Learn about Materials Flux Analysis (MFA) at myassignmenthelp.net expert tutors.These slides provides basic idea how to solve MFA questions

1. Environmental Management
Materials Flux Analysis
http://www.myassignmenthelp.net
/engineering-assignment-
help.php
ht
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
y
a
s
s
i
g
n
m

2. Overview
Review
– Regional Environmental Management
• Introduction
• Approaches to Standard Setting
• National SoE reports
• Reactive v Anticipatory Environmental Management
Materials Flux Analysis
– Aims
– System Definition
– Method
– Cadmium Example
– Conclusions
Tutorial

3. References
Brunner PH and Rechberger H; 2004, Practical handbook of Material Flow Analysis;
Lewis Publ.
Brunner P and Baccini P, 1993; Regional Material Management and Environmental
Protection, WM&R

4. Review
Development of indices/measures for environmental quality
– EIS
– EMS
• Public Environmental Reports
– Corporate
– Regional, State, Nation

5. Regional Environmental Management :
Introduction
Regional Environmental Management Plans
– Emission standards --> project performance

6. Regional Environmental Management :
National SoE Reports 1996

7. Regional Environmental Management :
Reactive v Anticipatory Env. Mgt.
Time scale problems with monitoring emissions and effects
An alternative approach
R E
ENVIRONMENT
ANTHROPOSPHERE
Stock
2
13

8. Materials Flux Analysis :
Aims
Background :
– Chemical Engineers : mass balance for reactors
– Civil Engineers : water balance in regions
– --> MFA : mass balance with regions as reactor
Aims :
– fundamental and holistic understanding of pollution
problem
– where to concentrate resources
– predictive ability
– input to human toxicology and ecotoxicology

9. Materials Flux Analysis :
System Definition
Select substance
Determine goods
Balance goods through processes
Calculate substance balance
I = o + Δ , for ΔT

10. Sustainability criteria:
• Is the mining of non-
renewable resources
sustainable? Is recycling
efficient enough?
• Is the outflow from the
economy too high compared to
geogenic flows:
– Volcanoes, weathering and
erosion, bushfires,
dissolution of minerals in
groundwater.
Volcano in Iceland, April 2010

11. Materials Flux Analysis :
General Regional System Definition: Cd
Example : Cd in NiCd batteries
– O : Mine 1: concentrate
– A: Smelter/recycler 2: Cd
– B: NiCd Battery plant 3: NiCd batteries
– C: household 4: Used NiCds
– X: Household outside region 5: NiCds
– Y: Recycler outside region 6: used NiCds
– Other goods for Cd : intentional, unintentional
– --> Cd balance for region
system boundary
O
Y
X
goodprocess
stock
Legend:
1
A
B
C
6
52
4
3
LF

12. Sources of Cadmium
Zinc ore
– zinc and cadmium metal
Phosphate rock and limestone
– Cd contamination
Intentional Uses
– Dispersive: plating, PVC stabiliser, pigment
– Concentrated: NiCd batteries
Unintentional Uses
– with phosphate fertilizer
– contaminants in other materials

13. EU Environmental Problems
Resource depletion ?
Environmental contamination
– food products
– soils
– aquatic ecosystems
– locally around landfills
Bioaccumulative
– toxic
What problem here?
What diseases?

14. MFA for Cd in EU 1987
What goods?
Where from?
What is the geogenic flow?
Is this a problem for the EU?
( +Iceland volcano
2010)

15. 1987 Key Cd Stocks and Flows
Environmental processes
Agricultural Soils ( +634T/yr)
– 77% of Cd from P fertilizer and manure
– 80% of ultimate origin from phosphate rock
Surface waters ( +161T/yr)
– 69% from industrial and sewage effluents
– ultimate origin : 38% P rock, 40% zinc
Landfill ( environmental compartment ?) ( +2428T/yr)
– 58% from industrial wastes, 32 % from h’hold waste
– ultimate origin : 9% P rock, 77% zinc and Cd

16. Key flows
Economic processes
Economic stocks ( + 6309 t/yr)
– 89% Cd products
– ultimate origin : 97% zinc ore and Cd import
Economic stocks become wastes
– unrecycled to landfill, biggest env sink
Is Cd contained in landfill ?
– if no, a significant environmental load
– in Australia ?

17. EU Action Programme for Cd:
What can they do?

18. MFA for Cd in EU post controls
9829
2094
3206
3063
29
6309
Has the problem been solved?

19. MFA Analysis of outcomes
Transfer Cd emissions to landfill
Unintentional uses ( a contaminant) continues, 10% of
intentional uses
Concentrated intentional uses increase - NiCd batteries now
80%, increasing demand
Cd supply to economy linked to zinc demand
NiCd battery recycling 15%>>, 50-60%
Env stock increases at slower rate
Landfill and economy stocks increase at higher rate

20. Cd in Switzerland 1990..
do as an exercise
Is Cd use in Switzerland sustainable?

21. Global Cadmium Cycle
Stock Variation=?
6 000t/yr
Cd to Env= 11 000t/yr
Geogenic Flow= 6 400t/yr
Q:Is this sustainable?

22. 2008 Cd global situation
20 000 T/year demand for new goods (mostly NiCd batteries)
Increasing recycling of Ni and Cd in NICd batteries….4000T/year Cd
Primary Cd demand reduced over past 10 years from 24 000 T/year ->
16 000 T/yr
Increasing demand and supply of Zinc concentrates…increased >10%
over past 10 years…
Where is the non-demanded Cd going??

23. Possible Additional Cd Controls
What else can we do?
• If environmental contamination
still a problem :
– limit regional input to :
• allowed economic stock
increase
• allowed env emission
rate
– control waste outputs:
• stock as future resource
• or, immobilise
– Cd stored at zinc refinery,
future resource
– Ban zinc
i.e. need to recycle to
Replace old goods

24. Cd Management in Australia
Controls
– Fertilizer…<300mgCd/Kg P
– Mineral supplements (zinc sulphate)
– point source discharge limits
– some industrial NiCd battery recycling, voluntary consumer NiCd
battery recycling.
Environmental contamination:
– 10%(92/93) and 2% ( 93/94) inland river (NSW) contamination
– 6-10% of seafood in NSW with above 0.2mg/kg allow level
– 5 of 2236 wheat samples above allow level
– Acid Sulphate Soils
– 1997 review report

25. Mineral Supplements
*
*

26. MFA for Cd in Australia
MFA for Cd in Australia
– do not follow other region’s rules
– include Australian economy
Test a range of Cd controls
– use MFA to test outcomes of CP strategies
Examine fate of Cd in landfills, other sinks
– what is fate of Cd in environment ?
• long term issues
For NiCd batteries :
– now 80% of intentional use of Cd
– How should NiCd batteries be collected
– How should NiCd batteries be recycled

34. Conclusions
" A complete understanding of the metabolism of the anthroposphere is
essential for the welfare of humans and the biosphere“
" first analysis indicates dynamics of material flow are not under sufficient
control to secure resources and environmental quality"
The method of material flux analysis an indispensable tool in understanding the
metabolism of the anthroposphere
Materials flux analysis enables / facilitates the setting of limits (carrying
capacity)
- compare geogenic + anthropogenic fluxes
- ( less often) ----> ecotoxicology study
Material flux analysis should be applied to account for regional materials fluxes
and to control them

35. Civilizations that have developed improved measurement and controls
in their economies have succeeded:
Egypt
Venice….
Now:
- 1930s money crisis ---> economic models / control
- 1960s energy crisis ---> energy audits and control
-  annual material flux analysis
integration of economics and environment  Sustainability?

36. MFA Example : Lead in a Region
Is lead use in the region sustainable? If no, what should be done?
What is the stock variation in Pb in household, why?
What is stock variation in PBL; Soils; River; ARA; Landfill; Industry; Sewer
Is the Pb in the landfill a problem? Or an opportunity?

37. MFA Tutorial : Lead in a Region
Is lead use in the region sustainable?

38. Thank you
Incase you need help in any assignment:
Visit:
http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/engine
ering-assignment-help.php