Presentation from E3 2008 Conference, 11/18/2008.

1. VEHICLE-TO-GRID:
OPPORTUNITIES AND IMPACTS
Sara Mullen
PhD Candidate – EPRI Innovation Fellow
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Center for Smart Grid Technologies
University of Minnesota – Twin Cities
November 18th, 2008
Copyright © 2008 No part of this
Advisors: Drs. Massoud Amin and Bruce Wollenberg
presentation may be reproduced in
any form without prior authorization.

2. Typically 20-60 miles of all-electric driving
With gasoline engine range is not limited by battery
Decreased dependence on foreign oil
Decreased emissions
No performance sacrificed
Compared to conventional gasoline vehicles:
Primary Energy Savings Fuel Cost Savings
Vehicle Class
PHEV 20 PHEV 60 PHEV 20 PHEV 60
Compact Sedan 42% 56% 35% 44%
Mid‐Size Sedan 46% 60% 40% 48%
Mid‐Size SUV 48% 62% 42% 52%
Full‐Size SUV 50% 64% 44% 53%
Sources:
•Vehicle consumption data: EPRI Report #1000349 (July 2001), and Report #1006892 (July 2002)
•Gasoline 2.22 $/gal. – National average week of11/10/08, Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update, EIA, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/gdu/gasdiesel.asp
•Electricity 0.12 $/kWh – National average, June 2008 Electric Power Monthly, U.S. DOE EIA, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html
•Primary electrical energy conversion based on primary input to delivered energy, Annual Energy Outlook 2008, U.S. DOE EIA.

3. Bidirectional power flow
Two-way communications
Vehicles are distributed
energy resources (DER)
Use stored electricity for:
Ancillary services
Peak load reduction
Household backup
Smoothing of renewable Schematic of a Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle
generation output (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
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4. More efficient to move electrical power through the transmission system
than to ship fuels the same distance;
Transition from fossil fuel-based generation to fluctuating energy sources
such as wind, sun, and wave power introduces challenging demands on
the storage, dispatch, operation and integration with the power grid;
Integration of energy resources and demands will require interconnected
transmission network, a Smart Grid, that is:
Intelligent: autonomous digital system identifies surges, outages
Predictive rather than reactive, to prevent emergencies
Resilient: “self-healing” and adaptive - instantaneous damage control
Reliable: dynamic load balancing
Flexible: accommodates new off-grid alternative energy sources
Interactive with consumers and markets
Optimized to make best use of resources and equipment
Integrated, merging monitoring, control, protection, maintenance, EMS, DMS,
marketing, and IT
Secure: less vulnerable to attacks and destabilizers
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5. Approach:
Problem:
• Model the energy storage and associated
Design the control for a Plug-In Hybrid
control in PHEV to simulate response of
Electric Vehicle (PHEV) energy aggregated PHEVs to ancillary service needs
management system to optimize the of local system
energy used to support the reliable
• Design the control to meet the owner’s
operation of the bulk electric power driving energy needs and meet specific local
system. energy system need by coordinating with
nearby PHEVs
Results: Next Steps:
• Control strategy for aggregation of • Work with collaborators such as EPRI to
PHEVs to meet ancillary service needs of develop model of battery charge/discharge
local electric energy system cycle and effects on battery life
• Optimize energy supplied by individual • In addition develop appropriate signal based
vehicles to minimize impact on driver on system-wide and local operating
and battery lifetime conditions which the control agents will use
to dispatch this service
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6. Today’s battery technology – Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion)
PHEV typically use ~80% of energy capacity for all-electric
driving range (here 20 or 60 miles)
2006 average daily household consumption in MN: ~30 kWh
Sources:
•Comparing the Benefits and Impacts of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Options, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, July 2001, Report #1000349.
•Comparing the Benefits and Impacts of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Options for Compact Sedan and Sport Utility Vehicles, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, July 2002,
Report #1006892.

7. 4.7 million motor vehicles registered
in MN, 2006[1]
3,764 hybrid cars sold and leased
in MN, 2006[2]
How much power and energy will
PHEV be able to provide at
different rates of penetration?
Impact: $, watts, and emission?
[1] U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2000, Washington, DC: 2001, table MV-1.
[2] R.L. Polk & Co., survey released September 2007.
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8. Up to 235,000 vehicles plugged in throughout the day
With 10 kWh battery capacity:
Using 20% of energy in battery,
235,000 ( 0.2 x 10 kWh ) = 0.47 GWh
Using 80% of energy in battery,
235,000 ( 0.8 x 10 kWh ) = 1.88 GWh
MN retail electricity sales in 2006: 180 GWh/day
Residential Sector only: 60 GWh/day
Sources:
•Electric Sales, Revenue, and Average Price 2006, U.S. DOE, EIA, released November 2007, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/esr_sum.html
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9. Available power depends on the
type of charging interface that is used.
Plugged into household outlet, about 1.2 kW:
235,000 x 1.2 kW = 0.28 GW
Using AC Propulsion’s interface, up to 19.2 kW:
235,000 x 19.2 kW = 4.5 GW
MN generating capacity in 2006: 13.5 GW
Sources:
•AC‐150 EV Power System, developed by AC Propulsion, http://www.acpropulsion.com/technology/gen2.htm
•Electric Sales, Revenue, and Average Price 2006, U.S. DOE, EIA, released November 2007, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/esr_sum.html
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10. Batteries are ideal for short-term services (storage and
source);
Provides customer choice;
Balances “wide-area” across local systems;
As an alternative to charge/discharge, can supply by
varying the rate-of-charge (impact on the batteries);
Economics, Communication, Control, and Information
overlay applicable to other forms of energy storage.
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11. Two-way communications infrastructure
Mature standards and regulations for
connection of distributed energy
resources
Markets for services supplied by DER
As the nation’s energy grid evolves into
the Smart Grid, these gaps will be filled.
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12. Questions and feedback?
E-mail: mull0197@umn.edu
Karma, by Fisker Automotive
Available at http://www.fiskerautomotive.com/vehicles/downloads/
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