2. INTRODUCTION
Human reproduction is a any form of sexual reproduction resulting in
human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between man and a
women. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female
reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman’s ovum by the men’s
sperm.
9. HORMONAL CYCLE
Introduction:
The biological cycles in a woman are controlled by the
hypothalamus. It governs the anterior pituitary gland by hormonal pathway.
The anterior pituitary gland in turn governs the ovaries by hormones. The
hormones, produce in the ovaries, control changes in the uterus. All the
changes occurs simultaneously and in harmony.
13. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Menstruation refers to the monthly discharge through the vagina of
blood and other substances from the uterus in non-pregnant adult females.
Phases:
• Early proliferative phase
• Late proliferative phase
• Secretory phase
• Premenstrual phase
• Menstrual phase
19. FORMATION OF SPERMATOZOA
Production of sperm begins at puberty and continues throughout
the adult life. The process of maturation requires few weeks.
At each ejaculation
• 2-4 ml of semen deposited in the vagina
• About 100 million sperms per 1ml of seminal fluid
• It moves at speed of 2-3mm per min.
21. FUNDAMENTALS OF REPRODUCTION
Gametogenesis:
The process involved in the maturation of the two highly
specialized cells, spermatozoon in male and ovum in female before
they unite to form zygote, is called gametogenesis.
23. FERTILIZATION
Fertilization is the process of fusion of the spermatozoon with
the mature ovum.
Or
The union of egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of
the fallopian tube.
25. DEVELOPMENT OF FERTILIZED OVUM
The fertilized ovum (zygote) continuous its passage through the
fallopian tubes and reaches the uterus in 3-4 days. During this time it undergoes
segmentation or cell division of from blastomeres. The ovum divides into 2,4,6,
and 16 and so on until a mulberry like ball of cell is formed known as the
morula. The division occurs quite slowly, about once in every 12 hours. Gradual
accumulation of fluid in the morula results in the formation of the blastocyst. At
one pole of the blastocyst there is a compact mass of cells, called the inner cell
mass around the outside of it there is a single layer of cells, known as the
trophoblast.
27. EMBRYOLOGY
The study of developmental events that occur during the prenatal stage. The
branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their
development.
Embryo:
The developing offspring is termed as embryo until 8 weeks after
implantation during this period all the organs 4 systems of the body all laid down
in rudimentary from which in further and mother grow and mature after 8 weeks
until term the conceptus is know as fetus.