Standard Reading - Level 5 Lexical items 今回のフォーカスは「語彙の活用」です。 英語特有の単語の言い換え、代名詞での言い換え、文構造を示す代表的な語彙について解説します。 これらは文を読み解くカギになりますので、しっかり理解しましょう。

1. Reading: Level 5

2. Lexical Items

3. Lexical Items
Many words in the English language!
Some words have the same meaning
This lesson will focus on:
– Synonyms
– Hyponyms
– Pronouns

4. Synonyms
"His final paper on World Economics is due on
Friday. Many students have already finished
their essays and are already celebrating the
end of school term."
paper and essay have the same meaning

5. Hyponyms
Words that fall under same word 'group' but
(sometimes only slightly) different meaning
[Example]
Violet, lilac, crimson = purple
rose, daisy, lily, carnation = flower
"Manchester United"
- a first division football team
- an English sports team
- a sports team

6. Hyponyms
Exercise:
“John and his friends played soccer yesterday. It was
tough for the whole team. The game was stopped and
started many times due to injury and misplay. The referee
told everyone that the whole tournament might have to
be cancelled if players did not follow the rules. All future
soccer games will be closely monitored by the school
board."

7. Hyponyms
Exercise:
“John and his friends played soccer yesterday. It was
tough for the whole team. The game was stopped and
started many times due to injury and misplay. The referee
told everyone that the whole tournament might have to
be cancelled if players did not follow the rules. All future
soccer games will be closely monitored by the school
board."

8. Pronouns
• Substitute for a noun or phrase
I, he, she, it, they, this
• Please note: 'this' is used to refer to the
last whole sentence or concept that was
discussed

9. Pronouns
[Example]
"The use of chemicals on farm-produced
strawberries has been popular for decades.
This is often criticized by environmental
groups."

10. Pronouns
[Exercise]
“People have been moving around Europe
freely, without having to change currency, since
the Euro Dollar was introduced in 2002. This has
made it much easier for European companies to
trade with one another."

11. Lexical Cohesion
• Lexical items: words that are
connected
• Lexical cohesion: words that connect
ideas and sentences

12. Lexical Cohesion
1. in addition to/ along
with
- build on an idea already
mentioned

13. Lexical Cohesion
2. in order to/ so that
- indicate a purpose

14. Lexical Cohesion
3. although/ however/
yet
- used for contrasting
ideas

15. Lexical Cohesion
4. in contrast
- used to compare ideas
that are different
similarly
- used to compare ideas
that are similar

16. Lexical Cohesion
5. if/ unless
- show a condition or
requirement

17. Lexical Cohesion
6. before/ after/ while/
always
- demonstrate a time
element to a sentence

18. Lexical Items

19. Reading: Level 5