4. Compliance
Measurement of distensibility
C= Volume change (V) / Pressure
change(P)
Volume change per unit pressure
Lung which is more compliant is more
distensible and vice versa
6. Clinical Implications (cont.)
Role of Surfactant
Improves compliance
Results in a rapid decline in pressures
required to deliver the tidal volumes
after surfactant administration
7. Lets try this
3kg neonate, tidal volume delivered-
14ml, pressure required to drive this
volume is PIP of 18 and PEEP of 4
Calculate compliance=??
8. So we got…
Compliance=
Tidal volume/ Pressure gradient
=14/ (PIP-PEEP)
=14/14
=1ml/cm Hg
9. Clinical Implications (cont.)
Collapsed/ overstretched lungs poor
compliance
PEEP Pressure required to open the
lungs and keep it inflated
High PIP (excess pressure) which over
distends the lungs, does not result in
better volume delivery
10. Clinical Implications (cont.)
These lung
propertiesTypical
sigmoid shape curve
to pressure-volume
loop
Operate on the
rapid slope (middle
segment) during
ventilation
Fig.1
12. Resistance
The oppositional force for air flow into
the lungs
Higher the resistance, greater is the
pressure required to drive the gases
into the lungs
Depends on:
Airway diameter
Airway length
Viscosity of gas
13. Resistance
Resistance is directly proportional to:
Length
Viscosity
1/r4
Pressure required to drive 1L/min of gas
flow into the lungs
14. Clinical Implications
As length increases- resistance
increases
Eg: long ET tube
flow sensor or capnograph
Trim the ET tube to 2.5cm outside the
upper lip
15. Clinical Implications (cont.)
A small decrease in airway diameter
causes a large change in resistance
Removal of airway secretions and
largest diameter ET tube that fits the
glottis to be chosen
Higher air flows increases the
resistance by causing turbulence to gas
flow
17. Time Constant
Time taken to empty the gases from
lungs
It nearly takes 3-5 time constants to
completely empty the lungs
Time constant(sec)= Compliance x
Resistance
20. Clinical Implications
RDS:
Low compliance, normal resistance
Hence time constant-> less
Time required to inflate (Ti) or deflate
(Te) the lungs ->Hence short
21. Clinical Implications(cont.)
MAS
Resistance is high, Compliance
decreases little bit
Hence, time constant increases
Time required to inflate (Ti) or deflate
(Te) the lungs hence is long
A short set expiratory time on
ventilator can lead to inadequate lung
emptying and hence gas trapping
26. Tidal Volume
Volume of the gas going in and out with
each breath
5-8ml/kg
Ideally inspiratory and expiratory tidal
volumes are equal
27. Clinical Implications
Whenever peritubal leak during MV, air
leaks more during inspiration (higher
PIP and wider airways)
Hence, in modes of ventilation where
tidal volume is being targeted, it is
better to measure the expiratory
volume (volume of gas that actually goes
to the lungs)
29. Dead Space
Respiratory component-
Terminal bronchiole,
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Anatomical dead space- Part of tidal
volume which is not a part of gas exchange
(airways)
2ml/kg
30. Dead Space
Some gas in alveoli, due to ill
perfusion, is not a part of gas
exchange
Physiological dead space- Anatomical+ ill
perfused alveoli
31. So Tidal Volume is…
Alveolar tidal volume+ Anatomical dead
space+ ill perfused alveoli’s vol
Alveolar tidal volume+ Physiological dead
space
33. Minute Volume
Total volume of the gas moving in and
out of the lungs per minute
MV=TV X RR
200-480 ml/kg/min
Alveolar MV= ??
34. Clinical Implications
MV, esp the alveolar MV, is determinant
of CO2 removal
Co2 removal hastened either by
increasing the TV or rate
Better to increase the TV more
energy efficient (Increasing TV--dead
space is constant but increasing rate–
increases dead space too)
36. FRC
Volume of the gas present in the lungs
at the end of expiration
Allows gas exchange to be a continuous
process
25-30ml/kg
RDS-FRC low
MAS-FRC high
37. Clinical Implications
PVR- Least at normal FRC
PVR increases as FRC increases of decreases
Indicators of normal FRC:
6-8 intercostal spaces on CXR
Fall in FiO2 when increasing the PEEP when a
neonate is on CPAP or MV
CPAP and surfactant—Interventions done to allow
normal FRC in neonatal lungs
40. Mean Airway Pressure
The average pressure exerted on the
airway and the lungs from the beginning
of inspiration until the beginning of
next inspiration
Most powerful influence on oxygenation
MAP=K(PIP*Ti)+(PEEP*Te) / Ti+Te
41. Pressure-Time Graph
MAP is the area
under the curve
for one
respiratory cycle
Slope of pressure
rise is dependent
on flow
K depends on the
slope
42. High MAP will lead to…
Decreased cardiac output
Pulmonary hypoperfusion
Increased risk of barotrauma
(Levels>12cm H2O contributes to
barotrauma)
43. Clinical Implications
MAP can be increased by:
Increasing PIP
Increasing PEEP
Increasing I/E ratio
Increase the flow rate( converts the
sign wave pressure time graph to a
square wave)
44. So for increasing oxygenation…
Prefer increasing MAP when:
Lung disease is severe (Pneumonia)
Lung volume is small (RDS)
Prefer increasing FiO2 when:
Lung volume is increased(MAS)
When there is air leak
48. CO2 Elimination
Depends on MV (alveolar minute volume
more specifically) and RR
CO2 elimination directly proportional to
alveolar tidal volume and respiratory
rate
=(PIP-PEEP)*RR
49. Achieve CO2 elimination by:
Decreasing dead space
Excess ET tube
Secretions
Partial block
Increasing PIP
Increasing rate
Decreasing PEEP (only if there is lung
hyperinflation)
51. Question 1
1]True about RDS is?
A] Low compliance, High resistance
B]High compliance, Low resistance
C]Low compliance, Normal Resistance
D]High compliance, High resistance
52. Question 2
2]Which of the following will affect
PaCO2 maximum?
A]Secretions in the ET tube
B]Respiratory Rate
C]Tidal volume
D]Dead space
53. Question 3
3] Which is a wrong match?
A] FRC—PVR
B] PaO2—MAP
C] PaCO2—TV
D] MAP—FiO2
55. Key Concepts
Compliance is distensibility, resistance
is the oppositional force and time
constant is the time required to empty
the lungs
Lung tissue determine the compliance,
airways determine the resistance and
both compliance and resistance
determine the time constant
56. Key Concepts(cont…)
Ventilation is intermittent but gas
exchange is continuous. Alveolar Minute
Volume is a measure of ventilation and
FRC influences gas exchange
MAP and FiO2 regulate oxygenation
while alveolar tidal volume and
respiratory rate regulate PaCO2 when a
neonate is on MV