselors is a crucial step in the development of
an effective lay counseling ministry” (p. 97).
Selection of Lay Counselors:
Criteria
• Little research in defining selection criteria
• Psychological tests are often used, However, consensus is –
test for skill first, personality later
– Group Assessment of Interpersonal Traits (GAIT)
• Important characteristics for counselors to possess
– Spiritual maturity (Gal. 6:1, Spirit-filled, mature Christian,
good
knowledge of Scripture, wisdom in applying Scripture to life,
and a
regular prayer life);
– Psychological stability (not emotionally labile or volatile,
open and
vulnerable, not suffering from a serious psychological
disorder);
– Love for and interest in people (warm, caring, and genuine
person);
– Spiritual gifts (exhortation, wisdom, knowledge, discerning of
spirits,
mercy, and healing);

– Some life experience (not too young)
– Previous training or experience in helping people (experience
helpful
but not necessary)
– Age, sex, education, socioeconomic status, and ethnic/cultural
background (have diversity on your counseling team);
– Availability and teachability (time for training, supervision,
ministry,
and open to learning biblical approach to helping);
– Ability to maintain confidentiality (protect client privacy).
Selection of Lay Counselors:
Screening Methods
• Applicants submit brief written statement affirming the
following:
– adherence to your church’s statement of faith or doctrine
– a testimony of personal relationship with Jesus Christ
– Reasons for wanting to be involved in lay counseling ministry
and training program
• Require recommendation letters from 2-3 people who
know applicant well
• Director and another church leader will interview the
applicant to assess characteristics

• Psychological testing (e.g. 16PF or Taylor-Johnson
Temperament Analysis, MMPI, Myers-Briggs) by trained
psychologist
• Spiritual Assessments also helpful. Does not require
trained psychologist. Examples are described in text:
– The Shepherd Scale, The Spiritual Well-Being Scale, The
Character Assessment Scale, The Wagner-Revised Houts
Questionnaire, The Spiritual Life Check-Up Questionnaire,
The Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory.
Training of Lay Counselors
• Gary Collins suggests three phases:
– Pre-training Phase
• Select materials, publicize, select participants, initial
course on spiritual gifts (The Joy of Caring or Discover
Your Spiritual Gift and Use It)
– Training Phase
• Provide opportunities for counselors to learn skills,
practice with “experimental clients,” minimum of 40-50
hours over several months.
– Post-training Phase

• Continuing education, further learning opportunities,
discussion and supervision of cases, encouragement
Models of Lay Christian Counselor Training (Which model you
choose will depend on the model of your program)
– Larry Crabb’s Model consists of three levels.
• Level I is Counseling by Encouragement (Encouragement: The
Key to
Caring, Crabb & Allender).
• Level II is Counseling by Exhortation. 35-40 hours classroom
training for
mature believers.
• Level III is Counseling by Enlightenment.
Only a select few enter a 6-12 month weekly training program.
– Gary Sweeten’s Model (College Hill Presbyterian Church,
Cincinnati, OH). Uses
discipleship counseling approach. Four courses. First 2 taught
sequentially over an 8-week period for 2½ hours per session,
with
homework.
• Session 1: “Apples of Gold I” competency-based,
interpersonal skills.
• Session 2: “Apples of Gold II” teaches skills of concreteness,
genuineness,

self-disclosure, confrontation, and speaking truth in love.
• Session 3: “Rational Christian Thinking” integrates REBT
with Scripture. It is
6 weeks, 2½ hours per session with homework.
• Session 4: “Breaking Free from the Past” is most intense.
Requires 50 hours
of prep, deals with past traumas, generational blessings and
curses,
personal sins and character defects.
Two facilitators lead group members, includes teaching.
Models of Lay Christian Counselor Training (continued)
– Horace Lukens’ Model – Six sequential levels of training.
• Level I: “Body Life Skills” for all Christians. Focuses on
basic skills of living in
Christian community.
• Level II: “Theory and Theology” for Christian leaders and
teachers. Integration
of Christianity and psychology, developmental psych, abnormal
psych.
• Level III: “Personal Awareness” for Christian leaders and
teachers, examine
personal needs, temperaments, characteristics, and
psychological testing.
• Level IV: “Body Life Skills II” for lay counselor trainees

only. Development and
refinement of counseling skills.
• Level V: “Practicum” counseling supervision for lay
counselors trainees who
have demonstrated competence in all previous levels.
• Level VI: “Advanced Training” for trainees who are
competent in first 5 levels,
and show an interest specific training such as financial
counseling, marital
and family therapy, vocational evaluation and counseling, etc.
All levels are 8-10 weeks in duration.
– Stephen Series (founded by Dr. Kenneth Haugk, pastor,
clinical psychologist,
author, and educator). Applies more to lay caring ministry, not
to lay
counseling per se. Once selected through a 9-step process,
trainees
enter a 12-day Leader’s Training Course intensive and
comprehensive
in the following areas: administrative resources, training
topics/presentations, implementing and maintaining Stephen
Ministry in
the congregation. Training topics cover a variety and range
from what
to do during first contact to counseling relationship exercises,
community resources, and ministering to suicidal persons and
shut-ins.
Supervision of Lay Counselors
• Loganbill, Hardy, and Delworth (1982) define clinical

supervision as “an
intensive, interpersonally focuses, one-to-one relationship in
which one
person is designated to facilitate the development of therapeutic
competence in the other person.”
• Research indicates “mere counseling experience did not help
counselors
improve their ability or competence.”
• Supervision should be regular and effective. Weekly or
biweekly group or
individual sessions. Not “friendship” supervisor.
• Practice Models include minimum intervention, vertical
supervision,
professional training, and implicit trust models.
• Conceptualization of supervision: theoretical or developmental
– Theoretical is based on counseling theory or therapeutic
orientation of the
supervisor
– Developmental model cuts across theoretical orientations and
is based on
developmental stage/needs of the counselor
• “Ideal” supervisor:
– Brainstorming, role play, modeling behavior (by the
supervisor), and guided
reflection.
– Feedback should be systematic, timely, clearly understood,
and reciprocal.

– Avoid constrictive, amorphous (unclear guidance),
unsupportive and
therapeutic (focusing on supervisee as a counselee)
environments
– Christian supervisor is spiritually mature, use of Scripture
whenever
appropriate, ethical, depends on Holy Spirit.
– Who should supervise? Experienced pastor, elder, lay
counselor or professional counselor. Ideal is professional
counselor, but not always feasible or essential (Tan).
Evaluation of Lay Counselors
• Evaluate Counseling Knowledge and Skills
– Self-report measures, written responses by lay
counselors to counseling situations (videotaped),
ratings by others of the counselors’ behaviors and skills
in session (videotaped), peer ratings provided by other
lay counselors
• Evaluate Personal and Spiritual Growth
– Possible tools: Personal Orientation Inventory (POI),
Spiritual Well-Being Scale, Character Assessment
Scale, Wagner-Revised Houts Questionnaire, Spiritual
Leadership Qualities, Age Universal Religious
Orientation Scale (I-E Scale)
• Minimal Requirements for Evaluation Research
– Counselor Training Program Questionnaire (CTPQ),

Helping Relationship Inventory (HRI), and the Spiritual
Well-Being Scale (or the I-E Scale).
Evaluation of Lay Counselors
• Measures for Outcome Evaluations from
a variety of viewpoints provides a more
comprehensive assessment of
therapeutic change
– Patient/client self-report
– Trained outside observer/expert observer
ratings
– Relevant other ratings
– Therapist/counselor ratings
– Institutional ratings
The Local Church and
Lay Counseling
• Difficult to estimate how many local
churches have lay counseling ministries.

The Stephen Series alone has been used
successfully in thousands of
congregations worldwide.
• Beyond the local church are many more
examples. For example, para-church
organizations like Youth For Christ and
Campus Crusade use lay counselors, as
do Prison Ministries, Christian mental
health centers, and context of missions
training and counseling.
Potential Pitfalls
• Legal and ethical issues more prominent since
clergy malpractice suit against Grace Community
Church in Sun Valley, CA was filed March 1980
by the parents of 24-yr-old Kenneth Nally, who
committed suicide on April 1, 1979. Suit claimed
clergy, pastors and church were negligent. Went
to California Supreme Court, which in Nov. 1988
ruled against the Nallys on a 5 to 2 vote, and
then on to US Supreme Court which in April
1989 refused to review the California Supreme
Court decision, thereby letting it stand.

Essentially, this meant that pastors and church
workers had no legal duty to refer troubled
parishioners or church members to licensed
psychiatrists. Regardless of the court decision,
the question of legalities and ethics are present.
• See AACC ethics guidelines for current data.
Potential Pitfalls
Christian Counseling by Gary Collins
suggests 8 major areas of potential
problems.
1. The Counselor’s Motivation
2. The Counselor’s Effectiveness
3. The Counselor’s Role
4. The Counselor’s Vulnerability
5. The Counselor’s Sexuality
6. The Counselor’s Ethics
7. The Counselor’s Burnout
8. The Counselor’s Counselors
Potential Pitfalls

• Legal and Ethical Issues Relevant
to Lay Counseling – See Clergy
Malpractice by Dr. Thomas Needham
for details on twenty potentially high-risk
situations
• Consider three issues when
addressing legal/ethical dilemmas:
– Malpractice insurance (prevention)
– Legal standards – stay current
– Supervision of lay counselors
Potential Pitfalls
Six major types of lawsuits filed
against psychologists and counselors
1) breach of contract
2) physical assault
3) sexual assault (the largest number
of lawsuits fall into this category)
4) abandonment
5) suicide – failure to protect

6) negligent infliction of emotional
distress (harm to client)
Conclusions
• Tan recommends further research on role of
spiritual gifts in effective counseling, whether
lay or professional
• “It is still important for lay Christian counselors
as well as pastors to learn to care and counsel
in a systematic and skilled way, in order to be
effective and truly helpful” (p. 230). The choice
is not whether we should or should not
counsel, but the method we use to counsel
people (disciplined, skilled, or unskilled and
undisciplined)
References
Tan, S. Y. (1991). Lay counseling:
Equipping Christians for a
helping ministry. Grand Rapids,
MI: Zondervan.

Note: some slides refer to outside
resources, all found in Tan (1991).
CJ 210
Assignment 1
Your name
Date
My name
INTRODUCTION
This presentation will consist of 3 slides, not including
introduction and conclusion, that will include: (1) a definition
of criminal investigation, along with its elements; (2) a
definition and description of jurisdiction and its importance;
and (3) the presentation of at least 3 attributes of a successful
criminal investigator. Speaker notes will be used to further
discuss the literature.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND ITS ELEMENTS
Criminal investigation may be defined as “______________”
(cite) or may best be summarized by the words of Professor
Ralph Turner, to be "the reconstruction of a past event“ (cite).
The many elements of criminal investigation are as follows:
You Must List Them All for full credit!!
Determine whether a crime has been committed.
(Provide citation after end of list)
SEE SPEAKER NOTE BELOW

You may use your speaker notes here to discuss why these are
essential elements to criminal investigations. A single
paragraph will do.
3
DEFINE/DESCRIBE JURISDICTION AND ITS IMPORTANCE
A jurisdiction is defined as “______” (cite).
A jurisdiction can be described as “________” (cite).
Jurisdiction is important to the field of investigations and to
investigators because __________ (cite).
SEE SPEAKER NOTE BELOW
You may choose to use speaker notes to further explain or
discuss or provide examples of jurisdictional issues that may
occur. If so, remember to cite the literature.
4
THREE OR MORE ATTRIBUTES OF A SUCCESSFUL
INVESTIGATOR
There are many attributes important to a successful investigator.
Those discussed here are: select whatever attributes you prefer.
Those provided here are for illustration.
Intelligence and reasoning ability (cite).
Curiosity and imagination (cite).
Observation and memory (cite).
SEE BELOW
The attributes of intelligence and reasoning, curiosity and
imagination, and observation and memory are some of the
attributes important to a successful investigator (cite). More
specifically, intelligence and reasoning are important because
___________________ and are evidenced by _________(cite).
For example, _________. Curiosity and imagination are

important because ____________ and are evidenced by
______(cite). For example, ___________. Observation and
memory are important because_____________ and are
evidenced by _______(cite) For example, ______________.
5
CONCLUSION
This presentation consisted of 3 slides, not including
introduction and conclusion, that included: (1) a definition of
criminal investigation, along with its elements; (2) a definition
and description of jurisdiction and its importance; and (3) the
presentation of at least 3 attributes of a successful criminal
investigator. Speaker notes were used to further discuss the
literature.
REFERENCES

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