Risk, stresses and their impact on livelihoods systems in the region
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This document discusses resilience at the individual, community, and national levels. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, and disaster. It also outlines three key capacities--absorptive, adaptive, and transformative--that boost resilience to stresses and risks. Actors are encouraged to combine efforts across these three capacities at different levels of society. The document provides exercises for groups to identify important risks and livelihood assets in their regions, and to consider how different stakeholders can help or hinder community resilience.
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Risk, stresses and their impact on livelihoods systems in the region
- 1. Risk, stresses and systems resilience (OECD approach) Resilience workshop
- 2. Terminology: Hazard, risk and Disaster Hazard Risk Shock/crisis/ disaster Source : CADRI Stresses Seasonal shocks/ risks Recurring shocks/ risks
- 3. Resilience : shifting the focus from the risk to the system affected by risks, stresses and uncertainty
- 4. Stability Flexibility Change Absorptive/ coping capacity Adaptive capacity Transformative capacity Intensity of change / transaction costs Three capacities to boost resilience Source : OECD
- 5. Resilience road map: Actors should combine their efforts at different levels of society Absorptive Capacity Adaptive Capacity Transformative Capacity Actor 1 Actor 3 Actor 1 Actor 2 Actor 3 Actor 2 . Actor 3 Actor 1 Actor 3 Actor 2 Actor 5 Actor 6 Actor 5 Actor 5 Regional Level National Level Community Level
- 6. Sharing a view of the risk landscape in the region Exercise On the wall/ groups per table Duration • Review the list of risks written on the wall and discuss with your group if some additional important risks affecting the region are missing: take several cards, write on each one additional risk down and stick the suggestions to the wall. • stick them to select the risks which according to you most affect households livelihoods systems in your geographical area of work. 10’ 10’
- 7. Livelihood assets : generic overview Social Human Capital • Political parties • Local government • Security institutions • Policy framework • Legal framework and Justice system • National governance structure • Customary law • Land tenure • Participation to local governance structure • Information • Elders • Religious leaders • Community committees /formal and informal local governance mechanisms) • Values, History, Hospitality • Acceptance of Refugees and IDPs by Host Communities • Youth groups/ networks • Family structures • Diaspora ( Remittances & skills) • Traditional Conflict resolution mechanisms • Income through Formal employment • Income through Self employment • Income through Petty trade/ Business • Income through Casual work • Asset holding (livestock/ cultivated area) • Additional production for sale • Remittances ( direct or redistributed) • Credit • Markets • Savings • Social safety nets • Tax revenues • Remittances • Education • Protection • Health • Nutrition • Health promotion and hygiene • Life skills • Livelihood skills • Traditional knowledge • Household composition • Sea • Water sources, Dams, earth pan, shallow wells, boreholes • Rivers • Rain • Forest Flora and Fauna • Biomass resources • Coast / fish • Land for agriculture/ livestock • Livestock • Oil/ minerals • Biodiversity of the environment • Telecommunication • Shelter • Commodities • Food • Health infrastructure • Sanitation facilities/ latrines • Transport • Road • Energy • Market infrastructure • Local private or public sector services • Schools
- 8. Livelihoods assets and risks in the region Exercise Per country (regional and HQ colleagues supporting countries ) Duration • Review the generic list of asset and add or remove to have a representative picture of assets per capital group in your country • Report on a flip chart the 5 main risks which have been prioritized before and write in front of each the 3 assets which according to your are most affected by each of these risks. 10’ 20’
- 9. Different stakeholders erode or boost households livelihoods systems Large Power Small Power Positive influence on well- being Negative influence on well- being Limit and mitigate this actor’s influence Monitor this stakeholder or ignore Collaborate with this actor Bring this actor on board and strengthen its capacities
- 10. Coffee break !
Editor's Notes
- Hazard : Damaging physical event/ natural phenomenon Risk : Probability of harmful consequences or expected losses resulting from interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions Disaster : Human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources Source: CADRI Explain that the shock occurs only when the risk “materializes”, ie when a hazard encounters a set of vulnerabilities. (a earthquake in a desert is not a shock nor a disaster). Exposure is an important aspect of risk This shock can becom Explain that the term “Risks” is used to refer to the future. When risks have actually happened, they are called shocks, crises or disasters. Explain that shocks can encompass widespread infrequent events such as violent conflict, volcanic eruptions or the sudden introduction of new technology, e.g. cell phones, as well as significant events that specifically affect individuals and families, such as the death of the main breadwinner or loss of income generating activity. Seasonality impacts - such as annual flooding, linked to the rainy season and market price changes Recurring shocks - small but frequent events, such as bouts of diarrhoea in communities, or frequent short-term, short distance displacement due to conflict. Stresses - long-term, often interconnected trends that drive these events (e.g. Climate Change) Source: OECD Guidelines on Resilience Systems analysis e a disaster, depending on the exposure, the scale of the hazard, the available capacities to absorb it versus the situation of combined vulnerabilities. Specific shocks that affect families, and the cumulative impacts of seasonality and frequent low impact events, are as important to analyse as headline-grabbing, major shocks. The effects of idiosyncratic shocks are common, create high costs and can be more of a threat for households than covariate shocks. The cause and effects of stresses and different shocks in the past is crucial for understanding and prioritising future risks. The risk landscape brings both risk and opportunity: both should be considered when looking at the impacts of shocks and stresses WDR (2014), Barrett and Costas (2013) (Barrett C. and Constas M. (2013), Resilience to avoid and escape chronic poverty: Theoretical Foundations and Measurement Principles. Paper presented at IFPRI, August 2013 Further, the GAR (2009) documented from 30-90% of economic losses for different sectors of critical infrastructure due to frequent, low-intensity events. Similarly, the GNDR (2013) documented that ‘recurrent small-scale “everyday” disasters are the most common risk profile facing poor vulnerable people, impacting on their housing, household assets and livelihoods as well as damaging and disrupting local infrastructure and public services’. Source: OECD Guidelines on Resilience Systems analysis
- . A system is like a rock; weak in some places, but resistant in other places. Various large scale shocks (represented by hammers) and smaller scale or repetitive events (represented by acid) preferentially fracture and eat away the rock along the same system of cracks. These cracks represent weaknesses and vulnerabilities of the system, i.e. sites of relatively high risk for the future . Other untouched and resistant areas of the rock between the cracks are stronger and more resilient components of the system. Resilient Systems Analysis focuses on the rock’s characteristics. What makes it strong in some components while it fractures and fails in other components? What can we learn from the strengths in the system, to reinforce weak components and build the stabilisation of the system as a whole to a range of shocks from natural phenomena, economic and geopolitical factors? (OECD)
- There are three forms of resilience boosting capacities : Absorptive capacity: This is the capacity of a boxer to take a hit. The ability of a system to prepare for, mitigate or prevent the impacts of negative events using predetermined coping responses in order to preserve and restore essential basic structures and functions. This also includes coping mechanisms used during periods of shock. ( for instance a household sales its productive assets, reduce food intake or borrow money from its neighbourgs) Adaptive capacity: This is the capacity of a boxer to add new strategies to better manage hits coming from new directions. The ability of a system to adjust, modify or change its characteristics and actions to moderate potential, future damage and to take advantage of opportunities, all in order to continue functioning without major qualitative changes in function or structural identity. ( a household explore using drought resistant seeds, or diversify its income sources.) Transformative capacity: This is the capacity of a boxer to make significant changes in his weight, his strategies and his boxing style in order to take on big hits coming from different directions. The ability to create a fundamentally new system when ecological, economic or social structures make the existing system untenable. (Women benefits from inheritance and land ownership rights, children access to advanced education leading to radically different livelihoods) Implications moving from absorptive to transformative capacity: While absorptive capacities focusing on stabilising a system in its current state, transformative capacity looks at changing it, which often means a different timeframe (it can start at the same time, but it takes longer to achieve impact and system change). While supporting absorptive capacity is not a political issue, transforming systems often encounter political resistance. Transformation needs greater investment and longer term commitment. the adaptive and transformative capacities are usually build outside of a period of shock, in anticipation to the next shock Often the three capacities can be used at the same time: For example, a coastal community in Bangladesh may use its absorptive capacity to protect their resources against annual flooding given their traditional skills in managing these; use adaptive skills to alter how they cultivate crops and collect drinking water that counters progressive salinity impacts due to sea level rises associated with climate change, and; transform the way they manage income through changing basic attitudes on the role and partnership of different community groups, and the role of women, in natural-resource exploitation. Source: OECD Guidelines on Resilience Systems analysis Distribute the Handout on the three types of Capacities, which participants will be able to refer to during exercise 2
- One asset can be classified in various capital group : Livestock as financial asset (sale, transport, draught power)+ physical asset (food milk meat blood egg) + social asset (currency for gifts/ fines)
- Stakeholders can be formal or informal, at different levels of the system Stakeholders can strengthen capacities or fuel vulnerability Stakeholders can also contribute to the system reaching critical threshold/ tipping points towards a poverty trap or transformative change This is also valid for the well being of the institutions