2. Research
“Research is defined as the creation of new
knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in
a new and creative way so as to generate new
concepts, methodologies and understandings.”
• Western Sydney University 2020
3. Types by Purpose
Three major types
Fundamental/ Basic research (Development of theory through
descriptive, exploratory and grounded theory research)
Applied Research (Application/Confirmation of theory in the
field)
Action Research (Testing alternative solutions to problems in
practice)
Basic research is largest in its scope of study, applied
research is limited to specific theory and its
application; while action research is only concerned
with a practical problem
4. Action Research
Kurt Lewin- German-American social psychologist,
who is considered to be the founder of "Action
Research", first used this term in 1940's.
Action Research is the process of finding the solution
through problem solving technique. The expected
outcome of the action research, which addresses the
issues, improves the practices. It is done in groups,
during the activity is in progress.
Action Research is a process of inquiry or
investigation carried out by and for those taking the
action in practical work
5. Teachers as Researchers
As a critical thinker and reflective practitioner one
tends to identify problems and propose solutions
As a Critical thinker you tend to identify problems
As a reflective practitioner you develop action plans
As a researcher you apply those action plans and
collect data to reflect further
6. Importance of Teachers Research
It is necessary for teachers to be much more deliberate in
documenting and evaluating their efforts. Action research is
one means to that end.
Action research assists practitioners and other stakeholders in
identifying the needs, assessing the development processes,
and evaluating the outcomes of the changes they define,
design, and implement.
The self-evaluation aspect of action research (by educators
and/or students) is congruent with the philosophies contained
in the Total Quality Education and Outcomes Based
Education in the world is moving towards.
Professional knowledge comes from practitioners’ research
more than theoretical research
7. Designing Action Research
Step 1
Identification of Problem (Identify a problem to
be studied)
What element(s) of your practice or what aspect of student
learning do you wish to investigate?
What in real sense do you want to improve?
What is the matter of concern that is not up to your
expectations?
Three major problem areas of teachers’ research can be
1. Instructional Challenges
2. Student Learning Issues
3. Classroom Management
8. Collect Data on the Problem
Once the problem is identified, the next important step is
the collection of data.
This job can be done in many ways.
It can be done through observation with check list
You can collect more information through discussion
with other teachers
Information for student related problems can be
collected through parents feedback on a questionnaire
Data for classroom management can be derived from
recoding a classroom day/lesson
9. Verification and Analysis
Right tool i.e. valid and reliable information must be
used before developing the implementable action
plan.
Triangulation in research makes it reliable and
valid. So once the data from multiple sources has
been gathered, it is organized in a form easy to
interpret
Third step is to analyze qualitatively or
quantitatively
10. Reflection
Once the problem and its relevant data is analyzed
the researcher reflects with the lenses of
Personal Experience
Consultation with experts
Literature review
11. Action Plan
Now is the time to have the action plan.
(a strategic plan of days or weeks or months)
Not just to have a plan but to implement revise and
repeat.
While implementing we will again start observing
the process of implementation and record the
applied technique or whatsoever to bring further
improvement in the process of learning.
In case of success or failure recollect the data, do the
analysis, implement the change and again observe
the applied technique.
13. Types of Action Research
Type 1: The Scientific - Technical View of Problem
Solving:
The goal of the researcher in this approach is to test a
particular intervention based on a pre-specified theoretical
framework, the nature of the collaboration between the
researcher and the practitioner is technical and facilitator.
The researcher identifies the problem and a specific
intervention, then the practitioner is involved and they agree
to facilitate with the implementation of the intervention.
The communication flow within this type of research is
primarily between the facilitator and the group, so that the
ideas may be communicated to the group.
14. Type 2: Practical - Deliberative Action
Research
According to McKernan the practical model of action
research trades off some measurement and control for
human interpretation, interactive communication,
deliberation, negotiation and detailed description.
"The goal of practical action researchers is understanding
practice and solving immediate problems".
"Practical action research fosters the development of
professionalism by emphasising the part played by
personal judgement in decisions to act for the good of the
client".
This mode of action research "promotes autonomous,
deliberative action which was given the name of Praxis".
15. TYPE 3: Enhancement approach/Critical
Action research
In this type of action research there are two goals for
the researcher using this approach
One is to increase the closeness between the actual
problems encountered by practitioners in a specific
setting and the theory used to explain and resolve
the problem.
The second goal, which goes beyond the previous two
types, is to assist practitioners in identifying and
making fundamental problems explicit by raising
their collective consciousness.
16. DO NOT FORGET!
Continuous improvement in teaching and learning
like any other profession is the need of all times.
Action research is very important for the teachers as
they are dealing with the future of the country. It
asks such question like -What do I want to
improve?, Why am I concerned about it?, What can
I do to improve it?, Who can help me and how? How
will I know it has improved?
