This document discusses various aspects of nonverbal communication including kinesics, paralinguistics, and proxemics. It defines kinesics as the interpretation of body language and gestures, and notes it was first studied by anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell. Paralinguistics is defined as relating to nonphonemic properties of language like prosody and intonation. Proxemics is the study of how people use space in communication and was coined by anthropologist Edward T. Hall who emphasized its impact on interpersonal interactions.
2. Basic Of Communication
1 Defination and Process of
Communication
2 Kinesics
3 Paralinguistics
4 Proxemics
5 Chronemics
3. Defination and Process Of
Communication
The sharing of meaningful information
between two or more people with the goal
of the receiver understanding the sender's
intended message. In business, the
effectiveness of a company's internal and
external communication process is often
very important to its overall success.
4. Kinesics
Kinesics is the interpretation of body motion communication such
as facial expressions and gestures — that is, nonverbal behavior
related to movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole.
The equivalent popular culture term is body language, a term Ray
Birdwhistell -- considered the founder of this area of study -- never
used, and did not consider appropriate (on the grounds that what
can be conveyed with the body does not meet the linguist's definition
of language). Even so, many people use this term.
Birdwhistell's work
Kinesics was first used (in 1952) by Ray Birdwhistell an
anthropologit who wished to study how people communicate through
posture, gesture, stance, and movement.His ideas over several
decades were synthesized and resulted in the book, Kinesics and
Context. Interest in kinesics specifically and nonverbal behavior
generally was popularized during the late 1960s and early 1970s,
through such popular mass market (definitely not academic).
5. Paralinguistics
Paralanguage is a component of meta-communication that may modify or
nuance meaning, or convey emotion, such as prosody, pitch, volume,
intonation etc. It is sometimes defined as relating to nonphonemic properties
only. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously. The
study of paralanguage is known as paralinguistics, and was invented by
George L. Trager in the 1950s, while he was working at the Foreign Service
Institute of the Department of State. His colleagues at the time included
Henry Lee Smith, Charles F. Hockett (working with him on using descriptive
linguistics as a model for paralanguage), Edward T. Hall developing
proxemics, and Ray Birdwhistell developing kinesics. Trager published his
conclusions in 1958, 1960and 1961. His work has served as a basis for all
later research, especially those investigating the relationship between
paralanguage and culture (since paralanguage is learned, it differs by
language and culture). A good example is the work of John J. Gumperz on
language and social identity, which specifically describes paralinguistic
differences between participants in intercultural interactions. The film
Gumperz made for BBC in 1982, Multiracial Britain: Crosstalk, does a
particularly good job of demonstrating cultural differences in paralanguage,
and the impact these have on relationships.
Paralinguistic information, because it is phenomenal, belongs to the external
speech signal (Ferdinand de Saussure's parole) but not to the arbitrary
6. Proxemics
Proxemics is a one of several subcategories of the study of nonverbal
communication. Prominent other subcategories include haptics (touch),
kinesics (body movement), vocalics (paralanguage), and chronemics
(structure of time).Proxemics can be defined as "the interrelated
observations and theories of man's use of space as a specialized
elaboration of culture". Edward T. Hall, the cultural anthropologist who
coined the term in 1963, emphasized the impact of proxemic behavior
(the use of space) on interpersonal communication. Hall believed that
the value in studying proxemics comes from its applicability in
evaluating not only the way people interact with others in daily life, but
also "the organization of space in [their] houses and buildings, and
ultimately the layout of [their] towns.
In animals, Swiss zoologist Heini Hediger had distinguished between
flight distance (run boundary), critical distance (attack boundary),
personal distance (distance separating members of non-contact
species, as a pair of swans), and social distance (intraspecies
communication distance). Hall reasoned that, with very few exceptions,
flight distance and critical distance have been eliminated in human
reactions, and thus interviewed hundreds of people to determine
modified criteria for human interactions.
